More edits towards finalization

references.bib

@@ -1,3 +1,126 @@
+@ARTICLE{Hanisch2015-cu,
+  title     = "The Virtual Astronomical Observatory: Re-engineering access to
+               astronomical data",
+  author    = "Hanisch, R J and Berriman, G B and Lazio, T J W and Emery Bunn, S
+               and Evans, J and McGlynn, T A and Plante, R",
+  journal   = "Astron. Comput.",
+  publisher = "Elsevier BV",
+  volume    =  11,
+  pages     = "190--209",
+  abstract  = "The US Virtual Astronomical Observatory was a software
+               infrastructure and development project designed both to begin the
+               establishment of an operational Virtual Observatory (VO) and to
+               provide the US coordination with the international VO effort. The
+               concept of the VO is to provide the means by which an astronomer
+               is able to discover, access, and process data seamlessly,
+               regardless of its physical location. This paper describes the
+               origins of the VAO, including the predecessor efforts within the
+               US National Virtual Observatory, and summarizes its main
+               accomplishments. These accomplishments include the development of
+               both scripting toolkits that allow scientists to incorporate VO
+               data directly into their reduction and analysis environments and
+               high-level science applications for data discovery, integration,
+               analysis, and catalog cross-comparison. Working with the
+               international community, and based on the experience from the
+               software development, the VAO was a major contributor to
+               international standards within the International Virtual
+               Observatory Alliance. The VAO also demonstrated how an
+               operational virtual observatory could be deployed, providing a
+               robust operational environment in which VO services worldwide
+               were routinely checked for aliveness and compliance with
+               international standards. Finally, the VAO engaged in community
+               outreach, developing a comprehensive web site with on-line
+               tutorials, announcements, links to both US and internationally
+               developed tools and services, and exhibits and hands-on training
+               at annual meetings of the American Astronomical Society and
+               through summer schools and community days. All digital products
+               of the VAO Project, including software, documentation, and
+               tutorials, are stored in a repository for community access. The
+               enduring legacy of the VAO is an increasing expectation that new
+               telescopes and facilities incorporate VO capabilities during the
+               design of their data management systems.",
+  month     =  jun,
+  year      =  2015,
+  language  = "en"
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Larobina2023-vq,
+  title     = "Thirty years of the {DICOM} standard",
+  author    = "Larobina, Michele",
+  journal   = "Tomography",
+  publisher = "mdpi.com",
+  volume    =  9,
+  number    =  5,
+  pages     = "1829--1838",
+  abstract  = "Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is an
+               international standard that defines a format for storing medical
+               images and a protocol to enable and facilitate data communication
+               among medical imaging systems. The DICOM standard has been
+               instrumental in transforming the medical imaging world over the
+               last three decades. Its adoption has been a significant
+               experience for manufacturers, healthcare users, and research
+               scientists. In this review, thirty years after introducing the
+               standard, we discuss the innovation, advantages, and limitations
+               of adopting the DICOM and its possible future directions.",
+  month     =  oct,
+  year      =  2023,
+  keywords  = "DICOM; communication protocols; file formats; metadata;
+               quantitative imaging",
+  language  = "en"
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Mustra2008-xk,
+  title     = "Overview of the {DICOM} standard",
+  author    = "Mustra, Mario and Delac, Kresimir and Grgic, Mislav",
+  booktitle = "2008 50th International Symposium ELMAR",
+  publisher = "IEEE",
+  volume    =  1,
+  pages     = "39--44",
+  abstract  = "Digital technology has in the last few decades entered almost
+               every aspect of medicine. There has been a huge development in
+               noninvasive medical imaging equipment. Because there are many
+               medical equipment manufacturers, a standard for storage and
+               exchange of medical images needed to be developed. DICOM (Digital
+               Imaging and Communication in Medicine) makes medical image
+               exchange more easy and independent of the imaging equipment
+               manufacturer. Besides the image data, DICOM file format supports
+               other information useful to describe the image. This makes DICOM
+               easy to use and the data exchange fast and safe while avoiding
+               possible confusion caused by multiple files for the same study.",
+  month     =  sep,
+  year      =  2008
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Scroggins2020-ut,
+  title     = "Once {FITS}, Always {FITS}? Astronomical Infrastructure in
+               Transition",
+  author    = "Scroggins, Michael and Boscoe, Bernadette M",
+  journal   = "IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput.",
+  publisher = "IEEE",
+  volume    =  42,
+  number    =  2,
+  pages     = "42--54",
+  abstract  = "The flexible interchange transport system (FITS) file format has
+               become the de facto standard for sharing, analyzing, and
+               archiving astronomical data over the last four decades. FITS was
+               adopted by astronomers in the early 1980s to overcome
+               incompatibilities between operating systems. On the back of FITS’
+               success, astronomical data became both backward compatible and
+               easily shareable. However, new advances in the astronomical
+               instrumentation, computational technologies, and analytic
+               techniques have resulted in new data that do not work well within
+               the traditional FITS format. Tensions have arisen between the
+               desire to update the format to meet new analytic challenges and
+               adherence to the original edict for the FITS file format to be
+               backward compatible. We examine three inflection points in the
+               governance of FITS: first, initial development and success,
+               second, widespread acceptance and governance by the working
+               group, and third, the challenges to FITS in a new era of
+               increasing data and computational complexity within astronomy.",
+  year      =  2020
+}
+
 
 @ARTICLE{Musen2022metadata,
   title     = "Without appropriate metadata, data-sharing mandates are

sections/02-use-cases.qmd

@@ -20,17 +20,34 @@ Image Transport System) file format standard, which was developed in the late
 astronomy data preservation and exchange. Essentially every software platform
 used in astronomy reads and writes the FITS format. It was developed by
 observatories in the 1980s to store image data in the visible and x-ray
-spectrum. It has been endorsed by IAU, as well as funding agencies. Though the
-format has evolved over time, “once FITS, always FITS”. That is, the format
-cannot be evolved to introduce changes that break backward compatibility.
-Among the features that make FITS so durable is that it was designed originally
-to have a very restricted metadata schema. That is, FITS records were designed
-to be the lowest common denominator of word lengths in computer systems at the
-time. However, while FITS is compact, its ability to encode the coordinate
-frame and pixels, means that data from different observational instruments can
-be stored in this format and relationships between data from different
-instruments can be related, rendering manual and error-prone procedures for
-conforming images obsolete.
+spectrum. It has been endorsed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU),
+as well as funding agencies. Though the format has evolved over time, “once
+FITS, always FITS”. That is, the format cannot be evolved to introduce changes
+that break backward compatibility. Among the features that make FITS so durable
+is that it was designed originally to have a very restricted metadata schema.
+That is, FITS records were designed to be the lowest common denominator of word
+lengths in computer systems at the time. However, while FITS is compact, its
+ability to encode the coordinate frame and pixels, means that data from
+different observational instruments can be stored in this format and
+relationships between data from different instruments can be related, rendering
+manual and error-prone procedures for conforming images obsolete. Nevertheless,
+the stability has also raised some issues as the field continues to adapt to
+new measurement methods and the demands of ever-increasing data volumes and
+complex data analysis use-case, such as interchange with other data and the use
+of complex data bases to store and share data [@Scroggins2020-ut]. Another
+prominent example of the use of open-source processes to develop standards in
+Astronomy is in the tools and protocols developed by the International Virtual
+Observatory Alliance (IVOA) and its national implementations, e.g., in the US
+Virtual Astronomical Observatory[@Hanisch2015-cu]. The virtual observatories
+facilitate discovery and access across observatories around the world and
+underpin data discovery in astronomy. The IVOA took inspiration from the
+World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and adopted its process for the development of
+its standards (i.e., Working drafts $\rightarrow$ Proposed Recommendations
+$\rightarrow$ Recommendations), with individual standards developed by
+inter-institutional and international working groups. One of the outcomes of
+the coordination effort is the development of an ecosystem of software tools
+both developed within the observatory teams and within the user community that
+interoperate with the standards that were adopted by the observatories.
 
 ## High-energy physics (HEP)
 
@@ -47,13 +64,38 @@ data is shared (i.e., in a standards-compliant manner).
 
 ## Earth sciences
 
-The need for geospatial data exchange between different systems began to be recognized in the 1970s and 1980s, but proprietary formats still dominated. Coordinated standardization efforts brought the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) establishment in the 1990s, a critical step towards open standards for geospatial data. The 1990s have also seen the development of key standards such as the Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and the Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) that are widely used, particularly in climate research. The GeoTIFF format, which originated at NASA in the late 1990s, is extensively used to share image data. In the 1990s, open web mapping also began with MapServer (https://mapserver.org) and continued later with other projects such as OpenStreetMap (www.openstreetmap.org). The following two decades, the 2000s-2020s, brought an expansion of open standards and integration with web technologies developed by OGC, as well as other standards such as the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) for displaying geographic data in Earth browsers.  Formats suitable for cloud computing also emerged, such as the Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG), followed by Zarr and Apache Parquet for array and tabular data, respectively. In 2006, the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo, https://www.osgeo.org) was established, demonstrating the community's commitment to the development of open-source geospatial technologies. While some standards have been developed in the industry (e.g., Keyhole Markup Language (KML) by Keyhole Inc., which Google later acquired), they later became international standards of the OGC, which now encompasses more than 450 commercial, governmental, nonprofit, and research organizations working together on the development and implementation of open standards (https://www.ogc.org).
+The need for geospatial data exchange between different systems began to be
+recognized in the 1970s and 1980s, but proprietary formats still dominated.
+Coordinated standardization efforts brought the Open Geospatial Consortium
+(OGC) establishment in the 1990s, a critical step towards open standards for
+geospatial data. The 1990s have also seen the development of key standards such
+as the Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) developed by the University
+Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), and the Hierarchical Data Format
+(HDF), a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) that are widely used, particularly in
+climate research. The GeoTIFF format, which originated at NASA in the late
+1990s, is extensively used to share image data. In the 1990s, open web mapping
+also began with MapServer (https://mapserver.org) and continued later with
+other projects such as OpenStreetMap (https://www.openstreetmap.org). The
+following two decades, the 2000s-2020s, brought an expansion of open standards
+and integration with web technologies developed by OGC, as well as other
+standards such as the Keyhole Markup Language (KML) for displaying geographic
+data in Earth browsers. Formats suitable for cloud computing also emerged, such
+as the Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG), followed by Zarr and Apache Parquet for
+array and tabular data, respectively. In 2006, the Open Source Geospatial
+Foundation (OSGeo, https://www.osgeo.org) was established, demonstrating the
+community's commitment to the development of open-source geospatial
+technologies. While some standards have been developed in the industry (e.g.,
+Keyhole Markup Language (KML) by Keyhole Inc., which Google later acquired),
+they later became international standards of the OGC, which now encompasses
+more than 450 commercial, governmental, nonprofit, and research organizations
+working together on the development and implementation of open standards
+(https://www.ogc.org).
 
 ## Neuroscience
 
-In contrast to astronomy and HEP, Neuroscience has traditionally been a
-"cottage industry", where individual labs have generated experimental data
-designed to answer specific experimental questions. While this model still
+In contrast to the previously-mentioned fields, Neuroscience has traditionally
+been a "cottage industry", where individual labs have generated experimental
+data designed to answer specific experimental questions. While this model still
 exists, the field has also seen the emergence of new modes of data production
 that focus on generating large shared datasets designed to answer many
 different questions, more akin to the data generated in large astronomy data
@@ -72,7 +114,7 @@ success to the adoption of OSS development mechanisms [@Poldrack2024BIDS]. For
 example, small changes to the standard are managed through the GitHub pull
 request mechanism; larger changes are managed through a BIDS Enhancement
 Proposal (BEP) process that is directly inspired by the Python programming
-language community's Python Enhancement Proposal procedure, which isused to
+language community's Python Enhancement Proposal procedure, which is used to
 introduce new ideas into the language. Though the BEP mechanism takes a
 slightly different technical approach, it tries to emulate the open-ended and
 community-driven aspects of Python development to accept contributions from a
@@ -102,3 +144,4 @@ if the standard is developed using git/GitHub for versioning, this would
 require learning the complex and obscure technical aspects of these system that
 are far from easy to adopt, even for many professional scientists.
 
+

sections/03-challenges.qmd

@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ community, and migration away from the standard. Similarly, if a standard
 evolves too rapidly, users may choose to stick to an outdated version of a
 standard for a long time, creating strains on the community of developers and
 maintainers of a standard who will need to accommodate long deprecation cycles.
+On the other hand, in cases in which some forms of dynamic change is prohibited
+-- as in the case of the FITS file format, which prohibits changes that break
+backwards-compatibility -- there is also a cost associated with the stability
+[@Scroggins2020-ut]: limiting adoption and combinations of new types of
+measurements, new analysis methods or new modes of data storage and data
+sharing.
 
 ## Mismatches between standards developers and user communities
 
@@ -56,6 +62,18 @@ have not yet had significant adoption as tools of day-to-day computational
 practice. At the same time, it provides clarity and robustness for standards
 developers communities that are well-versed in these tools.
 
+Another layer of potential mismatches arises when a more complex set of
+stakeholders needs to be considered. For example, the Group on Earth
+Observations (GEO) is a network that aims to coordinate decision making around
+satellite missions and to standardize the data that results from these
+missions. Because this group involves a range of different stakeholders,
+including individuals who more closely understand potential legal issues and
+researchers who are better equipped to evaluate technical and domain questions,
+communication is slower and hindered. As the group aims to move forward by
+consensus, these communication difficulties can slow down progress. This is
+just an example, which exemplifies the many cases in which OSS process which
+strives for consensus can slow progress.
+
 
 ## Cross-domain gaps
 
@@ -146,6 +164,5 @@ grants (and see @sec-cross-sector). This hampers the long-term trajectory that
 is needed to inculcate a standard into the day-to-day practice of researchers.
 
 
-## The importance of automated validation
 
 

sections/04-cross-sector.qmd

@@ -91,9 +91,24 @@ provide specific sources of friction. This is because proprietary/closed
 formats of data can create difficulty at various transition points: from one
 instrument vendor to another, from data producer to downstream recipient/user,
 etc. On the other hand, in some cases, cross-sector collaborations with
-commercial entities may pave the way to robust and useful standards. One
-example is the DICOM standard, which is maintained by working groups that
-encompass commercial imaging device vendors and researchers.
+commercial entities may pave the way to robust and useful standards. For
+example, imaging measurements in human subjects (e.g., in brain imaging
+experiments) significantly interact with standards for medical imaging, and
+chiefly the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard,
+which is widely used in a range of medical imaging applications, including in
+clinical settings [@Larobina2023-vq, @Mustra2008-xk]. The standard emerged from
+the demands of the clinical practice in the 1980s, as digital technologies were
+came into widespread use in medical imaging, through joint work of industry
+organizations: the American College of Radiology and the National Association
+of Electronic Manufacturers. One of the defining features of the DICOM standard
+is that it allows manufacturers of instruments to define "private fields" that
+are compliant with the standard, but which may include idiosyncratically
+organized data and/or metadata. This provides significant flexibility, but can
+also easily lead to the loss of important information. Nevertheless, the human
+brain imaging case is exemplary of a case in which industry standards and
+research standards coexist and need to communicate with each other effectively
+to advance research use-cases, while keeping up with the rapid development of
+the technologies.