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Fix a few documents and add hyphenation.md
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LornaSIL committed Jan 21, 2025
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4 changes: 3 additions & 1 deletion src/content/docs/reference/glossary.md
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Expand Up @@ -152,8 +152,10 @@ Term | Definition
Term | Definition
---- | ----------
<a id='haček'></a>haček|See <a href='#caron'>caron</a>.
<a id='heterogram'></a>heterogram|a term used mostly in the study of ancient texts, referring to a special kind of a logogram consisting of the written representation of a word in a foreign language.
<a id='hanging'></a>“Hanging” verse numbers|“Hanging” numbers are so named because the verse or chapter begins in the middle of a line and rather than the number appearing at the actual beginning point they are “hung” out in the margin so as not to distract the reader.
<a id='harfbuzz'></a>HarfBuzz|a cross-platform <a href='#shapingEngine'>shaping engine</a> which primarily supports [OpenType](#opentype), but also [Graphite](#graphite) and [Apple Advanced Typography](#aat).
<a id='heterogram'></a>heterogram|a term used mostly in the study of ancient texts, referring to a special kind of a logogram consisting of the written representation of a word in a foreign language.

<a id='hetnm'></a>heteronym|<a href='#homg'>homographs</a> which, although spelled the same way, are pronounced differently and have different meanings. For example, in English 'wind' (noun, as in weather) and 'wind' (verb, to coil something).
<a id='homg'></a>homograph|one of multiple words having the same spelling but different meanings. They may be pronounced differently (for example in English 'tear: rip' and 'tear: secreted when crying'), in which case they are also <a href='#hetnm'>heteronyms</a>, or they may be pronounced the same (for example in American English 'tire: cause to be fatigued' and 'tire: wheel of a car'), in which case they are also <a href='#homphn'>homophones</a>.
<a id='homphn'></a>homophone|one of multiple words having the same pronunciation but different meanings. They may be spelled differently (for example in English 'write' and 'right'), in which case they are called heterographs, or the same (for example in English 'bark: on a tree' and 'bark: of a dog'), in which case they are also <a href='#homg'>homographs</a>.
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8 changes: 8 additions & 0 deletions src/content/docs/topics/layout/document_layout.md
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---
title: Document layout
sidebar:
order: 6600
---

This is a placeholder.

33 changes: 33 additions & 0 deletions src/content/docs/topics/layout/hyphenation.md
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---
title: Hyphenation
sidebar:
order: 6220
---

Hyphenation is another tool used in Roman typesetting but is not always allowed in other writing systems. Since Arabic does not allow hyphenation, another method for justification is needed: _kashidas_ are used to stretch the line. The _kashida_ (or tatweel) is typeface-dependent and varies for each kind of Arabic script. Thus, the rules for inserting the _kashida_ will be in the font, and the publishing application would need to have the capability of using the font (Milo 2001).

![Figure 1. Use of kashida](images/6220-1-kashida.png)

**Figure 1. Use of kashida**

Another interesting case of different hyphenation methods is Ethiopic. Because Ethiopic was traditionally written using the _Hulet Neteb_ there was no need for a hyphenation character. If a line broke at the end of a word you would see the _Hulet Neteb_ or other punctuation but, if a line broke in the middle of the word, the reader just saw the word break with no hyphen. In Figure 2, line two is “hyphenated,” line one is not.

![Figure 2. “Hyphenation” in line two with use of Hulet
Neteb (Ethiopic)](images/6220-2-Ethi.png)

**Figure 2. “Hyphenation” in line two with use of Hulet
Neteb (Ethiopic)**

![Figure 3. “Hyphenation” in line two with use of white space
(Ethiopic)](images/6220-3-Ethi.png)

**Figure 3. “Hyphenation” in line two with use of white space
(Ethiopic)**

The difficulty now arises that word breaking still sometimes occurs this way but, with software limitations encouraging the use of white space between words (rather than the _Hulet Neteb_), it is difficult to know if there is a complete word at the end of a line or if it is a “broken” word (compare Figure 3 with Figure 2).

Interesting hyphenation behaviors also occur in some Roman script use, as in the German word “backen” which becomes “bak-ken” when hyphenated (although there are moves for this to be abandoned). Hyphenation rules in the publishing application need to be fully customizable for these types of behaviors.

## References

Milo, Thomas. 2001. *“Creating Solutions for Arabic: A Case Study,”* Eighteenth International Unicode Conference, Pre-Conference Tutorials. TC5:6.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions src/content/docs/topics/layout/paragraph_layout.md
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Expand Up @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RTL behavior needs to be properly implemented with regards to bullets (see Figur

## “Hanging” verse numbers

In Christian biblical typesetting, it is fairly unusual to see “hanging” verse numbers3 in Roman scriptures today, they are commonly used in non-Roman scriptures. Hanging verse numbers are never easy to implement, whether in Roman or in non-Roman typesetting. The Lao New Testament in Figure 10 uses hanging chapter and verse numbers (which appear down the far left of the page). Another instance of hanging verse numbers is seen in Figure 11 (the small digits at the top of the page).
In Christian biblical typesetting, it is fairly unusual to see [“hanging” verse numbers](https://silnrsi.github.io/wstr-sample-site/reference/glossary#hanging) in Roman scriptures today, they are commonly used in non-Roman scriptures. Hanging verse numbers are never easy to implement, whether in Roman or in non-Roman typesetting. The Lao New Testament in Figure 10 uses hanging chapter and verse numbers (which appear down the far left of the page). Another instance of hanging verse numbers is seen in Figure 11 (the small digits at the top of the page).

![Figure 10. Hanging verse numbers in LTR text (Lao)](images/6400-10-Lao.png)

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In the Tibetan example in Figure 18, there appears to be a wavy underline almost as far down as the top of the next line. Without knowing the rules of the writing system one cannot know the purpose of it. The small circles under several of the glyphs actually represent something similar to underlining in Roman typography, thus the wavy underline most likely represents some other form of emphasis. It is important to check this out rather than making assumptions based on design guidelines one is most familiar with. Figure 19 shows another example of underlining. One can see in both the Lanna (left) and Thai (right) titles the underline does not cross the descenders. Although technically more difficult, this is more aesthetically appealing than if the underline crossed the descenders or was set below them.

![Figure 18. “Underlining” with long descenders (Tibetan)](images/6400-18-Tibt.png)
![Figure 18. Wavy “underlining” with long descenders (Tibetan)](images/6400-18-Tibt.png)

**Figure 18. “Underlining” with long descenders (Tibetan)**
**Figure 18. Wavy “underlining” with long descenders (Tibetan)**

![Figure 19. Underlining with long descenders (Lanna/Thai)](images/6400-19-NorthernThai.png)

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion src/content/docs/topics/layout/punctuation.md
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Although the reader’s eye may not register it, good Roman typography adds a small amount of extra space between a full stop and the next word than between other words. A simple difference in Cyrillic is that full stops don’t have any more extra space after them than between words (Kolodin et al, 2000), thus it would be important to be able to disable any additional spacing.

Tibetan (&#x050D;), Devanagari (&#x0964;), and Ethiopic (&#x1362;) all have different symbols for sentence ending, each with differing amount of space before and after the marker. Some Ethiopic languages use a different question mark (&#x1367;) than the more standard Roman style.
Tibetan (&#x0F0D;), Devanagari (&#x0964;), and Ethiopic (&#x1362;) all have different symbols for sentence ending, each with differing amount of space before and after the marker. Some Ethiopic languages use a different question mark (&#x1367;) than the more standard Roman style.

Some Roman languages (such as Spanish) use an opening and closing mark for questions and exclamations. If a non-Roman script did this, that would need to be implemented as well.

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