GH-33984: [C++][Python] DLPack implementation for Arrow Arrays (produ…

…cer) (#38472)

### Rationale for this change

DLPack is selected for Array API protocol so it is important to have it implemented for Arrow/PyArrow Arrays also. This is possible for primitive type arrays (int, uint and float) with no validity buffer. Device support is not in scope of this PR (CPU only). 

### What changes are included in this PR?

- `ExportArray` and `ExportDevice` methods on Arrow C++ Arrays
- `__dlpack__` method on the base PyArrow Array class exposing `ExportArray` method
-  `__dlpack_device__` method on the base PyArrow Array class exposing `ExportDevice` method

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, tests are added to `dlpack_test.cc` and `test_array.py`.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* Closes: #33984

Lead-authored-by: AlenkaF <frim.alenka@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Alenka Frim <AlenkaF@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>

cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ set(ARROW_SRCS
     type_traits.cc
     visitor.cc
     c/bridge.cc
+    c/dlpack.cc
     io/buffered.cc
     io/caching.cc
     io/compressed.cc

cpp/src/arrow/c/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 add_arrow_test(bridge_test PREFIX "arrow-c")
+add_arrow_test(dlpack_test)
 
 add_arrow_benchmark(bridge_benchmark)
 

cpp/src/arrow/c/dlpack.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#include "arrow/c/dlpack.h"
+
+#include "arrow/array/array_base.h"
+#include "arrow/c/dlpack_abi.h"
+#include "arrow/device.h"
+#include "arrow/type.h"
+#include "arrow/type_traits.h"
+
+namespace arrow::dlpack {
+
+namespace {
+
+Result<DLDataType> GetDLDataType(const DataType& type) {
+  DLDataType dtype;
+  dtype.lanes = 1;
+  dtype.bits = type.bit_width();
+  switch (type.id()) {
+    case Type::INT8:
+    case Type::INT16:
+    case Type::INT32:
+    case Type::INT64:
+      dtype.code = DLDataTypeCode::kDLInt;
+      return dtype;
+    case Type::UINT8:
+    case Type::UINT16:
+    case Type::UINT32:
+    case Type::UINT64:
+      dtype.code = DLDataTypeCode::kDLUInt;
+      return dtype;
+    case Type::HALF_FLOAT:
+    case Type::FLOAT:
+    case Type::DOUBLE:
+      dtype.code = DLDataTypeCode::kDLFloat;
+      return dtype;
+    case Type::BOOL:
+      // DLPack supports byte-packed boolean values
+      return Status::TypeError("Bit-packed boolean data type not supported by DLPack.");
+    default:
+      return Status::TypeError("DataType is not compatible with DLPack spec: ",
+                               type.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+struct ManagerCtx {
+  std::shared_ptr<ArrayData> array;
+  DLManagedTensor tensor;
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+Result<DLManagedTensor*> ExportArray(const std::shared_ptr<Array>& arr) {
+  // Define DLDevice struct nad check if array type is supported
+  // by the DLPack protocol at the same time. Raise TypeError if not.
+  // Supported data types: int, uint, float with no validity buffer.
+  ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto device, ExportDevice(arr))
+
+  // Define the DLDataType struct
+  const DataType& type = *arr->type();
+  std::shared_ptr<ArrayData> data = arr->data();
+  ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto dlpack_type, GetDLDataType(type));
+
+  // Create ManagerCtx that will serve as the owner of the DLManagedTensor
+  std::unique_ptr<ManagerCtx> ctx(new ManagerCtx);
+
+  // Define the data pointer to the DLTensor
+  // If array is of length 0, data pointer should be NULL
+  if (arr->length() == 0) {
+    ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.data = NULL;
+  } else {
+    const auto data_offset = data->offset * type.byte_width();
+    ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.data =
+        const_cast<uint8_t*>(data->buffers[1]->data() + data_offset);
+  }
+
+  ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.device = device;
+  ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.ndim = 1;
+  ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.dtype = dlpack_type;
+  ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.shape = const_cast<int64_t*>(&data->length);
+  ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.strides = NULL;
+  ctx->tensor.dl_tensor.byte_offset = 0;
+
+  ctx->array = std::move(data);
+  ctx->tensor.manager_ctx = ctx.get();
+  ctx->tensor.deleter = [](struct DLManagedTensor* self) {
+    delete reinterpret_cast<ManagerCtx*>(self->manager_ctx);
+  };
+  return &ctx.release()->tensor;
+}
+
+Result<DLDevice> ExportDevice(const std::shared_ptr<Array>& arr) {
+  // Check if array is supported by the DLPack protocol.
+  if (arr->null_count() > 0) {
+    return Status::TypeError("Can only use DLPack on arrays with no nulls.");
+  }
+  const DataType& type = *arr->type();
+  if (type.id() == Type::BOOL) {
+    return Status::TypeError("Bit-packed boolean data type not supported by DLPack.");
+  }
+  if (!is_integer(type.id()) && !is_floating(type.id())) {
+    return Status::TypeError("DataType is not compatible with DLPack spec: ",
+                             type.ToString());
+  }
+
+  // Define DLDevice struct
+  DLDevice device;
+  if (arr->data()->buffers[1]->device_type() == DeviceAllocationType::kCPU) {
+    device.device_id = 0;
+    device.device_type = DLDeviceType::kDLCPU;
+    return device;
+  } else {
+    return Status::NotImplemented(
+        "DLPack support is implemented only for buffers on CPU device.");
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace arrow::dlpack

cpp/src/arrow/c/dlpack.h

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "arrow/array/array_base.h"
+#include "arrow/c/dlpack_abi.h"
+
+namespace arrow::dlpack {
+
+/// \brief Export Arrow array as DLPack tensor.
+///
+/// DLMangedTensor is produced as defined by the DLPack protocol,
+/// see https://dmlc.github.io/dlpack/latest/.
+///
+/// Data types for which the protocol is supported are
+/// integer and floating-point data types.
+///
+/// DLPack protocol only supports arrays with one contiguous
+/// memory region which means Arrow Arrays with validity buffers
+/// are not supported.
+///
+/// \param[in] arr Arrow array
+/// \return DLManagedTensor struct
+ARROW_EXPORT
+Result<DLManagedTensor*> ExportArray(const std::shared_ptr<Array>& arr);
+
+/// \brief Get DLDevice with enumerator specifying the
+/// type of the device data is stored on and index of the
+/// device which is 0 by default for CPU.
+///
+/// \param[in] arr Arrow array
+/// \return DLDevice struct
+ARROW_EXPORT
+Result<DLDevice> ExportDevice(const std::shared_ptr<Array>& arr);
+
+}  // namespace arrow::dlpack