feat(catalog): Defines a session for connection state

[rchowell]

This defines an initial session for table resolution which simply wraps the existing meta catalog. The purpose of this PR is to (1) introduce a primary stateful object for planning and execution which is shared by frontends and (2) audit the planner's current state management and name resolution to see what is required once bridging over to python.

Notes

• This PR includes many follow-up TODOs which are being converted to issues.
• This primarily introduces indirection first to keep the diff minimal, switchovers come later.
• The session will hold a reference to the global context singleton from refactor: port DaftContext to rust side #3767.
• This session will be converged with the ConnectSession and made available through python once stabilized.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 96.36364% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 77.88%. Comparing base (7f2e9b5) to head (8d166cb).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/daft-catalog/src/error.rs	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/daft-catalog/python-catalog/src/python.rs	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3782      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   77.86%   77.88%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         740      741       +1     
  Lines       93814    93880      +66     
==========================================
+ Hits        73050    73122      +72     
+ Misses      20764    20758       -6     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/daft-catalog/src/identifier.rs	59.57% <ø> (+8.51%)	⬆️
src/daft-catalog/src/lib.rs	66.95% <100.00%> (ø)
src/daft-connect/src/config.rs	54.54% <ø> (ø)
src/daft-connect/src/connect_service.rs	64.31% <100.00%> (ø)
src/daft-connect/src/execute.rs	89.41% <100.00%> (+0.07%)	⬆️
src/daft-connect/src/response_builder.rs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/daft-connect/src/session.rs	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/daft-connect/src/spark_analyzer.rs	74.06% <100.00%> (+0.08%)	⬆️
src/daft-session/src/lib.rs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/daft-sql/src/lib.rs	100.00% <ø> (ø)
... and 4 more

... and 3 files with indirect coverage changes

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #3782 will improve performances by 98.11%

_{Comparing rchowell/session (8d166cb) with main (7f2e9b5)}

Summary

⚡ 1 improvements
✅ 26 untouched benchmarks

Benchmarks breakdown

	Benchmark	BASE	HEAD	Change
⚡	test_iter_rows_first_row[100 Small Files]	220.4 ms	111.3 ms	+98.11%