A low-cost, automated water sampler (LCS) with Internet of Things (IoT) technology for scalable, near-real-time water quality research developed by the Colorado State University Agricultural Water Quality Program (AWQP).
Note
This project is actively under development. Code, parts, instructions, and other content are subject to change as we enhance the LCS. If you download/clone/fork this repository, we ask that you please email us directly for the most up-to-date information and resources. We will also email you with any news related to the project moving forward!
- Why create a low-cost water sampler?
- Repo Contents
- Low Cost Sampler Description
- 3d prints
- Parts List
- How-to guide
- Known Bugs
- Future Developments
- How to Cite
- License
In Colorado and across the United States, agriculture is being identified as one source of nutrient pollution in State and Federal waters. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus run off farmlands and accumulate in surface waterways, causing water quality issues. Although agricultural nonpoint sources are not currently regulated in Colorado, initiatives are set up to encourage the adoption of Best Management Practices (BMPs) that protect surface water quality. Quantifying BMP impacts on water quality, requires robust, edge-of-field (EoF) monitoring systems that can accurately measure flow and collect water for nutrient and sediment analysis. NRCS EoF standards currently require equipment that is often too costly for pragmatic and scalable research. To address this need, the Colorado State University Agricultural Water Quality Program (AWQP) has developed a low-cost, automated water sampler (LCS) with Internet of Things (IoT) technology for scalable, near-real-time water quality research. This work directly follows deliverables from an awarded NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant titled, “Next Generation Technology for Monitoring Edge-of-Field Water Quality in Organic Agriculture”. The CSU AWQP intends to create additional research and regulation opportunities for Colorado and beyond using this technology.
Figure 1. Image of the low-cost automated water sampler (LCS) deployed at a mountain meadow hay field near Steamboat Springs, Colorado.
To learn more about AWQP, please visit the AWQP website.
- .vscode
- settings for flashing in VS code using the particle workbench add-on.
- 3d-prints
- contains .STL files for printing required assembly parts on a 3d-printer
- compiled-firmwares
- previously compiled firmwares for various borons (current code requires a unique binary for each device to accomodate for individual e-tape calibration)
- figures
- figures embedded into README.md
- lib
- libraries used in source code
- src
- source code for particle boron flashing
- target
- available firmware targets for particle devices
- project.properties
- contains project code and library dependencies
The AWQP-developed LCS is comprised of six main components as shown in Figure 2: 1) a cellular-enabled microcontroller, 2) a 12V battery and solar charger, 3) a peristaltic pump with tubing for water sample collection, 4) a 12V, 10W solar panel, 5) a water depth detecting sensor and, 6) a cooler for sample preservation.
Figure 2. Picture of the low-cost automated water sampler (LCS) deployed in-situ, with its primary components annotated: 1) a cellular-enabled microcontroller, 2) a 12 V battery and solar charger, 3) a peristaltic pump with tubing, 4) a 12 V, 10 W solar panel, 5) a water depth detecting sensor, and 6) a cooler for sample preservation.
Like commercial models, the LCS can detect and measure water flow in an installed flume via depth, sample water at pre-determined or user-triggered intervals (in this case, hourly), preserve water samples for later collection, remote data monitoring through cellular communications, and stay powered remotely through solar and battery means. However, the LCS model accomplishes this at approximately 1/10th of the cost of a commercial apparatus ($700-1,000). Additionally, commercial models require the additional purchase of a cellular modem for wireless connectivity, whereas the LCS integrally incorporates it into the microcontroller itself. Upon completion of this experiment, the AWQP intends to open-source the LCS for future collaborative development and sharing via GitHub repository on the AWQP GitHub organization.
A preliminary comparison study performed by the AWQP indicate strong agreement between LCS depth measurements and commercial bubbler units, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 4.2 mm (n=1099). Additionally, measured analyte concentrations (total suspended solids, NO3, NO2, Total N, Orthophosphate, Total Phosphorous) were similar, but lacked enough sample points to accurately make a comparison. An example runoff depth measurement comparison from an irrigation event at a corn field in Fort Collins, CO in 2020 is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3. Results from a preliminary flow comparison study between the LCS and commercial Teledyne ISCO 6712 automated sampler.
As found on our AWQP Printables page:
Please contact the AWQP for the most current part list; these are often changing and being updated as improvements get implemented!
Current list updated 28 Oct. 2024:
| Designator | Component | Number | Cost per unit (USD) | Total cost (USD) | Source of materials | Material type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waterproof Enclosure | Ogrmar ABS Plastic Dustproof Waterproof IP65 Junction Box Universal Enclosure with Lock (15.7"x11.8"x7") | 1 | $70.98 | $70.98 | Amazon | Electronic Enclosure |
| Peristaltic Pump | INTLLAB High Flow Peristaltic Self-Priming Pump with Stepper Motor 12V/24V High Flow Peristaltic Pump, DP-520-48S | 1 | $45.80 | $45.80 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Battery | ExpertPower 12V 7 Amp EXP1270 Rechargeable Lead Acid Battery | 1 | $23.00 | $23.00 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Solar Panel | ECO-WORTHY 12V Solar Panel 10W Solar Panel | 1 | $25.00 | $25.00 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Solar Charge Controller | Huine 10A PWM Solar Charge Controller Waterproof IP68 12V 24V Solar Panel Controller Regulator | 1 | $19.99 | $19.99 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Microprocessor | Particle Boron LTE North America | 1 | $48.95 | $48.95 | Particle | Non-specific |
| PCB Board | ElectroCookie Prototype PCB Solderable Breadboard for Electronics Projects | 1 | $7.99 | $7.99 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Standoffs | Motherboard Standoffs Plastic Mounting PCB | 1 | $10.99 | $10.99 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Pump Driver | HiLetgo 5pcs DRV8825 Stepper Motor Driver Module | 1 | $14.49 | $14.49 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Pump Driver Mount | Stepper Motor Driver Shield Expansion Board DRV8825/A4988 | 1 | $8.00 | $8.00 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Feather Board Pins | 2.54mm Spacing Female 16 Pins PCB | 1 | $8.00 | $8.00 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Feather Board Pins | 2.54mm Pitch 12 Terminals Straight Header | 1 | $6.00 | $6.00 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Terminal pin | 2 Pin 3 Pin PCB Mount Screw Terminal Block Connectors,Socket Strips 5.08mm | 1 | $8.69 | $8.69 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Jumper wires | 24AWG 840 Pieces Jumper Wires Kit | 1 | $15.50 | $15.50 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Water Level | 18" Standard eTape® Assembly with custom sturdy wiring | 1 | $65.00 | $65.00 | MiloneTech | Non-specific |
| Liquid Sensor | Non-Contact Water Level Sensor Capacitive Liquid Level Detector | 1 | $17.68 | $17.68 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Glands | Cable Gland 20 Pack PG7 Waterproof | 1 | $8.99 | $8.99 | Amazon | Polymer |
| Power Plugs (Solar) | 12V Male+Female 2.1x5.5MM DC Power Jack Plug | 1 | $6.79 | $6.79 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Power Plugs (Load) | DC Power Pigtail Cable,5.5x2.1mm 18AWG Male and Female DC Connector Plug,12V 5A Barrel Jack (5 Pairs) | 1 | $6.66 | $6.66 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Pump to PCB and Water Level to PCB Wire Connectors | Taiss Dupont Crimping Tool Kit Ratcheting Wire Crimper with 2.54mm 600PCS Dupont Connectors and 560PCS JST XH Connectors, Dupont Crimper, JST Crimper(0.08-0.5mm² 28-20AWG) | 1 | $26.99 | $26.99 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Waterproof Connector for Water level | 3 Pin Electrical Connector 22AWG Waterproof IP65 Male Female Connector | 1 | $9.99 | $9.99 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Heat Shrink | 1/4" Heat Shrink Tubing - 3:1 Ratio Dual Wall Adhesive Lined | 1 | $9.99 | $9.99 | Amazon | Non-specific |
| Bottle Enclosure | Igloo BMX Hard Coolers (25qt) | 1 | $99.00 | $99.00 | Amazon | Polymer |
| Tubing Adapter | 10 Packs 1/4 Thru-Bulk Bulkhead Plastic Hose Barb Fittings Plastic Hose Barb Fittings 1/4" | 2 | $8.89 | $8.89 | Amazon | Polymer |
| Tubing | PVC Tubing 1/4"ID X 3/8"OD Flexible Clear Vinyl Hose 100 Feet... | 1 | $27.99 | $27.99 | Amazon | Polymer |
| 2L Bottle | Bottles | 2 | $30.00 | $60.00 | US Plastic | Polymer |
| Screws | M3 x 12mm 304 Stainless Steel | 1 | $7.69 | $7.69 | Amazon | Metal |
| Solder&Seal Connectors | haisstronica 500PCS White Heat Shrink Butt Connectors 26-24 Gauge-Insulated Waterproof Electrical Butt Connectors | 1 | $29.39 | $29.39 | Amazon | Polymer |
| Estimated Total | $698.43 |
More coming soon!
- Purchase all necessary hardware components
- 3D-print necessary mounting parts
- Assemble hardware - Here's our video guide!
- Install Blynk phone application - Bynk application website
- Make Ubidots account - Ubidots website
- Flash code from this repo, after updating the
config.hfile with your TOKENs from Blynk and Ubidots - To be continued...
For the code to run properly, you'll need to set up a config.h file with your API keys and other configurations.
-
Navigate to the
srcdirectory:- Inside the
srcdirectory, you will find a template file namedconfig_template.h.
- Inside the
-
Duplicate and Rename:
- Copy the
config_template.hand rename the copied file toconfig.h.
- Copy the
-
Add Your API Keys and/or tokens:
- Open
config.hwith a text editor of your choice. Replace the placeholders like"YOUR_API_KEY_HERE"with your actual API keys or other configuration details.
- Open
-
Save and Close:
- After adding your details, save and close the file. Now your code should be able to run with your specific configurations.
Warning
Never commit your config.h with your actual API keys or Tokens to public repositories to ensure the privacy of your keys!
- The water detection sensor is unreliable in its current state; we are not sure if this is a hardware or software issue at the moment
- Etape readings can bounce, leading to unintentional sampling
- we tend to leave the trigger point at an unrealistically high number until the device should be sampling, then we move it down to a realistic number (e.g., 2cm)
- Etape sensors only begin to accurately read depth at the 2" mark on the device
- this is a hardware issue ongoing at Mileone
- to circumvent this, we place the etape at -1" depths in the deployed stilling wells or other water bodies to ensure an accurate reading, then subtract 1" off of readings in post-processing for flow calculations.
- v1.00 - Initial Release - Rough program outline with serial monitor// interface
- v1.01 - First Working Version, debugged with keyboard input of sample volume
- v1.02 - Uses Blynk and WiFi for input and reporting instead of keyboard IDE
- v1.03 - Add stats and other Blynk features, provisions for prepurge of hose
- v1.04 - add a secound pump to the code
- v1.05 - coverted to particle using workbench
- v1.06 - added etape
- V1.07 - moved to new blynk IoT
- V1.08 - cleaned, added variable, add temp resistance to etapeand add project to private github repo
- V1.09 - added remote reset function
- V1.10 - added config.h file to store sensitive info and device speicific info
- V1.2 - fixed config.h file and updates bill of materials
- Integrate a "time until next sampling" variable that can be called or sent at each payload
- make e-tape calibration coeficcients either a dictionary and/or a particle variable to alleviate the need for tailored binaries to flash each device. Ultimately, this would allow users to make the device a particle product and enable fleet flashing.
- add a "tube length" variable in the blynk app to calculate water needed to prime the pump prior to sampling.
- compare etape calibration data to see if a universal calibration equation can be developed instead of having individual calibration equations for each device
If you use the AWQP Low-Cost IoT Water Sampler (LCS) in your research or if it proves helpful in your work, please consider citing it. a CITATION.cff file is provided, or you can use the following BibTeX entry:
@misc{awqp_lcs_2024_v2,
author = {Emmanuel Deleon and Ansley Brown and Erik Wardle and Troy Bauder and Dylan Casey and Jay Ham and Mark Uchanski},
title = {{Low-Cost IoT Water Sampler}},
month = oct,
year = 2024,
note = {Version 1.2},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.14003999},
publisher = {Zenodo},
url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14003999}
}This project is licensed under the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2 (GNU GPL V2.0) - see the LICENSE.md file for details.
Please visit CSU STRATA's website to inquire about a permissive commercial license for this project, and use the contact form on that page for initiating that discussion.
Copyright © 2023 Colorado State University Agricultural Water Quality Program. All rights reserved.