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README
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NAME
Ora2Pg - Oracle to PostgreSQL database schema converter
DESCRIPTION
Ora2Pg is a free tool used to migrate an Oracle database to a PostgreSQL
compatible schema. It connects your Oracle database, scan it
automatically and extracts its structure or data, it then generates SQL
scripts that you can load into your PostgreSQL database.
Ora2Pg can be used from reverse engineering Oracle database to huge
enterprise database migration or simply to replicate some Oracle data
into a PostgreSQL database. It is really easy to used and doesn't need
any Oracle database knowledge than providing the parameters needed to
connect to the Oracle database.
FEATURES
Ora2Pg consist of a Perl script (ora2pg) and a Perl module (Ora2Pg.pm),
the only thing you have to modify is the configuration file ora2pg.conf
by setting the DSN to the Oracle database and optionaly the name of a
schema. Once that's done you just have to set the type of export you
want: TABLE with constraints, VIEW, MVIEW, TABLESPACE, SEQUENCE,
INDEXES, TRIGGER, GRANT, FUNCTION, PROCEDURE, PACKAGE, PARTITION, TYPE,
INSERT or COPY, FDW, QUERY, KETTLE, SYNONYM.
By default Ora2Pg exports to a file that you can load into PostgreSQL
with the psql client, but you can also import directly into a PostgreSQL
database by setting its DSN into the configuration file. With all
configuration options of ora2pg.conf you have full control of what
should be exported and how.
Features included:
- Export full database schema (tables, views, sequences, indexes), with
unique, primary, foreign key and check constraints.
- Export grants/privileges for users and groups.
- Export range/list partitions andi sub partitions.
- Export a table selection (by specifying the table names).
- Export Oracle schema to a PostgreSQL 8.4+ schema.
- Export predefined functions, triggers, procedures, packages and
package bodies.
- Export full data or following a WHERE clause.
- Full support of Oracle BLOB object as PG BYTEA.
- Export Oracle views as PG tables.
- Export Oracle user defined types.
- Provide some basic automatic conversion of PLSQL code to PLPGSQL.
- Works on any plateform.
- Export Oracle tables as foreign data wrapper tables.
- Export materialized view.
- Show a detailled report of an Oracle database content.
- Migration cost assessment of an Oracle database.
- Migration difficulty level assessment of an Oracle database.
- Migration cost assessment of PL/SQL code from a file.
- Migration cost assessment of Oracle SQL queries stored in a file.
- Generate XML ktr files to be used with Penthalo Data Integrator (Kettle)
- Export Oracle locator and spatial geometries into PostGis.
- Export DBLINK as Oracle FDW.
- Export SYNONYMS as views.
- Export DIRECTORY as external table or directory for external_file extension.
- Full MySQL export just like Oracle database.
- Dispatch a list of SQL orders over multiple PostgreSQL connections
Ora2Pg do its best to automatically convert your Oracle database to
PostgreSQL but there's still manual works to do. The Oracle specific
PL/SQL code generated for functions, procedures, packages and triggers
has to be reviewed to match the PostgreSQL syntax. You will find some
useful recommandations on porting Oracle PL/SQL code to PostgreSQL
PL/PGSQL at "Converting from other Databases to PostgreSQL", section:
Oracle (http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Main_Page).
See http://ora2pg.darold.net/report.html for a HTML sample of an Oracle
database migration report.
INSTALLATION
All Perl modules can always be found at CPAN (http://search.cpan.org/).
Just type the full name of the module (ex: DBD::Oracle) into the search
input box, it will brings you the page for download.
Releases of Ora2Pg stay at SF.net
(https://sourceforge.net/projects/ora2pg/).
Under Windows you should install Strawberry Perl
(http://strawberryperl.com/) and the OSes corresponding Oracle clients.
It seems that compiling DBD::Oracle from CPAN on Windows can be a
struggle and there be little documentation on that (mostly outdated and
not working). Installing the free version of ActiveState Perl
(http://www.activestate.com/activeperl) could help as they seems to have
an already packaged DBD::Oracle easy to install.
Requirement
You need a modern Perl distribution (perl 5.10 and more), the DBI >
1.614 and DBD::Oracle Perl modules to be installed. These are used to
connect to the Oracle database. To install DBD::Oracle and have it
working you need to have the Oracle client libraries installed and the
ORACLE_HOME environment variable must be defined.
If you plan to export a MySQL database you need to install the Perl
module DBD::mysql which require that the mysql client libraries are
installed.
On some Perl distribution you may need to install the Time::HiRes Perl
module.
Optional
By default Ora2Pg dumps export to flat files, to load them into your
PostgreSQL database you need the PostgreSQL client (psql). If you don't
have it on the host running Ora2Pg you can always transfer these files
to a host with the psql client installed. If you prefer to load export
'on the fly', the perl module DBD::Pg is required.
Ora2Pg allow to dump all output int a compressed gzip file, to do that
you need the Compress::Zlib Perl module or if you prefer using bzip2
compression, the program bzip2 must be available in your PATH.
Installing Ora2Pg
Like any other Perl Module Ora2Pg can be installed with the following
commands:
tar xzf ora2pg-10.x.tar.gz
cd ora2pg-10.x/
perl Makefile.PL
make && make install
This will install Ora2Pg.pm into your site Perl repository, ora2pg into
/usr/local/bin/ and ora2pg.conf into /etc/ora2pg/.
On Windows(tm) OSes you may use instead:
perl Makefile.PL
dmake && dmake install
This will install scripts and libraries into your Perl site installation
directory and the ora2pg.conf file as well as all documentation files
into C:\ora2pg\
Packaging
If you want to build binary package for your preferred Linux
distribution take a look at the packaging/ directory of the source
tarball. There's everything to build RPM, Slackware and Debian packages.
See README file in that directory.
Installing DBD::Oracle
Ora2Pg need perl module DBD::Oracle for connectivity to an Oracle
database from perl DBI. To get DBD::Oracle get it from CPAN a perl
module repository.
After setting ORACLE_HOME and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables as
root user, install DBD::Oracle. Proceed as follow:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/lib
export ORACLE_HOME=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/
perl -MCPAN -e 'install DBD::Oracle'
If you are running for the first time it will ask so many questions
which you can keep defaults by pressing ENTER key, but you need to give
one appropriate i.e., mirror site for CPAN to download the modules. Or
install through CPAN manually if the above don't works:
#perl -MCPAN -e shell
cpan> get DBD::Oracle
cpan> quit
cd ~/.cpan/build/DBD-Oracle*
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/lib
export ORACLE_HOME=/usr/lib/oracle/11.2/client64/
perl Makefile.PL
make
make install
Installing DBD::Oracle require that the three Oracle packages:
instant-client, SDK and SQLplus are installed as well as the libaio1
library.
CONFIGURATION
Ora2Pg configuration can be as simple as choose the Oracle database to
export and choose the export type. This can be done in the minute.
By reading this documentation you will also be able to:
- Select only certain tables and/or column for export.
- Rename some tables and/or column during export.
- Select data to export following a WHERE clause per table.
- Delay database constraints during data loading.
- Compress exported data to save disk space.
- and much more.
The full control of the Oracle database migration is taken though a
single configuration file named ora2pg.conf. The format of this file
consist in a directive name in upper case followed by tab character and
a value. Comments are lines beginning with a #.
There's no specific order to place the configuration directives, they
are set at the time they are read in the configuration file.
For configuration directives that just take a single value, you can use
them multiple time in the configuration file but only the last occurence
found in the file will be used. For configuration directives that allow
a list of value, you can use it multiple time, the values will be
appended to the list. If you use the IMPORT directive to load a custom
configuration file, directives defined in this file will be stores from
the place the IMPORT directive is found, so it is better to put it at
the end of the configuration file.
Values set in command line options will override values from the
configuration file.
Ora2Pg usage
By default Ora2Pg will look for /etc/ora2pg/ora2pg.conf configuration
file, if the file exist you can simply execute:
/usr/local/bin/ora2pg
or under Windows(tm) run ora2pg.bat file, located in your perl bin
directory. Windows(tm) users may also find a template configuration file
in C:\ora2pg
If you want to call another configuration file, just give the path as
command line argument:
/usr/local/bin/ora2pg -c /etc/ora2pg/new_ora2pg.conf
Here are all command line parameters available when using ora2pg:
Usage: ora2pg [-dhpqv --estimate_cost --dump_as_html] [--option value]
-a | --allow str : comma-separated list of objects to allow from export.
Can be used with SHOW_COLUMN too.
-b | --basedir dir: Used to set the default output directory, where files
resulting from exports will be stored.
-c | --conf file : Used to set an alternate configuration file than the
default /etc/ora2pg/ora2pg.conf.
-d | --debug : Enable verbose output.
-e | --exclude str: comma-separated list of objects to exclude from export.
Can be used with SHOW_COLUMN too.
-h | --help : Print this short help.
-i | --input file : File containing Oracle PL/SQL code to convert with
no Oracle database connection initiated.
-j | --jobs num : number of parallel process to send data to PostgreSQL.
-J | --copies num : number of parallel connection to extract data from Oracle.
-l | --log file : Used to set a log file. Default is stdout.
-L | --limit num : number of tuples extracted from Oracle and stored in
memory before writing, default: 10000.
-m | --mysql : inform Ora2Pg to export a MySQL database instead of an
Oracle schema. Must be used when there is no database
connection, otherwise it is autodetected from datasource.
-n | --namespace schema : Used to set the Oracle schema to extract from.
-o | --out file : Used to set the path to the output file where SQL will
be written. Default: output.sql in running directory.
-p | --plsql : Enable PLSQL to PLPSQL code conversion.
-P | --parallel num: Number of parallel tables to extract at the same time.
-q | --quiet : disable progress bar.
-s | --source DSN : Allow to set the Oracle DBI datasource.
-t | --type export: Used to set the export type. It will override the one
given in the configuration file (TYPE).
-T | --temp_dir DIR: use it to set a distinct temporary directory when two
or more ora2pg are run in parallel.
-u | --user name : Used to set the Oracle database connection user.
ORA2PG_USER environment variable can be used instead.
-v | --version : Show Ora2Pg Version and exit.
-w | --password pwd : Used to set the password of the Oracle database user.
ORA2PG_PASSWD environment variable can be used instead.
--forceowner: if set to 1 force ora2pg to set tables and sequences owner
like in Oracle database. If the value is set to a username this
one will be used as the objects owner. By default it's the user
used to connect to the Pg database that will be the owner.
--nls_lang code: use this to set the Oracle NLS_LANG client encoding.
--client_encoding code: Use this to set the PostgreSQL client encoding.
--view_as_table str: comma-separated list of view to export as table.
--estimate_cost : activate the migration cost evalution with SHOW_REPORT
--cost_unit_value minutes: number of minutes for a cost evalution unit.
default: 5 minutes, correspond to a migration conducted by a
PostgreSQL expert. Set it to 10 if this is your first migration.
--dump_as_html : force ora2pg to dump report in HTML, used only with
SHOW_REPORT. Default is to dump report as simple text.
--dump_as_csv : same as above but force ora2pg to dump report in CSV.
--dump_as_sheet : report migration assessment one CSV line per database.
--init_project NAME: initialise a typical ora2pg project tree. Top directory
will be created under project base dir.
--project_base DIR : define the base dir for ora2pg project trees. Default
is current directory.
--print_header : to be used with --dump_as_sheet to print the CSV header
especially for the first run of ora2pg.
--human_days_limit num : set the number human-days limit where the migration
assessment level switch from B to C. Default is set to
10 human-days.
--audit_user LIST : comma separated list of username to filter queries in
the DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL table. Used only with SHOW_REPORT
and QUERY export type.
ora2pg will return 0 on success, 1 on error. It will return 2 when a
child process have been interrupted and you've got the warning message:
WARNING: an error occurs during data export. Please check what's happen.
For developpers, it is possible to add your own custom option(s) in the
Perl script ora2pg as any configuration directive from ora2pg.conf can
be passed in lower case to the new Ora2Pg object instance. See ora2pg
code on how to add your own option.
Generate a migration template
The two options --project_base and --init_project when used indicate to
ora2pg that he has to create a project template with a work tree, a
configuration file and a script to export all objects from the Oracle
database. Here a sample of the command usage:
ora2pg --project_base /home/git/tmp --init_project test_project
Creating project test_project.
/home/git/tmp/test_project/
schema/
fdws/
functions/
grants/
kettles/
mviews/
packages/
partitions/
procedures/
sequences/
tables/
tablespaces/
triggers/
types/
views/
sources/
functions/
mviews/
packages/
partitions/
procedures/
triggers/
types/
views/
data/
config/
ora2pg.conf
reports/
Generating generic configuration file
Creating script export_schema.sh to automate all exports.
It create a generic config file where you just have to define the Oracle
database connection and a shell script called export_schema.sh. The
sources/ directory will contains the Oracle code, the schema/ will
contains the code ported to PostgreSQL. The reports/ directory will
contains the html reports with the migration cost assessment.
If you want to use your own default config file, use the -c option to
give the path to that file. Rename it with .dist suffix if you want
ora2pg to apply the generic configuration values otherwise, the
configuration file will be copied untouched.
Oracle database connection
There's 5 configuration directives to control the access to the Oracle
database.
ORACLE_HOME
Used to set ORACLE_HOME environment variable to the Oracle libraries
required by the DBD::Oracle Perl module.
ORACLE_DSN
This directive is used to set the data source name in the form
standard DBI DSN. For example:
dbi:Oracle:host=oradb_host.myhost.com;sid=DB_SID
or
dbi:Oracle:DB_SID
for the second notation the SID should be declared in the well known
file $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora or in the path given to
the TNS_ADMIN environment variable.
ORACLE_USER et ORACLE_PWD
These two directives are used to define the user and password for
the Oracle database connection. Note that if you can it is better to
login as Oracle super admin to avoid grants problem during the
database scan and be sure that nothing is missing.
USER_GRANTS
Set this directive to 1 if you connect the Oracle database as simple
user and do not have enough grants to extract things from the
DBA_... tables. It will use tables ALL_... instead.
Warning: if you use export type GRANT, you must set this
configuration option to 0 or it will not works.
TRANSACTION
This directive may be used if you want to change the default
isolation level of the data export transaction. Default is now to
set the level to a serializable transaction to ensure data
consistency. The allowed values for this directive are:
readonly: 'SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY',
readwrite: 'SET TRANSACTION READ WRITE',
serializable: 'SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE'
committed: 'SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED',
Releases before 6.2 used to set the isolation level to READ ONLY
transaction but in some case this was breaking data consistency so
now default is set to SERIALIZABLE.
INPUT_FILE
This directive did not control the Oracle database connection or
unless it purely disable the use of any Oracle database by accepting
a file as argument. Set this directive to a file containing PL/SQL
Oracle Code like function, procedure or full package body to prevent
Ora2Pg from connecting to an Oracle database and just apply his
convertion tool to the content of the file. This can be used with
the most of export types: TABLE, TRIGGER, PROCEDURE, VIEW, FUNCTION
or PACKAGE, etc.
ORA_INITIAL_COMMAND
This directive can be used to send an initial command to Oracle,
just after the connection. For example to unlock a policy before
reading objects.
Data encryption with Oracle server
If your Oracle Client config file already includes the encryption
method, then DBD:Oracle uses those settings to encrypt the connection
while you extract the data. For example if you have configured the
Oracle Client config file (sqlnet.or or .sqlnet) with the following
information:
# Configure encryption of connections to Oracle
SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT = required
SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT = (AES256, RC4_256)
SQLNET.CRYPTO_SEED = 'should be 10-70 random characters'
Any tool that uses the Oracle client to talk to the database will be
encrypted if you setup a session encryption like above.
For example, Perl's DBI uses DBD-Oracle, which uses the Oracle client
for actually handling database communication. If the installation of
Oracle client used by Perl is setup to request encrypted connections,
then your Perl connection to an Oracle database will also be encrypted.
Full details at
https://kb.berkeley.edu/jivekb/entry.jspa?externalID=1005
Testing
Once you have set the Oracle database DSN you can execute ora2pg to see
if it works. By default the configuration file will export the database
schema to a file called 'output.sql'. Take a look in it to see if the
schema has been exported.
Take some time here to test your installation as most of the problem
take place here, the other configuration step are more technical.
Trouble shooting
If the output.sql file has not exported anything else than the Pg
transaction header and footer there's two possible reasons. The perl
script ora2pg dump an ORA-XXX error, that mean that you DSN or login
information are wrong, check the error and your settings and try again.
The perl script says nothing and the output file is empty: the user has
not enough right to extract something from the database. Try to connect
Oracle as super user or take a look at directive USER_GRANTS above and
at next section, especiallly the SCHEMA directive.
LOGFILE
By default all message are sent to the standard output. If you give
a file path to that directive, all output will be appended to this
file.
Oracle schema to export
The Oracle database export can be limited to a specific Schema or
Namespace, this can be mandatory following the database connection user.
SCHEMA
This directive is used to set the schema name to use during export.
For example:
SCHEMA APPS
will extract objects associated to the APPS schema.
When no schema name is provided and EXPORT_SCHEMA is enabled, Ora2Pg
will export all objects from all schema of the Oracle instance with
their names prefixed with the scham name.
EXPORT_SCHEMA
By default the Oracle schema is not exported into the PostgreSQL
database and all objects are created under the default Pg namespace.
If you want to also export this schema and create all objects under
this namespace, set the EXPORT_SCHEMA directive to 1. This will set
the schema search_path at top of export SQL file to the schema name
set in the SCHEMA directive with the default pg_catalog schema. If
you want to change this path, use the directive PG_SCHEMA.
CREATE_SCHEMA
Enable/disable the CREATE SCHEMA SQL order at starting of the output
file. It is enable by default and concern on TABLE export type.
COMPILE_SCHEMA
By default Ora2Pg will only export valid PL/SQL code. You can force
Oracle to compile again the invalidated code to get a chance to have
it obtain the valid status and then be able to export it.
Enable this directive to force Oracle to compile schema before
exporting code. This will ask to Oracle to validate the PL/SQL that
could have been invalidate after a export/import for example. If you
set the value to 1 it will exec: DBMS_UTILITY.compile_schema(schema
=> sys_context('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER')); but if you provide the
name of a particular schema it will use the following command:
DBMS_UTILITY.compile_schema(schema => 'schemaname'); The 'VALID' or
'INVALID' status applies to functions, procedures, packages and user
defined types.
EXPORT_INVALID
If the above configuration directive is not enough to validate your
PL/SQL code enable this configuration directive to allow export of
all PL/SQL code even if it is marked as invalid. The 'VALID' or
'INVALID' status applies to functions, procedures, packages and user
defined types.
PG_SCHEMA
Allow you to defined/force the PostgreSQL schema to use. The value
can be a comma delimited list of schema name. By default if you set
EXPORT_SCHEMA to 1, the PostgreSQL schema search_path will be set to
the schema name set as value of the SCHEMA directive plus the
default pg_catalog schema as follow:
SET search_path = $SCHEMA, pg_catalog;
If you set PG_SCHEMA to something like "user_schema, public" for
example the search path will be set like this:
SET search_path = $PG_SCHEMA;
-- SET search_path = user_schema, public;
This will force to not use the Oracle schema set in the SCHEMA
directive.
SYSUSERS
Without explicit schema, Ora2Pg will export all objects that not
belongs to system schema or role:
CTXSYS,DBSNMP,EXFSYS,LBACSYS,MDSYS,MGMT_VIEW,OLAPSYS,ORDDATA,OWBSYS,
ORDPLUGINS,ORDSYS,OUTLN,SI_INFORMTN_SCHEMA,SYS,SYSMAN,SYSTEM,WK_TEST,
WKSYS,WKPROXY,WMSYS,XDB,APEX_PUBLIC_USER,DIP,FLOWS_020100,FLOWS_030000,
FLOWS_040100,FLOWS_FILES,MDDATA,ORACLE_OCM,SPATIAL_CSW_ADMIN_USR,
SPATIAL_WFS_ADMIN_USR,XS$NULL,PERFSTAT,SQLTXPLAIN,DMSYS,TSMSYS,WKSYS,
APEX_040200,DVSYS,OJVMSYS,GSMADMIN_INTERNAL,APPQOSSYS,MGMT_VIEW,
ODM,ODM_MTR,TRACESRV,MTMSYS,OWBSYS_AUDIT,WEBSYS,WK_PROXY,
OSE$HTTP$ADMIN,AURORA$JIS$UTILITY$,AURORA$ORB$UNAUTHENTICATED,
DBMS_PRIVILEGE_CAPTURE
Following your Oracle installation you may have several other system
role defined. To append these users to the schema exclusion list,
just set the SYSUSERS configuration directive to a comma-separated
list of system user to exclude. For example:
SYSUSERS INTERNAL,SYSDBA,BI,HR,IX,OE,PM,SH
will add users INTERNAL and SYSDBA to the schema exclusion list.
FORCE_OWNER
By default the owner of the database objects is the one you're using
to connect to PostgreSQL using the psql command. If you use an other
user (postgres for exemple) you can force Ora2Pg to set the object
owner to be the one used in the Oracle database by setting the
directive to 1, or to a completely different username by setting the
directive value to that username.
USE_TABLESPACE
When enabled this directive force ora2pg to export all tables,
indexes constraint and indexes using the tablespace name defined in
Oracle database. This works only with tablespace that are not TEMP,
USERS and SYSTEM.
WITH_OID
Activating this directive will force Ora2Pg to add WITH (OIDS) when
creating tables or views as tables. Default is same as PostgreSQL,
disabled.
Export type
The export action is perform following a single configuration directive
'TYPE', some other add more control on what should be really exported.
TYPE
Here are the different values of the TYPE directive, default is
TABLE:
- TABLE: Extract all tables with indexes, primary keys, unique keys,
foreign keys and check constraints.
- VIEW: Extract only views.
- GRANT: Extract roles converted to Pg groups, users and grants on all
objects.
- SEQUENCE: Extract all sequence and their last position.
- TABLESPACE: Extract storage spaces for tables and indexes (Pg >= v8).
- TRIGGER: Extract triggers defined following actions.
- FUNCTION: Extract functions.
- PROCEDURE: Extract procedures.
- PACKAGE: Extract packages and package bodies.
- INSERT: Extract data as INSERT statement.
- COPY: Extract data as COPY statement.
- PARTITION: Extract range and list Oracle partitions with subpartitions.
- TYPE: Extract user defined Oracle type.
- FDW: Export Oracle tables as foreign table for oracle_fdw.
- MVIEW: Export materialized view.
- QUERY: Try to automatically convert Oracle SQL queries.
- KETTLE: Generate XML ktr template files to be used by Kettle.
- DBLINK: Generate oracle foreign data wrapper server to use as dblink.
- SYNONYM: Export Oracle's synonyms as views on other schema's objects.
- DIRECTORY: Export Oracle's directories as external_file extension objects.
- LOAD: Dispatch a list of queries over multiple PostgreSQl connections.
Only one type of export can be perform at the same time so the TYPE
directive must be unique. If you have more than one only the last
found in the file will be registered.
Some export type can not or should not be load directly into the
PostgreSQL database and still require little manual editing. This is
the case for GRANT, TABLESPACE, TRIGGER, FUNCTION, PROCEDURE, TYPE,
QUERY and PACKAGE export types especially if you have PLSQL code or
Oracle specific SQL in it.
For TABLESPACE you must ensure that file path exist on the system
and for SYNONYM you may ensure that the object's owners and schemas
correspond to the new PostgreSQL database design.
Note that you can chained multiple export by giving to the TYPE
directive a comma-separated list of export type.
The PARTITION export is a work in progress as table partition
support is not yet implemented into PostgreSQL. Ora2Pg will convert
Oracle partition using table inheritence, trigger and function
workaround. See document at Pg site:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/ddl-partitioning.
html This new feature in Ora2Pg has not been widly tested so feel
free to report any bug and patch.
The TYPE export allow export of user defined Oracle type. If you
don't use the --plsql command line parameter it simply dump Oracle
user type asis else Ora2Pg will try to convert it to PostgreSQL
syntax.
The KETTLE export type requires that the Oracle and PostgreSQL DNS
are defined.
Since Ora2Pg v8.1 there's three new export types:
SHOW_VERSION : display Oracle version
SHOW_SCHEMA : display the list of schema available in the database.
SHOW_TABLE : display the list of tables available.
SHOW_COLUMN : display the list of tables columns available and the
Ora2PG conversion type from Oracle to PostgreSQL that will be
applied. It will also warn you if there's PostgreSQL reserved
words in Oracle object names.
Here is an example of the SHOW_COLUMN output:
[2] TABLE CURRENT_SCHEMA (1 rows) (Warning: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA' is a reserved word in PostgreSQL)
CONSTRAINT : NUMBER(22) => bigint (Warning: 'CONSTRAINT' is a reserved word in PostgreSQL)
FREEZE : VARCHAR2(25) => varchar(25) (Warning: 'FREEZE' is a reserved word in PostgreSQL)
...
[6] TABLE LOCATIONS (23 rows)
LOCATION_ID : NUMBER(4) => smallint
STREET_ADDRESS : VARCHAR2(40) => varchar(40)
POSTAL_CODE : VARCHAR2(12) => varchar(12)
CITY : VARCHAR2(30) => varchar(30)
STATE_PROVINCE : VARCHAR2(25) => varchar(25)
COUNTRY_ID : CHAR(2) => char(2)
Those extraction keyword are use to only display the requested
information and exit. This allow you to quickly know on what you are
going to work.
The SHOW_COLUMN allow an other ora2pg command line option: '--allow
relname' or '-a relname' to limit the displayed information to the
given table.
The SHOW_ENCODING export type will display the NLS_LANG and
CLIENT_ENCODING values that Ora2Pg will used and the real encoding
of the Oracle database with the corresponding client encoding that
could be used with PostgreSQL
Since release v8.12, Ora2Pg allow you to export your Oracle Table
definition to be use with the oracle_fdw foreign data wrapper. By
using type FDW your Oracle tables will be exported as follow:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE oratab (
id integer NOT NULL,
text character varying(30),
floating double precision NOT NULL
) SERVER oradb OPTIONS (table 'ORATAB');
Now you can use the table like a regular PostgreSQL table.
See http://pgxn.org/dist/oracle_fdw/ for more information on this
foreign data wrapper.
Release 10 adds a new export type destinated to evaluate the content
of the database to migrate, in terms of objects and cost to end the
migration:
SHOW_REPORT : show a detailled report of the Oracle database content.
Here is a sample of report:
--------------------------------------
Ora2Pg: Oracle Database Content Report
--------------------------------------
Version Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
Schema HR
Size 880.00 MB
--------------------------------------
Object Number Invalid Comments
--------------------------------------
CLUSTER 2 0 Clusters are not supported and will not be exported.
DATABASE LINK 3 0 Database links will be exported as SQL/MED PostgreSQL's Foreign Data Wrapper (FDW) extensions
using oracle_fdw.
FUNCTION 40 0 Total size of function code: 81992.
INDEX 435 0 232 index(es) are concerned by the export, others are automatically generated and will
do so on PostgreSQL. 1 bitmap index(es). 230 b-tree index(es). 1 reversed b-tree index(es)
Note that bitmap index(es) will be exported as b-tree index(es) if any. Cluster, domain,
bitmap join and IOT indexes will not be exported at all. Reverse indexes are not exported
too, you may use a trigram-based index (see pg_trgm) or a reverse() function based index
and search. You may also use 'varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops' or 'bpchar_pattern_ops'
operators in your indexes to improve search with the LIKE operator respectively into
varchar, text or char columns.
MATERIALIZED VIEW 1 0 All materialized view will be exported as snapshot materialized views, they
are only updated when fully refreshed.
PACKAGE BODY 2 1 Total size of package code: 20700.
PROCEDURE 7 0 Total size of procedure code: 19198.
SEQUENCE 160 0 Sequences are fully supported, but all call to sequence_name.NEXTVAL or sequence_name.CURRVAL
will be transformed into NEXTVAL('sequence_name') or CURRVAL('sequence_name').
SYNONYM 3 0 SYNONYMs will be exported as views. SYNONYMs do not exists with PostgreSQL but a common workaround
is to use views or set the PostgreSQL search_path in your session to access object outside
the current schema.
TABLE 265 0 1 external table(s) will be exported as standard table. See EXTERNAL_TO_FDW configuration
directive to export as file_fdw foreign tables or use COPY in your code if you just
want to load data from external files. 2 binary columns. 4 unknown types.
TABLE PARTITION 8 0 Partitions are exported using table inheritance and check constraint. 1 HASH partitions.
2 LIST partitions. 6 RANGE partitions. Note that Hash partitions are not supported.
TRIGGER 30 0 Total size of trigger code: 21677.
TYPE 7 1 5 type(s) are concerned by the export, others are not supported. 2 Nested Tables.
2 Object type. 1 Subtype. 1 Type Boby. 1 Type inherited. 1 Varrays. Note that Type
inherited and Subtype are converted as table, type inheritance is not supported.
TYPE BODY 0 3 Export of type with member method are not supported, they will not be exported.
VIEW 7 0 Views are fully supported, but if you have updatable views you will need to use
INSTEAD OF triggers.
DATABASE LINK 1 0 Database links will not be exported. You may try the dblink perl contrib module or use
the SQL/MED PostgreSQL features with the different Foreign Data Wrapper (FDW) extensions.
Note: Invalid code will not be exported unless the EXPORT_INVALID configuration directive is activated.
There also a more advanced report with migration cost. See the
dedicated chapter about Migration Cost Evaluation.
ESTIMATE_COST
Activate the migration cost evaluation. Must only be used with
SHOW_REPORT, FUNCTION, PROCEDURE, PACKAGE and QUERY export type.
Default is disabled. You may wat to use the --estimate_cost command
line option instead to activate this functionnality. Note that
enabling this directive will force PLSQL_PGSQL activation.
COST_UNIT_VALUE
Set the value in minutes of the migration cost evaluation unit.
Default is five minutes per unit. See --cost_unit_value to change
the unit value at command line.
DUMP_AS_HTML
By default when using SHOW_REPORT the migration report is generated
as simple text, enabling this directive will force ora2pg to create
a report in HTML format.
See http://ora2pg.darold.net/report.html for a sample report.
HUMAN_DAYS_LIMIT
Use this directive to redefined the number of human-days limit where
the migration assessment level must switch from B to C. Default is
set to 10 human-days.
JOBS
This configuration directive adds multiprocess support to data
export type, the value is the number of process to use. Default is
multiprocess disable.
This directive is used to set the number of cores to used to
parallelize data import into PostgreSQL. It replace the old code
based on Perl Threads activated with the obsolete THREAD_COUNT
configuration directive that was not very useful and is now replaced
with fork() calls.
There's no more limitation in parallel processing than the number of
cores and the PostgreSQL I/O performance capabilities.
Doesn't works under Windows Operating System, it is simply disabled.
ORACLE_COPIES
This configuration directive adds multiprocess support to extract
data from Oracle. The value is the number of process to use to
parallelize the select query. Default is parallel query disable.
The parallelism is built on splitting the query following of the
number of cores given as value to ORACLE_COPIES as follow:
SELECT * FROM MYTABLE WHERE ABS(MOD(COLUMN, ORACLE_COPIES)) = CUR_PROC
where COLUMN is a technical key like a primary or unique key where
split will be based and the current core used by the query
(CUR_PROC).
Doesn't works under Windows Operating System, it is simply disabled.
DEFINED_PK
This directive is used to defined the technical key to used to split
the query between number of cores set with the ORACLE_COPIES
variable. For example:
DEFINED_PK EMPLOYEES:employee_id
The parallel query that will be used supposing that -J or
ORACLE_COPIES is set to 8:
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE ABS(MOD(employee_id, 8)) = N
where N is the current process forked starting from 0.
PARALLEL_TABLES
This directive is used to defined the number of tables that will be
processed in parallel for data extraction. The limit is the number
of cores on your machine. Ora2Pg will open one database connection
for each parallel table extraction. This directive, when upper than
1, will invalidate ORACLE_COPIES but not JOBS, so the real number of
process that will be used is PARALLEL_TABLES * JOBS.
Note that this directive when set upper that 1 will also
automatically enable the FILE_PER_TABLE directive if your are
exporting to files.
FDW_SERVER
This directive is used to set the name of the foreign data server
that is used in the "CREATE SERVER name FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
oracle_fdw ..." command. This name will then be used in the "CREATE
FOREIGN TABLE ..." SQL command. Default is arbitrary set to orcl.
This only concern export type FDW.
EXTERNAL_TO_FDW
This directive, enabled by default, allow to export Oracle's
External Tables as file_fdw foreign tables. To not export these
tables at all, set the directive to 0.
INTERNAL_DATE_MAX
Internal timestamp retrieves from custom type are extracted in the
following format: 01-JAN-77 12.00.00.000000 AM. It is impossible to
know the exact century that must be used, so by default any year
below 49 will be added to 2000 and others to 1900. You can use this
directive to change the default value 49. this is only relevant if
you have user defined type with a column timestamp.
AUDIT_USER
Set the comma separated list of username that must be used to filter
queries from the DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL table. Default is to not scan this
table and to never look for queries. This parameter is used only
with SHOW_REPORT and QUERY export type with no input file for
queries. Note that queries will be normalized before output unlike
when a file is given at input using the -i option or INPUT
directive.
Limiting object to export
You may want to export only a part of an Oracle database, here are a set
of configuration directives that will allow you to control what parts of
the database should be exported.
ALLOW
This directive allow you to set a list of objects on witch the
export must be limited, excluding all other objects in the same type
of export. The value is a space or comma-separated list of objects
name to export. You can include valid regex into the list. For
example:
ALLOW EMPLOYEES SALE_.* COUNTRIES .*_GEOM_SEQ
will export objects with name EMPLOYEES, COUNTRIES, all objects
begining with 'SALE_' and all objects with a name ending by
'_GEOM_SEQ'. The object depends of the export type. Note that regex
will not works with 8i database, you must use the % placeholder
instead, Ora2Pg will use the LIKE operator.
This is the manner to declare global filters that will be used with
the current export type. You can also use extended filters that will
be applied on specific objects or only on their related export type.
For example:
ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t TRIGGER -a 'TABLE[employees]'
will limit export of trigger to those defined on table employees. If
you want to extract all triggers but not some INSTEAD OF triggers:
ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -t TRIGGER -e 'VIEW[trg_view_.*]'
Or a more complex form:
ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t TABLE -a 'TABLE[EMPLOYEES]' \
-e 'INDEX[emp_.*];CKEY[emp_salary_min]'
This command will export the definition of the employee table but
will exclude all index begining with 'emp_' and the CHECK contraint
called 'emp_salary_min'.
When exporting partition you can exclude some partition tables by
using
ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t PARTITION -e 'PARTITION[PART_199.* PART_198.*]'
This will exclude partitionned tables for year 1980 to 1999 from the
export but not the main partition table. The trigger will also be
adapted to exclude those table.
With GRANT export you can use this extended form to exclude some
users from the export or limit the export to some others:
ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t GRANT -a 'USER1 USER2'
or
ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t GRANT -a 'GRANT[USER1 USER2]'
will limit export grants to users USER1 and USER2. But if you don't
want to export grants on some functions for these users, for
example:
ora2pg -p -c ora2pg.conf -t GRANT -a 'USER1 USER2' -e 'FUNCTION[adm_.*];PROCEDURE[adm_.*]'
Advanced filters may need some learning.
EXCLUDE
This directive is the opposite of the previous, it allow you to
define a space or comma-separated list of object name to exclude
from the export. You can include valid regex into the list. For
example:
EXCLUDE EMPLOYEES TMP_.* COUNTRIES
will exclude object with name EMPLOYEES, COUNTRIES and all tables
begining with 'tmp_'.
For example, you can ban from export some unwanted function with
this directive:
EXCLUDE write_to_.* send_mail_.*
this example will exclude all functions, procedures or functions in
a package with the name begining with those regex. Note that regex
will not works with 8i database, you must use the % placeholder
instead, Ora2Pg will use the NOT LIKE operator.
See above (directive 'ALLOW') for the extended syntax.
VIEW_AS_TABLE
Set which view to export as table. By default none. Value must be a
list of view name or regexp separated by space or comma. If the
object name is a view and the export type is TABLE, the view will be
exported as a create table statement. If export type is COPY or
INSERT, the corresponding data will be exported.
See chapter "Exporting Oracle views as PostgreSQL tables" for more
details.
WHERE
This directive allow you to specify a WHERE clause filter when
dumping the contents of tables. Value is construct as follow:
TABLE_NAME[WHERE_CLAUSE], or if you have only one where clause for
each table just put the where clause as value. Both are possible
too. Here are some examples:
# Global where clause applying to all tables included in the export
WHERE 1=1
# Apply the where clause only on table TABLE_NAME
WHERE TABLE_NAME[ID1='001']
# Applies two different clause on tables TABLE_NAME and OTHER_TABLE
# and a generic where clause on DATE_CREATE to all other tables
WHERE TABLE_NAME[ID1='001' OR ID1='002] DATE_CREATE > '2001-01-01' OTHER_TABLE[NAME='test']
Any where clause not included into a table name bracket clause will
be applied to all exported table including the tables defined in the
where clause. These WHERE clauses are very useful if you want to
archive some data or at the opposite only export some recent data.
To be able to quickly test data import it is useful to limit data
export to the first thousand tuples of each table. For Oracle define
the following clause:
WHERE ROWNUM < 1000
and for MySQL, use the following:
WHERE 1=1 LIMIT 1,1000
This can also be restricted to some tables data export.
TOP_MAX
This directive is used to limit the number of item shown in the top
N lists like the top list of tables per number of rows and the top
list of largest tables in megabytes. By default it is set to 10
items.