diff --git a/src/content/docs/reference/glossary.md b/src/content/docs/reference/glossary.md index ad8f36f..5e9c762 100644 --- a/src/content/docs/reference/glossary.md +++ b/src/content/docs/reference/glossary.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Term | Definition allophone|a variant of a phoneme. It is not distinctive, that is, substituting one allophone for another of the same phoneme will not change the meaning of the word, although it will sound unnatural. Broadly speaking, the test to determine whether two sounds are allophones of the same phoneme, or separate phonemes, is to see whether they are in complementary distribution, that is, when two phonological elements are found only in two complementary environments. For example, in English /ph/ only occurs syllable-initially when followed by a stressed vowel, but /p/ occurs in all other environments. This is illustrated by the words _pin_ /phin/ and _spin_ /spin/. Therefore, /ph/ and /p/ are seen to be in complementary distribution, and therefore allophones of the phoneme [p]. This test is not foolproof; some sounds are in complementary distribution but are not considered to be allophones. For example, in English /h/ only occurs syllable-initially and /ʔ/ only occurs syllable-finally. However they are phonetically so different that they are still considered to be separate phonemes. One allophone can be assigned to more than one phoneme, as illustrated in some North American English dialects, where the phonemes /t/ and /d/ can both be changed into the allophone [ɾ]. alphabet|a segmental writing system having symbols for individual sounds, rather than for syllables or morphemes. In a true alphabet, consonants and vowels are written as independent letters, in contrast to an abugida or an abjad. In a perfectly phonemic alphabet, phonemes and letters would be predictable in both directions; that is, the sound of a word could be predicted from its spelling and vice-versa. A phonetic alphabet is also predictable in this way, however it uses separate letters for separate allophones, whereas a phonemic alphabet may describe allophones of the same phoneme using a single letter. anchor point|see attachment point. -Apple Advanced Typography|**a smart font rendering technology developed by Apple.** +Apple Advanced Typography|a smart font rendering technology developed by Apple. articulator|any vocal organ used to form a speech sound. For example, the articulators used to form the sound [f] are the lower lip (a labial articulator) and the upper teeth (a dental articulator), so is described as a 'labiodental' sound. _Active articulators_ are those organs which can move - for example the tongue - and _passive articulators_ are those which are fixed - for example the roof of the mouth. ascent|the distance between the top of the line of text and the baseline, or the distance from the baseline to the top of the highest glyph in a font. ASCII|a standard that defines the 7-bit numbers (codepoints) needed for most of the U.S. English writing system. The initials stand for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Also specified as [ISO 646-IRV](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_646). @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Term | Definition ---- | ---------- candrabindu|a diacritic used in a number of Indic scripts, usually to represent nasalization. It is generally written with a dot inside the lower half of a circle. caron|a diacritic mark (ᵛ), also called an inverted circumflex or haček, shaped like a pointed breve or superscripted 'v' and positioned centrally above a letter. For some Central European languages, the caron combined with certain letters (lower-case ť, ď, ľ, and upper-case Ľ) is reduced to a small stroke resembling but not identical to an apostrophe. It is used in a number of Baltic, Slavic, and Finno-Lappic languages to indicate that a sound has been palatalized, iotatized (mixed with the approximant /j/), or articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge. It is also used in some African writing systems and in Chinese pinyin romanization to mark tone. -cascading style sheets (CSS)|one of two stylesheet languages used in Web-based protocols (the other is XSL). CSS is mainly used for rendering HTML, but can also be used for rendering XML. It is much less complex than XSL, i.e., it can only be used when the structure of the source document is already very close to what is desired in the final form. +Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)|one of two stylesheet languages used in Web-based protocols (the other is XSL). CSS is mainly used for rendering HTML, but can also be used for rendering XML. It is much less complex than XSL, i.e., it can only be used when the structure of the source document is already very close to what is desired in the final form. character|(1) a symbol used in writing, distinguished from others by its meaning, not its specific shape; similar to grapheme. It relates to the domain of orthographies and writing. See orthographic character.
(2) specific to the implementation of computers and other information systems. See also abstract character and encoded character. character encoding form|a system for representing the codepoints associated with a particular coded character set in terms of code values of a particular datatype or size. For many situations, this is a trivial mapping: codepoints are represented by bytes with the same integer value as the codepoint. Some encoding forms may represent codepoints in terms of 16- or 32-bit values, though, and some 8-bit encoding forms may be able to represent a codespace that has more than 256 codepoints by using multiple-byte sequences. Most encoding forms are designed specifically for use in connection with a particular coded character set; e.g. UTF-8 is used specifically for encoded representation of the Universal Character Set defined by Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. Some encoding forms may be designed for use with multiple repertoires, however. For example, the ISO 2022 encoding form supports an open collection of coded character sets and specifies changes between character sets in a data stream using escape sequences. See also [Unicode TR17 Character Encoding Form](https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr17/#CharacterEncodingForm). character encoding scheme|a character encoding form with a specific byte order serialization (relevant mainly for 16- or 32-bit encoding forms) @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Term | Definition ---- | ---------- haček|See caron. heterogram|a term used mostly in the study of ancient texts, referring to a special kind of a logogram consisting of the written representation of a word in a foreign language. -HarfBuzz|a cross-platform text shaping engine which primarily supports OpenType, but also Graphite and Apple Advanced Typography. +HarfBuzz|a cross-platform text shaping engine which primarily supports [OpenType](#opentype), but also [Graphite](#graphite) and [Apple Advanced Typography](#aat). heteronym|homographs which, although spelled the same way, are pronounced differently and have different meanings. For example, in English 'wind' (noun, as in weather) and 'wind' (verb, to coil something). homograph|one of multiple words having the same spelling but different meanings. They may be pronounced differently (for example in English 'tear: rip' and 'tear: secreted when crying'), in which case they are also heteronyms, or they may be pronounced the same (for example in American English 'tire: cause to be fatigued' and 'tire: wheel of a car'), in which case they are also homophones. homophone|one of multiple words having the same pronunciation but different meanings. They may be spelled differently (for example in English 'write' and 'right'), in which case they are called heterographs, or the same (for example in English 'bark: on a tree' and 'bark: of a dog'), in which case they are also homographs. @@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ Term | Definition SIL Locale Data repository| SIL's repository of selected locale data. See [sldr](https://github.com/silnrsi/sldr/). SLDR|see SIL Locale Data repository. smart font|a font capable of performing transformations on complex patterns of glyphs, above and beyond the simple character-to-glyph mapping that is a basic function of font rendering (see cmap). The information specifying the smart behavior is typically in the form of extra tables embedded in the font, and will generally allow layered transformations involving one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many mappings of glyphs. -shaping|the process of chosing the correct form or shape of a character in order to produce correct rendering. -shaping engine|a software component, often built into an operating system, that provides text layout and smart font processing. Examples include [Harfbuzz](#hb), [DirectWrite](#directwrite), [CoreText](#coretext), [Universal Shaping Engine](#use).** +shaping|the process of chosing the correct form or shape of characters in order to produce correct rendering. +shaping engine|a software component, often built into an operating system, that provides text layout and smart font processing. Examples include [Harfbuzz](#harfbuzz), [DirectWrite](#directwrite), [CoreText](#coretext), [Universal Shaping Engine](#use). smart rendering|a rendering process that uses a smart font. sort key|a sequence of numbers that when appropriately processed using a particular standard algorithm will position the corresponding string in the correct sort position in relation to other strings. The sort key need not correspond one number to one codepoint in the input string. Standard Format Marker (SFM)|an element of a proprietary format developed by SIL International and used by some linguistic software applications. A standard format marker begins with a backslash (\\); for example, `\p` would represent a paragraph tag. It is possible (and even probable) that SFMs in a single document have different character encodings. When converting to one encoding (Unicode) these must be converted with different mapping files.