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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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<h2>Rails应用模版</h2><p>应用模版是一个包括使用DSL添加gems/initializers等操作的普通Ruby文件.可以很方便的在你的应用中创建。</p><p>读完本章节，你将会学到：</p>
<ul>
<li>如何使用模版生成/个性化一个应用。</li>
<li>如何使用Rails的模版API编写可复用的应用模版。</li>
</ul>
<div id="subCol">
<h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
<ol class="chapters">
<li><a href="#%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%88%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B">模版应用简介</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%88api">模版API</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#gem(*args)">gem(*args)</a></li>
<li><a href="#gem_group(*names,-&block)">gem_group(*names, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#add_source(source,-options-=-%7B%7D)">add_source(source, options = {})</a></li>
<li><a href="#environment/application(data=nil,-options=%7B%7D,-&block)">environment/application(data=nil, options={}, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename,-data-=-nil,-&block)">vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename, data = nil, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#rakefile(filename,-data-=-nil,-&block)">rakefile(filename, data = nil, &block)</a></li>
<li><a href="#generate(what,-*args)">generate(what, *args)</a></li>
<li><a href="#run(command)">run(command)</a></li>
<li><a href="#rake(command,-options-=-%7B%7D)">rake(command, options = {})</a></li>
<li><a href="#route(routing_code)">route(routing_code)</a></li>
<li><a href="#inside(dir)">inside(dir)</a></li>
<li><a href="#ask(question)">ask(question)</a></li>
<li><a href="#yes-questionmark(question)-or-no-questionmark(question)">yes?(question) or no?(question)</a></li>
<li><a href="#git(:command)">git(:command)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8">高级应用</a></li>
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<h3 id="模版应用简介">1 模版应用简介</h3><p>为了使用一个模版，你需要为Rails应用生成器在生成新应用时提供一个'-m'选项来配置模版的路径。该路径可以是本地文件路径也可以是URL地址。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
$ rails new blog -m ~/template.rb
$ rails new blog -m http://example.com/template.rb
</pre>
</div>
<p>你可以使用rake的任务命令<code>rails:template</code>为Rails应用配置模版。模版的文件路径需要通过名为'LOCATION'的环境变量设定。再次强调，这个路径可以是本地文件路径也可以是URL地址：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="模版api">2 模版API</h3><p>Rails模版API很容易理解，下面我们来看一个典型的模版例子：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# template.rb
generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
route "root to: 'people#index'"
rake("db:migrate")
git :init
git add: "."
git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
</pre>
</div>
<p>下面的章节将详细介绍模版API的主要方法：</p><h4 id="gem(*args)">2.1 gem(*args)</h4><p>向一个Rails应用的<code>Gemfile</code>配置文件添加一个'gem'实体。
举个例子，如果你的应用的依赖项包含<code>bj</code> 和 <code>nokogiri</code>等gem ： </p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
gem "bj"
gem "nokogiri"
</pre>
</div>
<p>需要注意的是上述代码不会安装gem文件到你的应用里，你需要运行<code>bundle install</code> 命令来安装它们。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
bundle install
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="gem_group(*names,-&block)">2.2 gem_group(*names, &block)</h4><p>将gem实体嵌套在一个组里。</p><p>比如，如果你只希望在<code>development</code>和<code>test</code>组里面使用<code>rspec-rails</code>，可以这么做 ： </p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
gem_group :development, :test do
gem "rspec-rails"
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="add_source(source,-options-=-{})">2.3 add_source(source, options = {})</h4><p>为Rails应用的<code>Gemfile</code>文件指定数据源。</p><p>举个例子。如果你需要从<code>"http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"</code>下载一个gem： </p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
add_source "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="environment/application(data=nil,-options={},-&block)">2.4 environment/application(data=nil, options={}, &block)</h4><p>为<code>Application</code>在<code>config/application.rb</code>中添加一行内容。</p><p>如果声明了<code>options[:env]</code>参数，那么这一行会在<code>config/environments</code>添加。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
environment 'config.action_mailer.default_url_options = {host: "http://yourwebsite.example.com"}', env: 'production'
</pre>
</div>
<p>可以使用一个 'block'标志代替<code>data</code>参数。</p><h4 id="vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename,-data-=-nil,-&block)">2.5 vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename, data = nil, &block)</h4><p>为一个应用的<code>config/initializers</code>目录添加初始化器。</p><p>假如你喜欢使用<code>Object#not_nil?</code> 和 <code>Object#not_blank?</code>：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
initializer 'bloatlol.rb', <<-CODE
class Object
def not_nil?
!nil?
end
def not_blank?
!blank?
end
end
CODE
</pre>
</div>
<p>一般来说，<code>lib()</code>方法会在 <code>lib/</code> 目录下创建一个文件，而<code>vendor()</code>方法会在<code>vendor/</code>目录下创建一个文件。</p><p>甚至可以用<code>Rails.root</code>的<code>file()</code>方法创建所有Rails应用必须的文件和目录。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
file 'app/components/foo.rb', <<-CODE
class Foo
end
CODE
</pre>
</div>
<p>上述操作会在<code>app/components</code>目录下创建一个 <code>foo.rb</code> 文件。</p><h4 id="rakefile(filename,-data-=-nil,-&block)">2.6 rakefile(filename, data = nil, &block)</h4><p>在 <code>lib/tasks</code>目录下创建一个新的rake文件执行任务： </p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rakefile("bootstrap.rake") do
<<-TASK
namespace :boot do
task :strap do
puts "i like boots!"
end
end
TASK
end
</pre>
</div>
<p>上述代码将在<code>lib/tasks/bootstrap.rake</code>中创建一个<code>boot:strap</code>任务。 </p><h4 id="generate(what,-*args)">2.7 generate(what, *args)</h4><p>通过给定参数执行生成器操作：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
generate(:scaffold, "person", "name:string", "address:text", "age:number")
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="run(command)">2.8 run(command)</h4><p>执行命令行命令，和你在命令行终端敲命令效果一样。比如你想删除<code>README.rdoc</code>文件：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
run "rm README.rdoc"
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="rake(command,-options-=-{})">2.9 rake(command, options = {})</h4><p>执行Rails应用的rake任务，比如你想迁移数据库：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rake "db:migrate"
</pre>
</div>
<p>你也可以在不同的Rails应用环境中执行rake任务：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rake "db:migrate", env: 'production'
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="route(routing_code)">2.10 route(routing_code)</h4><p>在<code>config/routes.rb</code>文件中添加一个路径实体。比如我们之前为某个人生成了一些简单的页面并且把 <code>README.rdoc</code>删除了。现在我们可以把应用的<code>PeopleController#index</code>设置为默认页面：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
route "root to: 'person#index'"
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="inside(dir)">2.11 inside(dir)</h4><p>允许你在指定目录执行命令。举个例子，你如果希望将一个外部应用添加到你的新应用中，可以这么做：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
inside('vendor') do
run "ln -s ~/commit-rails/rails rails"
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="ask(question)">2.12 ask(question)</h4><p><code>ask()</code>方法为你提供了一个机会去获取用户反馈。比如你希望用户在你的新应用'shiny library'提交用户反馈意见： </p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
lib_name = ask("What do you want to call the shiny library ?")
lib_name << ".rb" unless lib_name.index(".rb")
lib lib_name, <<-CODE
class Shiny
end
CODE
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="yes-questionmark(question)-or-no-questionmark(question)">2.13 yes?(question) or no?(question)</h4><p>这些方法是根据用户的选择之后做一些操作的。比如你的用户希望停止Rails应用，你可以这么做：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
rake("rails:freeze:gems") if yes?("Freeze rails gems?")
# no?(question) acts just the opposite.
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="git(:command)">2.14 git(:command)</h4><p>Rails模版允许你运行任何git命令：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
git :init
git add: "."
git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="高级应用">3 高级应用</h3><p>应用模版是在<code>Rails::Generators::AppGenerator</code>实例的上下文环境中执行的，它使用<code>apply</code> 动作来执行操作<a href="https://github.com/erikhuda/thor/blob/master/lib/thor/actions.rb#L207">Thor</a>。这意味着你可以根据需要扩展它的功能。</p><p>比如重载<code>source_paths</code>方法实现把本地路径添加到你的模版应用中。那么类似<code>copy_file</code>方法会在你的模版路径中识别相对路径参数。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
def source_paths
[File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))]
end
</pre>
</div>
<h3>反馈</h3>
<p>
欢迎帮忙改善指南质量。
</p>
<p>
如发现任何错误，欢迎修正。开始贡献前，可先行阅读<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">贡献指南：文档</a>。
</p>
<p>翻译如有错误，深感抱歉，欢迎 <a href="https://github.com/ruby-china/guides/fork">Fork</a> 修正，或至此处<a href="https://github.com/ruby-china/guides/issues/new">回报</a>。</p>
<p>
文章可能有未完成或过时的内容。请先检查 <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> 来确定问题在 master 是否已经修掉了。再上 master 补上缺少的文件。内容参考 <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails 指南准则</a>来了解行文风格。
</p>
<p>最后，任何关于 Ruby on Rails 文档的讨论，欢迎到 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs 邮件群组</a>。
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