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<title>d-idioms - Idioms for the D programming language</title></head><body><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-71912218-1', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><script src="highlight.pack.js"></script>
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<header><img id="logo" src="d-logo.svg"></img><div id="title-container"><div id="title">Idioms for the D Programming Language
<br><div id="sub-title"><b>ἰδῐόω</b> (idióō): peculiarity, specific property, unique feature.</div></div></div></header><nav><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Installing-Dlang-on-Windows">Installing Dlang on Windows
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Jan 27<span class="sub">th</span> 2025, created Apr 15<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#@nogc-Array-Literals:-Breaking-the-Limits">@nogc Array Literals: Breaking the Limits
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Nov 3<span class="sub">rd</span> 2022, created Oct 23<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#12---Simple-HTTP-server">DIID #12 - Simple HTTP server
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Aug 9<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created May 15<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#The-merged-allocation-optimization">The merged allocation optimization
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Aug 6<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#11---Write-current-date-on-a-PNG">DIID #11 - Write current date on a PNG
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created May 15<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#10---Colorize-console-output">DIID #10 - Colorize console output
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Mar 20<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#9---Parse-command-line-arguments">DIID #9 - Parse command-line arguments
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Mar 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#/+-+/-nestable-comments-and-version(none)">/+ +/ nestable comments and version(none)
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Adding-or-removing-an-element-from-arrays">Adding or removing an element from arrays
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#assert(false)-is-special">assert(false) is special
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Automatic-attribute-inference-for-function-templates">Automatic attribute inference for function templates
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Bypassing-@nogc">Bypassing @nogc
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jun 7<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Capturing-with-regular-expressions">Capturing with regular expressions
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 29<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Compile-time-RNG">Compile-time RNG
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 5<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Contributing-back-with-money">Contributing back with money
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 1<span class="sub">st</span> 2018
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Converting-from-and-to-C-strings">Converting from and to C strings
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Custom-format()-for-builtin-types">Custom format() for builtin types
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jun 8<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#D-online-resources">D online resources
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 8<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Design-by-Introspection">Design by Introspection
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 23<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Differences-in-integer-handling-vs-C">Differences in integer handling vs C
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Don't-use-@property">Don't use @property
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created May 11<span class="sub">th</span> 2019
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Emulating-Perl's-__DATA__">Emulating Perl's __DATA__
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Ensure-array-access-without-bounds-checking">Ensure array access without bounds checking
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 7<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Enumerate-fields-with-__traits(allMembers)-and-static-foreach">Enumerate fields with __traits(allMembers) and static foreach
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 20<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Eponymous-templates">Eponymous templates
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Oct 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Everything-you-wanted-to-ask-about-struct-construction">Everything you wanted to ask about struct construction
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 24<span class="sub">th</span> 2017
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Extend-a-struct-with-alias-this">Extend a struct with alias this
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Nov 28<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Falsey-values">Falsey values
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 15<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Four-ways-to-use-the-static-keyword-you-may-not-know-about">Four ways to use the static keyword you may not know about
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 26<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Friends-don't-let-friends-use-the-default-struct-postblit">Friends don't let friends use the default struct postblit
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 6<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Games-made-with-D">Games made with D
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#GC-proof-resource-class">GC-proof resource class
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Aug 30<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Get-parent-class-of-a-class-at-compile-time">Get parent class of a class at compile-time
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 7<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Getting-a-method-callbacked-from-C">Getting a method callbacked from C
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 23<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Grouping-modules-with-package.d">Grouping modules with package.d
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#How-does-D-improve-on-C++17?">How does D improve on C++17?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Apr 26<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#How-the-D-Garbage-Collector-works">How the D Garbage Collector works
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#if-(__ctfe)">if (__ctfe)
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#if-embedded-declaration">if embedded declaration
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 15<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Implicit-conversion-for-user-defined-types">Implicit conversion for user-defined types
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 23<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Inheriting-from-Exception">Inheriting from Exception
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Is-a-specific-program-available-in-PATH?">Is a specific program available in PATH?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Oct 15<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Is-this-available-at-compile-time-or-runtime?">Is this available at compile-time or runtime?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Apr 19<span class="sub">th</span> 2017
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Knowing-inout-inside-out">Knowing inout inside out
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 5<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Leveraging-TLS-for-a-fast-thread-safe-singleton">Leveraging TLS for a fast thread-safe singleton
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 20<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Linking-with-C-gotchas">Linking with C gotchas
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Minimum-or-maximum-of-numbers">Minimum or maximum of numbers
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Never-use->=-for-dependencies">Never use >= for dependencies
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 28<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#One-does-not-simply-call-new-for-static-arrays">One does not simply call new for static arrays
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created May 6<span class="sub">th</span> 2018
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Optimal-AA-lookup">Optimal AA lookup
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 10<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Parallel-foreach">Parallel foreach
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 3<span class="sub">rd</span> 2019
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Patching-a-library-available-on-the-DUB-registry">Patching a library available on the DUB registry
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 7<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#People-blogging-about-D">People blogging about D
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 20<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Phobos-gems">Phobos gems
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 17<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Placement-new-with-emplace">Placement new with emplace
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Porting-from-C-gotchas">Porting from C gotchas
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 11<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Precise-timestamps-in-milliseconds">Precise timestamps in milliseconds
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Oct 6<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Precomputed-tables-at-compile-time-through-CTFE">Precomputed tables at compile-time through CTFE
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 26<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Qualified-switch-using-with">Qualified switch using with
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Recursive-Sum-Type-with-matching">Recursive Sum Type with matching
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 24<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Renaming-a-module-with-backwards-compatibility">Renaming a module with backwards compatibility
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 14<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Rvalue-references:-Understanding-auto-ref-and-then-not-using-it">Rvalue references: Understanding auto ref and then not using it
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Oct 23<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Searching-for-a-substring-position">Searching for a substring position
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Should-I-use-++pre-increment-or-post-increment++?">Should I use ++pre-increment or post-increment++?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Skip-initialization-with-=-void">Skip initialization with = void
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created May 16<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Slices-.capacity,-the-mysterious-property">Slices .capacity, the mysterious property
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Mar 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Smallest-dub.json-for-an-executable">Smallest dub.json for an executable
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 8<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#So-D-is-just-C++-with-a-Garbage-Collector?">So D is just C++ with a Garbage Collector?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#So-what-do-module-declarations-do,-exactly?">So what do module declarations do, exactly?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Sep 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#So-what-does--debug-do,-exactly?">So what does -debug do, exactly?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Apr 18<span class="sub">th</span> 2018
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#So-what-does--release-do,-exactly?">So what does -release do, exactly?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created May 16<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Static-arrays-are-value-types">Static arrays are value types
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 10<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#String-interpolation-as-a-library">String interpolation as a library
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 20<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#The-importance-of-being-pure">The importance of being pure
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 27<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#The-impossible-real-time-thread">The impossible real-time thread
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 24<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#The-trouble-with-class-destructors">The trouble with class destructors
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 31<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#The-truth-about-shared">The truth about shared
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 10<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Trailing-commas">Trailing commas
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 27<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Type-qualifiers-and-slices-creation">Type qualifiers and slices creation
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created May 6<span class="sub">th</span> 2018
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Unittests-with-optimizations-:-the-Final-Frontier">Unittests with optimizations : the Final Frontier
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Unrecoverable-vs-recoverable-errors">Unrecoverable vs recoverable errors
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Feb 12<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Using-std.typecons.Flag-like-a-pro">Using std.typecons.Flag like a pro
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 21<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Voldemort-types">Voldemort types
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 5<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#What-is-the-difference-between-out-and-ref-parameters?">What is the difference between out and ref parameters?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Which-book-should-I-read?">Which book should I read?
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Jan 5<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Working-with-files">Working with files
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Feb 22<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Oct 4<span class="sub">th</span> 2015
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#8---Your-own-tree-walk-interpreter">DIID #8 - Your own tree-walk interpreter
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Jan 29<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#1---Parse-XML-file">DIID #1 - Parse XML file
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Jan 29<span class="sub">th</span> 2022, created Dec 9<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#7---GET-a-file-from-the-Internet">DIID #7 - GET a file from the Internet
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Jan 29<span class="sub">th</span> 2022
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#6---Parse-JSON-file">DIID #6 - Parse JSON file
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Dec 18<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#2---Play-music">DIID #2 - Play music
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Dec 18<span class="sub">th</span> 2021, created Dec 9<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#3---Convert-Markdown-to-HTML">DIID #3 - Convert Markdown to HTML
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Dec 18<span class="sub">th</span> 2021, created Dec 9<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#4---Draw-an-accelerated-triangle">DIID #4 - Draw an accelerated triangle
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Modified Dec 18<span class="sub">th</span> 2021, created Dec 9<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#DIID-#5---Draw-a-triangle-in-a-PDF">DIID #5 - Draw a triangle in a PDF
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Dec 18<span class="sub">th</span> 2021
</span></div><div class="item-nav"><a href="#Smallest-valid-D-program">Smallest valid D program
</a><span style=" color:rgb(158,158,158); font-size: 0.7em; float: right;"> Created Oct 19<span class="sub">th</span> 2016
</span></div></nav><div class="container"><a name="Installing-Dlang-on-Windows"></a><div class="idiom"><a class="permalink" href="#Installing-Dlang-on-Windows">Link
</a><h1 id="installing-dlang-on-windows"> Installing Dlang on Windows</h1>
<p><em>This idiom by Stephane Ribas.</em>
</p>
<p><em>Installing the D programming language on Windows can be sometimes difficult. This guide is intended to provide a beginner-friendly tutorial for foolproof D installation, using Visual Studio + VisualD.</em>
</p>
<p><em>The order of the steps is important!</em>
</p>
<h2 id="1-install-microsoft-visual-studio-ide-libraries"> <strong>1. Install Microsoft Visual Studio IDE + Libraries</strong></h2>
<p>Before starting the D language installation, we recommend you to install FIRST the Microsoft Visual Studio Community IDE:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>To do so you will have to install <strong>Microsoft Visual Installer</strong> that can be downloaded from Microsoft Visual Studio <a href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com">official website</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li><p>Once you have downloaded this executable and installed it on your PC, launch it and install the free <strong>Microsoft Visual Studio Community Edition</strong> (2022 version or above).
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/vs-community.png" alt="">
</p>
<ol>
<li><p><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> Once installed, you need to install Windows SDK and C/C++ libs. Check "C/C++ desktop" choice in the VS installer.
</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> On Windows arm64, you're out of luck as VisualD won't work on arm64, and you can't<br/> opt out of the arm64 version of Visual Studio. Maybe purchase an older VS version? Or go VSCode instead.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="2-install-librairies"> <strong>2. Install librairies</strong></h2>
<h3 id="windows-sdk-version-10-or-11"> <strong>Windows SDK (version 10 or 11)</strong></h3>
<ol>
<li><p>Open again the Microsoft Visual Installer & in Microsoft Visual Studio Community area, click on the "MODIFY" option
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/vs-modify.png" alt="">
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Choose the thumbnail called "Individual component':
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/all-kits.png" alt="">
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>In the SEARCH toolbar, write "Windows SDK" and press ENTER:
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/windows-sdk.png" alt="">
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>The program will show you all the Windows SDK libraries that you can install on your system.
</p>
</li>
<li><p>Install ALL OF THEM. It's not clear how many Windows SDK you need, probably you need just one. But it's better safe than sorry!
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="windows-c-c-libs"> <strong>Windows C++/C libs</strong></h3>
<ol>
<li>Once you have install the Windows SDK librairies, go back the SEARCH toolbar.
</li>
<li>Write "C++ development tools".
</li>
<li>The program will show you all the libraries that you can install on your system.
</li>
<li>Install ALL OF THEM...
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/vs-search.png" alt="">
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Now you have an IDE & libs installed. Perfect!
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><em>Explanation: D programs links with both the D runtime, and a C runtime. Here the C runtime is MSVCRT (Visual C language runtime), so we need to install it.</em>
</p>
<h2 id="3-visual-d-installer"> <strong>3. Visual D installer</strong></h2>
<ol>
<li>Go on the official webpage <a href="https://rainers.github.io/visuald/visuald/StartPage.html">VisualD installer</a> that bundles everything needed for D on Windows. That installer will install VisualD, LDC and DMD on your computer.
</li>
<li>During the installation process, the VisualD installer will ask you if you want to integrate in Microsoft Visual Studio IDE the D language extension. <strong>Yes you want to.</strong> <br/> This will add a specific D menu into the Microsoft IDE (to access D specific function directly from the Visual Studio graphic user interface).
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="4-set-up-the-dub-ldc-path-in-the-path-environment-variable"> <strong>4. Set up the DUB/LDC path in the</strong> <code class="prettyprint">PATH</code> <strong>environment variable</strong></h2>
<p>Normally, the Visual D installer should have already set up the <code class="prettyprint">PATH</code> environment variable, adding the path to <code class="prettyprint">ldc2.exe</code>:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>You can check this by opening the environment variable setup in your system:
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/envvars.png" alt="">
</p>
<p><strong>If you have the LDC path in your PATH variable: nothing else to do!</strong>
</p>
<p>Otherwise, follow the instructions below:
</p>
<ol>
<li>If you are lazy, we advise you to go to the <a href="https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc/releases">LDC official github repository</a> & download the latest LDC stable release (multilib version is highly recommended).
</li>
<li>Launch this executable (for instance LDC.1.29-multilib.exe)
</li>
<li>Follow the instructions.
</li>
<li>At the end of the process, the installer will ask you if you want to add the right LDC PATH automatically. Do so :-)
</li>
<li>You can do that everytime you want to update LDC.
</li>
</ol>
<p>If you don't want to do this (you are not lazy) :
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Go the the Windows Configuration Panel, search for "environment variables" & add into the PATH the path to the LDC root folder:
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="assets/ldc-path.png" alt="">
</p>
<p><strong>Here is a detailed guide to set your environment variables:</strong> <a href="https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000549.htm">https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000549.htm</a>
</p>
<p><em>Note: Environment variables are inherited from parent process to child process. After modifying them, you will have to restart your IDE, or terminal window, in order for them to udpate.</em>
</p>
<blockquote><p> <em>**Pro-tip:** Use WIN+R then type `sysdm.cpl` to setup environment variables.</em>
</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="5-this-is-the-end"> <strong>5. This is the END...</strong></h2>
<p>Open a <code class="prettyprint">CMD.exe</code> and try <code class="prettyprint">dub --version</code>. You should get an answer from the system with a version number. You can now start writing D code & compile it!
</p>
<p>Some useful commands:
</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="prettyprint">dub -a x86</code> builds a 32-bit program using LDC
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">dub -a x86_64</code> builds a 64-bit program using LDC
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">dub -a x86 --compiler dmd</code> builds a 32-bit program using DMD
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">dub -a x86_64 --compiler dmd</code> builds a 64-bit program using DMD
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">dub generate visuald</code> generates a 64-bit LDC VisualD solution.
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">dmd --version</code> tells your DMD version.
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">ldc2 --version</code> tells your LDC version.
</li>
<li><code class="prettyprint">rdmd file.d</code> builds and run a single-file D program in <code class="prettyprint">file.d</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Warning: both DMD and LDC comes with their own dub. The one that is used depends on who is first in the PATH envvar.</em>
</p>
<h2 id="an-issue-while-installing-d-language"> <strong>An issue while installing D language ?</strong></h2>
<p>In case you encounter an issue while installing the D programming language, do not hesitate to post your questions on the D.learn forum: https://forum.dlang.org/group/learn
</p>
</div><a name="@nogc-Array-Literals:-Breaking-the-Limits"></a><div class="idiom"><a class="permalink" href="#@nogc-Array-Literals:-Breaking-the-Limits">Link
</a><h1 id="nogc-array-literals-breaking-the-limits">@nogc Array Literals: Breaking the Limits</h1>
<h2 id="array-literals-may-allocate"> Array literals may allocate</h2>
<p>The most vexing limitation of <code class="prettyprint">@nogc</code> is that array literals generally can't be used anymore.
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>void main() @nogc
{
// Works: the array literal is used as a value.
int[3] myStaticArray = [1, 2, 3];
// Doesn't work.
int[] myDynamicArray = [1, 2, 3]; // Error: array literal in @nogc function
// may cause GC allocation
}
</code></pre><p>Indeed, such literals may well <strong>allocate a new array on the GC heap</strong>.
</p>
<h2 id="the-little-template-that-could"> The little template that could</h2>
<p>Fortunately, like often in the D world, there is an easy work-around to lift the limitations.
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>T[n] s(T, size_t n)(auto ref T[n] array) pure nothrow @nogc @safe
{
return array;
}
void main() @nogc
{
auto tmp = [1, 2, 3].s; // Create the static array on the stack
int[] myDynamicArray = tmp[]; // Slice that static array which is on stack
// Use myDynamicArray...
}
</code></pre><h2 id="beware-of-the-stack-lifetime"> Beware of the stack lifetime</h2>
<p>That work-around slices the stack allocated array and turn it into a slice. This would lead to memory corruption if the reference escapes.
</p>
<p>Do not fear! The compiler warns you of escaped references to the stack, even in unsafe D.
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>// This function is illegal
int[] doNotDoThat() @nogc
{
return [1, 2, 3].s; // Error: escaping reference to stack allocated
// value returned by s([1, 2, 3])
}
</code></pre><p>Instead, duplicate this slice <code class="prettyprint">@nogc</code>-style, for example with <code class="prettyprint">malloc</code>. <strong>You are now able to use array literals in</strong> <code class="prettyprint">@nogc</code> <strong>code.</strong>
</p>
<p><em>This idiom originated from</em> <a href="https://github.com/Dgame">Randy Schütt</a>.
</p>
</div><a name="DIID-#12---Simple-HTTP-server"></a><div class="idiom"><a class="permalink" href="#DIID-#12---Simple-HTTP-server">Link
</a><h1 id="diid-12-simple-http-server"> DIID #12 - Simple HTTP server</h1>
<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Use the <code class="prettyprint">arsd-official:cgi</code> <a href="https://code.dlang.org/packages/arsd-official%3Acgi">package</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="dub-json"> <code class="prettyprint">dub.json</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>{
"name": "simple-HTTP-server",
"dependencies":
{
"arsd-official:cgi": "~>10.0"
}
}
</code></pre><h2 id="index-html"> <code class="prettyprint">index.html</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello</h1>
<p>This page brought to you by D.</p>
</body>
</html>
</code></pre><h2 id="source-main-d"> <code class="prettyprint">source/main.d</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>static import std.file;
import arsd.cgi;
import std.format;
import std.stdio;
void myHTTPServer(Cgi cgi)
{
string url = cgi.pathInfo;
writefln("GET %s", url);
switch(cgi.pathInfo)
{
case "/style.css":
cgi.setResponseContentType("text/css");
cgi.write("body { color: red; }");
break;
case "/":
cgi.setResponseContentType("text/html");
cgi.write(std.file.read("index.html"));
break;
default:
cgi.setResponseStatus(404);
}
cgi.close();
}
mixin GenericMain!myHTTPServer;
</code></pre><h2 id="how-to-run"> How to run</h2>
<p><code class="prettyprint">dub -- --port 8080</code> then open <code class="prettyprint">http://localhost:8080/</code>.
</p>
<p>Get <code class="prettyprint">cgi.d</code> documentation <a href="https://arsd-official.dpldocs.info/arsd.cgi.html">here</a>.<br/>Get the source code for all DIID examples <a href="https://github.com/p0nce/DIID">here</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="alternatives"> Alternatives:</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://vibed.org/">vibe.d</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://code.dlang.org/packages/serverino">serverino</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://code.dlang.org/packages/archttp">archttp</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div><a name="The-merged-allocation-optimization"></a><div class="idiom"><a class="permalink" href="#The-merged-allocation-optimization">Link
</a><h1 id="the-merged-allocation-optimization">The merged allocation optimization</h1>
<p>One of the most suprisingly effective optimization is to merge your array allocations together, if they have a chance to be accessed together.
</p>
<p>You can do that with eg. <code class="prettyprint">MergedAlloc</code>, a handy way to do that in an aggregate, that supports alignment, does the memory reclaim, and supports both pointers and slices.
</p>
<h2 id="usage"> Usage</h2>
<p>Consider the following <code class="prettyprint">struct</code>. It process things with intermediate buffers, who themselved have alignment requirements.
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>struct A
{
float[] buf0;
int[] buf1;
double* buf2;
void init(int n)
{
// allocate arrays
buf0 = allocateAligned!float(n, 16);
buf1 = allocateAligned!int(n, 16);
buf2 = allocateAligned!double(n, 16).ptr;
}
~this()
{
// reclaim memory
deallocate(buf0);
deallocate(buf1);
deallocate(buf2);
}
void process(float[] input)
{
// Do things with buf0, buf1, buf2, and input
}
}
</code></pre><p>Let's introduce <code class="prettyprint">MergedAlloc</code> instead to have all the arrays in a single <code class="prettyprint">malloc</code> call.
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>struct A
{
float[] buf0;
int[] buf1;
double* buf2;
MergedAllocation mergedAlloc;
void init(int n)
{
mergedAlloc.start(); // initialize merged alloc counter
layout(n); // first layout call count the bytes
mergedAlloc.allocate(); // make single allocation
layout(n); // second layout call sets the final pointers
}
void layout(int n)
{
mergedAlloc.allocArray(buf0, n, 16);
mergedAlloc.allocArray(buf1, n, 16);
mergedAlloc.alloc(buf2, n, 16);
}
void process(float[] input)
{
// Do things with buf0, buf1, buf2, and input
}
}
</code></pre><p>The <code class="prettyprint">layout</code> functions is called twice:
</p>
<ul>
<li>first call is as if the allocation was at address <code class="prettyprint">0</code>, and simply count the bytes
</li>
<li>second call sets the right pointers into fields, into the merge allocation
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mergedalloc-implementation"> <code class="prettyprint">MergedAlloc</code> implementation</h2>
<p>See its <a href="https://github.com/AuburnSounds/Dplug/blob/master/core/dplug/core/vec.d#L593">source code</a>.
</p>
</div><a name="DIID-#11---Write-current-date-on-a-PNG"></a><div class="idiom"><a class="permalink" href="#DIID-#11---Write-current-date-on-a-PNG">Link
</a><h1 id="diid-11-write-current-date-on-a-png"> DIID #11 - Write current date on a PNG</h1>
<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Use the <code class="prettyprint">dplug:graphics</code> <a href="https://code.dlang.org/packages/dplug%3Agraphics">package</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="dub-json"> <code class="prettyprint">dub.json</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>{
"name": "write-current-date-on-png",
"dependencies":
{
"dplug:graphics": "~>12.0"
}
}
</code></pre><h2 id="input-image-and-font-file"> Input image and font file</h2>
<p>This program assumes <code class="prettyprint">input.png</code> and <code class="prettyprint">VeraBd.ttf</code> in the project directory.
</p>
<h2 id="source-main-d"> <code class="prettyprint">source/main.d</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>static import std.file;
import std.datetime;
import dplug.graphics;
void main(string[] args)
{
// Load image.
auto image = loadOwnedImage( std.file.read("input.png") );
// Load font.
auto font = new Font( cast(ubyte[]) std.file.read("VeraBd.ttf") );
// Write text.
RGBA red = RGBA(255, 0, 0, 255);
float textX = 20;
float textY = 20;
float fontSize = 16;
string timeStr = Clock.currTime().toISOExtString();
image.toRef.fillText(font, timeStr, fontSize, 0.0, red, textX, textY, HorizontalAlignment.left);
// Save image.
std.file.write("output.png", image.toRef.convertImageRefToPNG);
}
</code></pre><p>Get <code class="prettyprint">dplug:graphics</code> documentation <a href="http://dplug.dpldocs.info/dplug.graphics.html">here</a>.<br/>Get the source code for all DIID examples <a href="https://github.com/p0nce/DIID">here</a>.<br/><strong>Alternative:</strong> <a href="https://forum.dlang.org/post/khfkwerastkiijdrslzt@forum.dlang.org">arsd solution</a>.
</p>
</div><a name="DIID-#10---Colorize-console-output"></a><div class="idiom"><a class="permalink" href="#DIID-#10---Colorize-console-output">Link
</a><h1 id="diid-10-colorize-console-output"> DIID #10 - Colorize console output</h1>
<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Use the <code class="prettyprint">console-colors</code> <a href="https://code.dlang.org/packages/console-colors">package</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="dub-json"> <code class="prettyprint">dub.json</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>{
"name": "colorize-text-output",
"dependencies":
{
"console-colors": "~>1.0"
}
}
</code></pre><h2 id="source-main-d"> <code class="prettyprint">source/main.d</code></h2>
<pre class="prettyprint"><code>import consolecolors;