Ecto & PostgreSQL

Ecto と PostgreSQL でいろいろお試しします。

Ecto

Elixirの
- Databaseラッパー
- クエリジェネレーター
参考
- Hex
- Hexdocs

実行環境

macOS

$ psql --version
psql (PostgreSQL) 12.2

$ elixir --version
Erlang/OTP 22 [erts-10.5.3] [source] [64-bit] [smp:8:8] [ds:8:8:10] [async-threads:1] [hipe]

Elixir 1.9.2 (compiled with Erlang/OTP 22)

EctoでDB作成

Hexdocsを元に実行します。

bash

$ mix new friends --sup

* creating README.md
* creating .formatter.exs
* creating .gitignore
* creating mix.exs
* creating lib
* creating lib/friends.ex
* creating lib/friends/application.ex
* creating test
* creating test/test_helper.exs
* creating test/friends_test.exs

Your Mix project was created successfully.
You can use "mix" to compile it, test it, and more:

    cd friends
    mix test

Run "mix help" for more commands.

cd friends

mix.exs

defp deps do
  [
    {:ecto_sql, "~> 3.0"},    -> add
    {:postgrex, ">= 0.0.0"}   -> add

bash

$ mix deps.get

Resolving Hex dependencies...
Dependency resolution completed:
New:
  connection 1.0.4
  db_connection 2.2.2
  decimal 1.8.1
  ecto 3.4.4
  ecto_sql 3.4.3
  postgrex 0.15.4
  telemetry 0.4.1
* Getting ecto_sql (Hex package)
* Getting postgrex (Hex package)
* Getting connection (Hex package)
* Getting db_connection (Hex package)
* Getting decimal (Hex package)
* Getting ecto (Hex package)
* Getting telemetry (Hex package)

$ mix ecto.gen.repo -r Friends.Repo

==> connection
Compiling 1 file (.ex)
Generated connection app
===> Compiling telemetry
==> decimal
Compiling 1 file (.ex)
Generated decimal app
==> db_connection
Compiling 14 files (.ex)
Generated db_connection app
==> ecto
Compiling 55 files (.ex)
Generated ecto app
==> postgrex
Compiling 61 files (.ex)
Generated postgrex app
==> ecto_sql
Compiling 26 files (.ex)
Generated ecto_sql app
==> friends
* creating lib/friends
* creating lib/friends/repo.ex
* creating config/config.exs
Don't forget to add your new repo to your supervision tree
(typically in lib/friends/application.ex):

    {Friends.Repo, []}

And to add it to the list of ecto repositories in your
configuration files (so Ecto tasks work as expected):

    config :friends,
      ecto_repos: [Friends.Repo]

config/config.exs

config :friends, Friends.Repo,
  database: "friends_repo",
  username: "postgres",
  password: "postgres",
  hostname: "localhost"

config :friends, ecto_repos: [Friends.Repo]  --> add

lib/friends/application

def start(_type, _args) do
  children = [
    Friends.Repo,    --> add

bash

$ mix ecto.create

Compiling 3 files (.ex)
Generated friends app
The database for Friends.Repo has been created

結果確認（DB）

$ psql -l
                                     List of databases
         Name         |  Owner   | Encoding |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Access privileges 
----------------------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------------
 friends_repo         | postgres | UTF8     | ja_JP.UTF-8 | ja_JP.UTF-8 | 
 .
 .
 .

Ectoでの DBの作成 に成功しました。

DBセットアップ（マイグレーション〜テーブル作成）

bash

$ mix ecto.gen.migration create_people

* creating priv/repo/migrations
* creating priv/repo/migrations/20200517041113_create_people.exs

priv/repo/migrations/20200517041113_create_people.exs

  def change do
    create table(:people) do    --> add
      add :first_name, :string  --> add
      add :last_name, :string   --> add
      add :age, :integer        --> add
    end

bash

$ mix ecto.migrate

13:28:21.372 [info]  == Running 20200517041113 Friends.Repo.Migrations.CreatePeople.change/0 forward

13:28:21.373 [info]  create table people

13:28:21.382 [info]  == Migrated 20200517041113 in 0.0s

結果確認（テーブル）

$ psql friends_repo
psql (12.2)
Type "help" for help.

friends_repo=# \dt
               List of relations
 Schema |       Name        | Type  |  Owner   
--------+-------------------+-------+----------
 public | people            | table | postgres
 public | schema_migrations | table | postgres
(2 rows)

friends_repo=# \d people
                                      Table "public.people"
   Column   |          Type          | Collation | Nullable |              Default               
------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
 id         | bigint                 |           | not null | nextval('people_id_seq'::regclass)
 first_name | character varying(255) |           |          | 
 last_name  | character varying(255) |           |          | 
 age        | integer                |           |          | 
Indexes:
    "people_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

Ectoでの DBテーブル作成 に成功しました。
（メモ）
- マイグレーションでミスがあった場合、mix ecto.rollback で変更を元に戻すことが可能。
  （その後、変更修正してから、再度 mix ecto.createを実行する）
- この段階で mix ecto.rollback すると、いま作成したばかりのテーブルを削除可能。

レコード作成（Create）

insert()

スキーマ作成

ファイル作成： lib/friends/person.ex

defmodule Friends.Person do
  use Ecto.Schema

  schema "people" do
    field :first_name, :string
    field :last_name, :string
    field :age, :integer
  end
end

$ iex -S mix で検証

iex(1)> person = %Friends.Person{}
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
  age: nil,
  first_name: nil,
  id: nil,
  last_name: nil
}

iex(2)> person = %Friends.Person{age: 28}
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
  age: 28,
  first_name: nil,
  id: nil,
  last_name: nil
}

iex(3)> person.age
28

iex(4)> Friends.Repo.insert(person)

15:42:21.463 [debug] QUERY OK db=2.9ms decode=1.2ms queue=1.1ms idle=27.4ms
INSERT INTO "people" ("age") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "id" [28]
{:ok,
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 28,
  first_name: nil,
  id: 1,
  last_name: nil
}}

バリデーション機能実装

lib/friends/person.ex の defmodule 内に、以下を追加

def changeset(person, params \\ %{}) do
  person
  |> Ecto.Changeset.cast(params, [:first_name, :last_name, :age])
  |> Ecto.Changeset.validate_required([:first_name, :last_name])
end

$ iex -S mix で検証 （バリデーションエラーパターン）

iex(1)> person = %Friends.Person{}
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
  age: nil,
  first_name: nil,
  id: nil,
  last_name: nil
}

iex(2)> changeset = Friends.Person.changeset(person, %{})
#Ecto.Changeset<
  action: nil,
  changes: %{},
  errors: [
    first_name: {"can't be blank", [validation: :required]},
    last_name: {"can't be blank", [validation: :required]}
  ],
  data: #Friends.Person<>,
  valid?: false
>

iex(3)> Friends.Repo.insert(changeset)
{:error,
#Ecto.Changeset<
  action: :insert,
  changes: %{},
  errors: [
    first_name: {"can't be blank", [validation: :required]},
    last_name: {"can't be blank", [validation: :required]}
  ],
  data: #Friends.Person<>,
  valid?: false
>}

iex(4)> changeset.valid?
false

ちゃんと :error が返り、バリデーションが効いていることを確認できました。

$ iex -S mix で検証 （サクセスパターン）

データの INSERT (CREATE処理) まで合わせて実行します。

iex(5)> person = %Friends.Person{}
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
  age: nil,
  first_name: nil,
  id: nil,
  last_name: nil
}

iex(6)> changeset = Friends.Person.changeset(person, %{first_name: "im", last_name: "miolab"})
#Ecto.Changeset<
  action: nil,
  changes: %{first_name: "im", last_name: "miolab"},
  errors: [],
  data: #Friends.Person<>,
  valid?: true
>

iex(7)> changeset.errors
[]

iex(8)> changeset.valid?
true

iex(9)> Friends.Repo.insert(changeset)

16:15:47.461 [debug] QUERY OK db=1.7ms decode=1.1ms queue=1.4ms idle=421.1ms
INSERT INTO "people" ("first_name","last_name") VALUES ($1,$2) RETURNING "id" ["im", "miolab"]
{:ok,
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: nil,
  first_name: "im",
  id: 2,
  last_name: "miolab"
}}

結果確認（テーブル）

$ psql friends_repo
psql (12.2)
Type "help" for help.

friends_repo=# select * from people;
 id | first_name | last_name | age 
----+------------+-----------+-----
  1 |            |           |  28
  2 | im         | miolab    |    
(2 rows)

Ectoでの CREATE 処理に成功しました。
id: 2 レコードで、first_name last_name のバリデーションも効いています。

クエリ実行

事前準備として、DBを再作成します。

PostgreSQL
```
# exit
```

bash

$ mix ecto.drop
The database for Friends.Repo has been dropped

$ mix ecto.create
The database for Friends.Repo has been created

$ mix ecto.migrate

08:14:06.052 [info]  == Running 20200517041113 Friends.Repo.Migrations.CreatePeople.change/0 forward

08:14:06.055 [info]  create table people

08:14:06.078 [info]  == Migrated 20200517041113 in 0.0s

PostgreSQL

$ psql friends_repo

friends_repo=# select * from people;
id | first_name | last_name | age 
----+------------+-----------+-----
(0 rows)

DBが再作成されました。

$ iex -S mix で以下を実行。

クエリを構築 → クエリをリポジトリに渡す → DBに対してクエリを実行

iex(1)> people = [
...(1)> %Friends.Person{first_name: "im", last_name: "miolab", age: 28},
...(1)> %Friends.Person{first_name: "foo", last_name: "miolab", age: 27},
...(1)> %Friends.Person{first_name: "foobar", last_name: "hogehoge", age: 26},
...(1)> %Friends.Person{first_name: "eli", last_name: "xir", age: 26},
...(1)> ]
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: nil,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: nil,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
    age: 26,
    first_name: "foobar",
    id: nil,
    last_name: "hogehoge"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "people">,
    age: 26,
    first_name: "eli",
    id: nil,
    last_name: "xir"
  }
]

iex(2)> Enum.each(people, fn(person) -> Friends.Repo.insert(person) end)

10:17:19.023 [debug] QUERY OK db=2.3ms decode=1.0ms queue=2.6ms idle=1198.7ms
INSERT INTO "people" ("age","first_name","last_name") VALUES ($1,$2,$3) RETURNING "id" [28, "im", "miolab"]

10:17:19.027 [debug] QUERY OK db=1.1ms queue=1.1ms idle=1208.3ms
INSERT INTO "people" ("age","first_name","last_name") VALUES ($1,$2,$3) RETURNING "id" [27, "foo", "miolab"]

10:17:19.030 [debug] QUERY OK db=1.0ms queue=0.9ms idle=1210.7ms
INSERT INTO "people" ("age","first_name","last_name") VALUES ($1,$2,$3) RETURNING "id" [26, "foobar", "hogehoge"]

10:17:19.032 [debug] QUERY OK db=1.0ms queue=0.9ms idle=1212.8ms
INSERT INTO "people" ("age","first_name","last_name") VALUES ($1,$2,$3) RETURNING "id" [26, "eli", "xir"] 
:ok

（※ changeset 不経由）

結果確認（テーブル）

friends_repo=# select * from people;

 id | first_name | last_name | age
----+------------+-----------+-----
  1 | im         | miolab    |  28
  2 | foo        | miolab    |  27
  3 | foobar     | hogehoge  |  26
  4 | eli        | xir       |  26
(4 rows)

レコード取得（Read）

get()
get_by()
where()

$ iex -S mix で確認。

最初のレコード取得

iex(1)> Friends.Person |> Ecto.Query.first |> Friends.Repo.one

11:17:20.928 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.8ms decode=1.6ms queue=1.5ms idle=1791.5ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 ORDER BY p0."id" LIMIT 1 []
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 28,
  first_name: "im",
  id: 1,
  last_name: "miolab"
}

最後のレコード取得

iex(2)> Friends.Person |> Ecto.Query.last |> Friends.Repo.one

11:17:46.505 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=1.5ms queue=2.5ms idle=1377.0ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 ORDER BY p0."id" DESC LIMIT 1 []
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 26,
  first_name: "eli",
  id: 4,
  last_name: "xir"
}

全レコード 取得

iex(3)> Friends.Person |> Friends.Repo.all

11:19:58.105 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.3ms queue=0.4ms idle=1981.1ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 []
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: 2,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 26,
    first_name: "foobar",
    id: 3,
    last_name: "hogehoge"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 26,
    first_name: "eli",
    id: 4,
    last_name: "xir"
  }
]

id を指定 してレコード取得

iex(4)> Friends.Person |> Friends.Repo.get(1)

11:21:08.927 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=1.2ms queue=1.6ms idle=1801.0ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."id" = $1) [1]
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 28,
  first_name: "im",
  id: 1,
  last_name: "miolab"
}

iex(5)> Friends.Person |> Friends.Repo.get(2)

11:21:14.877 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=3.9ms idle=1749.7ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."id" = $1) [2]
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 27,
  first_name: "foo",
  id: 2,
  last_name: "miolab"
}

カラム属性 に基づいてレコードを取得

iex(6)> Friends.Person |> Friends.Repo.get_by(first_name: "im")

11:23:40.635 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=1.4ms queue=5.4ms idle=1504.6ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."first_name" = $1) ["im"]
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 28,
  first_name: "im",
  id: 1,
  last_name: "miolab"
}

フィルタリング抽出（Ecto.Query 併用）

iex(7)> require Ecto.Query
Ecto.Query

iex(8)> Friends.Person |> Ecto.Query.where(last_name: "miolab") |> Friends.Repo.all

11:34:11.847 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.5ms queue=1.5ms idle=1721.2ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."last_name" = 'miolab') []
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: 2,
    last_name: "miolab"
  }
]

別記法

iex(9)> Ecto.Query.from(p in Friends.Person, where: p.last_name == "miolab") |> Friends.Repo.all

12:02:34.174 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.9ms queue=0.1ms idle=1563.1ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."last_name" = 'miolab') []
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: 2,
    last_name: "miolab"
  }
]

Note : 変数をクエリ内で展開する場合は、^ （ピン演算子）が必要。

iex(10)> last_name_miolab = "miolab"
"miolab"

iex(11)> Friends.Person |> Ecto.Query.where(last_name: ^last_name_miolab) |> Friends.Repo.all

11:52:23.130 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=1.3ms queue=2.7ms idle=1518.1ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."last_name" = $1) ["miolab"]
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: 2,
    last_name: "miolab"
  }
]

iex(12)> Ecto.Query.from(p in Friends.Person, where: p.last_name == ^last_name_miolab) |> Friends.Repo.all

12:03:02.104 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=2.0ms idle=1493.0ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."last_name" = $1) ["miolab"]
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: 2,
    last_name: "miolab"
  }
]

クエリのアレンジ（使用例）

last_name 抽出に、first_name 抽出を追加して AND 検索となるようクエリをアレンジします。

iex(13)> query = Friends.Person |> Ecto.Query.where(last_name: "miolab")
#Ecto.Query<from p0 in Friends.Person, where: p0.last_name == "miolab">

iex(14)> query_fullname = query |> Ecto.Query.where(first_name: "im")
#Ecto.Query<from p0 in Friends.Person, where: p0.last_name == "miolab",
where: p0.first_name == "im">

iex(15)> query_fullname |> Friends.Repo.all

12:20:26.074 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.2ms idle=1460.8ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."last_name" = 'miolab') AND (p0."first_name" = 'im') []
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 28,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  }
]

レコード更新（Update）

update()

$ iex -S mix で確認。

iex

iex(1)> require Ecto.Query
Ecto.Query

iex(2)> person = Friends.Person |> Ecto.Query.first |> Friends.Repo.one

13:09:01.291 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.9ms decode=1.5ms queue=1.3ms idle=1885.6ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 ORDER BY p0."id" LIMIT 1 []
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 28,
  first_name: "im",
  id: 1,
  last_name: "miolab"
}

iex(3)> changeset = Friends.Person.changeset(person, %{age: 18})
#Ecto.Changeset<
  action: nil,
  changes: %{age: 18},
  errors: [],
  data: #Friends.Person<>,
  valid?: true
>

iex(4)> Friends.Repo.update(changeset)

13:10:28.235 [debug] QUERY OK db=1.8ms queue=2.5ms idle=1835.9ms
UPDATE "people" SET "age" = $1 WHERE "id" = $2 [18, 1]
{:ok,
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 18,
  first_name: "im",
  id: 1,
  last_name: "miolab"
}}

結果確認（テーブル）

friends_repo=# select * from people;
 id | first_name | last_name | age
----+------------+-----------+-----
  2 | foo        | miolab    |  27
  3 | foobar     | hogehoge  |  26
  4 | eli        | xir       |  26
  1 | im         | miolab    |  18
(4 rows)

レコード削除（Delete）

delete()

$ iex -S mix で確認。

iex

id: 3 のレコードを削除します。

iex(5)> person_delete = Friends.Repo.get(Friends.Person, 3)

13:44:06.427 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.8ms idle=1014.5ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 WHERE (p0."id" = $1) [3]
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
  age: 26,
  first_name: "foobar",
  id: 3,
  last_name: "hogehoge"
}

iex(6)> Friends.Repo.delete(person_delete)

13:44:47.048 [debug] QUERY OK db=2.4ms queue=2.1ms idle=1632.1ms
DELETE FROM "people" WHERE "id" = $1 [3]
{:ok,
%Friends.Person{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:deleted, "people">,
  age: 26,
  first_name: "foobar",
  id: 3,
  last_name: "hogehoge"
}}

結果確認（テーブル）

iex

iex(7)> Friends.Person |> Friends.Repo.all

13:45:27.760 [debug] QUERY OK source="people" db=0.5ms queue=0.9ms idle=1347.4ms
SELECT p0."id", p0."first_name", p0."last_name", p0."age" FROM "people" AS p0 []
[
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 27,
    first_name: "foo",
    id: 2,
    last_name: "miolab"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 26,
    first_name: "eli",
    id: 4,
    last_name: "xir"
  },
  %Friends.Person{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "people">,
    age: 18,
    first_name: "im",
    id: 1,
    last_name: "miolab"
  }
]

id: 3 のレコードが削除されていることを確認できました。

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Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
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config		config
lib		lib
priv/repo/migrations		priv/repo/migrations
test		test
.formatter.exs		.formatter.exs
.gitignore		.gitignore
README.md		README.md
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mix.lock		mix.lock

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