sample2.jt

From JTracker@radirect.isinet.com Tue Dec 19 10:25:25 2000
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2000 09:25:27 -0500 (EST)
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To: clmc-journals@rubens.usc.edu
Subject: NATURE (DEC 14 2000)

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   Account Number: 14615   ISI Order Number: 0000224733
   ISI Product Code: JT

   Number of Articles in Issue: 56


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TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Restoring faith in anthropology
AU  - 
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 755
EP  - 755
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Japan to bypass bureaucracy by reshaping science ministries
AU  - Cyranoski,D.
AU  - Triendl,R.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 757
EP  - 757
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Germany sets up electronic archive
AU  - Schiermeier,Q.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 757
EP  - 757
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Forces for collaboration falter with human genome in sight
AU  - Smaglik,P.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 758
EP  - 758
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Faster sequencing slows down release of mouse gene data
AU  - Smaglik,P.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 758
EP  - 759
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Publication deal for Celera sparks row over data access
AU  - Smaglik,P.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 759
EP  - 759
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Japan pins hopes on fast-breeder nuclear option
AU  - Cyranoski,D.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 759
EP  - 759
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - California invests $300 million in high tech
AU  - Dalton,R.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 760
EP  - 760
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Pesticides implicated in declining frog numbers
AU  - Netting,J.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 760
EP  - 760
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Galapagos ecologists under threat from violent protests
AU  - Schrope,M.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 761
EP  - 761
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Virtual laboratory will recreate classic biology experiments
AU  - Bettenworth,V.
AU  - Abbott,A.
U1  - News Item
SP  - 761
EP  - 761
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Swimming against the tide
AU  - Cyranoski,D.
U1  - Article
SP  - 764
EP  - 766
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Beefing about the risks posed by the French BSE epidemic
AU  - Krebs,J.
U1  - Letter
SP  - 767
EP  - 767
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Acid test finally wiped out vitalism, and yet ...
AU  - Toby,S.
U1  - Letter
SP  - 767
EP  - 767
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Acid test finally wiped out vitalism, and yet ... we need a metaphor
      to explain life's mystery
AU  - Strohman,R.
U1  - Letter
SP  - 767
EP  - 768
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Ecology needs theory as well as practice
AU  - Maurer,B.A.
U1  - Letter
SP  - 768
EP  - 768
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Pressure to meet current needs hinders science
AU  - Nichols,R.W.
U1  - Letter
SP  - 768
EP  - 768
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - The war within us: Everyman's guide to infection and immunity, by C.
      Mimms
AU  - Rosen,F.
U1  - Book Review
SP  - 769
EP  - 769
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Engineering the human germline: An exploration of the science and
      ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children, by G. Stock, J.
      Campbell
AU  - van Heyningen,V.
U1  - Book Review
SP  - 769
EP  - 771
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - The surprising archaea: Discovering another domain of life, by J.L.
      Howland
AU  - Willmer,P.G.
U1  - Book Review
SP  - 771
EP  - 771
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - A cellular cornucopia - Stem cells generate new possibilities for
      research and therapy.
AU  - Buckingham,M.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 773
EP  - 773
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - The holdouts - The contrarians of physics get strung out in Chicago.
AU  - Zebrowski,G.
U1  - Article
SP  - 775
EP  - 775
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Swimming in Flatsea
AU  - Huber,G.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 777
EP  - 778
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Evolutionary developmental biology - Head start
AU  - Finnerty,J.R.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 778
EP  - 781
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Condensed-matter science - Five-fold symmetry in liquids
AU  - Spaepen,F.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 781
EP  - 782
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - RNA splicing - The case for an RNA enzyme
AU  - Nilsen,T.W.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 782
EP  - 783
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Superconductivity - Geometry spawns vortices
AU  - Dorsey,A.T.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 783
EP  - 785
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Plant biology - Volatile defence
AU  - Tromans,A.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 785
EP  - 785
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Michael Smith (1932-2000) - Obituary
AU  - Hayden,M.R.
AU  - Ling,V.
U1  - Biographical-Item
SP  - 786
EP  - 786
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Likely size of the French BSE epidemic - Epidemiological analysis
      helps in evaluating the potential risks of eating French beef.
AU  - Donnelly,C.A.
U1  - Article
SP  - 787
EP  - 788
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Illusions - What you see is what you hear
AU  - Shams,L.
AU  - Kamitani,Y.
AU  - Shimojo,S.
U1  - Article
SP  - 788
EP  - 788
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Biogeochemistry - Soil warming and organic carbon content
AU  - Davidson,E.A.
AU  - Trumbore,S.E.
AU  - Amundson,R.
U1  - Article
SP  - 789
EP  - 790
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Biogeochemistry - Soil warming and organic carbon content - Reply
AU  - Giardina,C.P.
AU  - Ryan,M.G.
U1  - Article
SP  - 790
EP  - 790
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - A. thaliana genome
AU  - Dennis,C.
AU  - Surridge,C.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 791
EP  - 791
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Now for the hard ones
AU  - Adam,D.
U1  - Article
SP  - 792
EP  - 793
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - A green chapter in the book of life
AU  - Walbot,V.
U1  - Editorial Material
SP  - 794
EP  - 795
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis
      thaliana
AU  - Kaul,S.
AU  - Koo,H.L.
AU  - Jenkins,J.
AU  - Rizzo,M.
AU  - Rooney,T.
AU  - Tallon,L.J.
AU  - Feldblyum,T.
AU  - Nierman,W.
AU  - Benito,M.I.
AU  - Lin,X.Y.
AU  - Town,C.D.
AU  - Venter,J.C.
AU  - Fraser,C.M.
AU  - Tabata,S.
AU  - Nakamura,Y.
AU  - Kaneko,T.
AU  - Sato,S.
AU  - Asamizu,E.
AU  - Kato,T.
AU  - Kotani,H.
AU  - Sasamoto,S.
AU  - Ecker,J.R.
AU  - Theologis,A.
AU  - Federspiel,N.A.
AU  - Palm,C.J.
AU  - Osborne,B.I.
AU  - Shinn,P.
AU  - Conway,A.B.
AU  - Vysotskaia,V.S.
AU  - Dewar,K.
AU  - Conn,L.
AU  - Lenz,C.A.
AU  - Kim,C.J.
AU  - Hansen,N.F.
AU  - Liu,S.X.
AU  - Buehler,E.
AU  - Altafi,H.
AU  - Sakano,H.
AU  - Dunn,P.
AU  - Lam,B.
AU  - Pham,P.K.
AU  - Chao,Q.M.
AU  - Nguyen,M.
AU  - Yu,G.X.
AU  - Chen,H.M.
AU  - Southwick,A.
AU  - Lee,J.M.
AU  - Miranda,M.
AU  - Toriumi,M.J.
AU  - Davis,R.W.
AU  - Wambutt,R.
AU  - Murphy,G.
AU  - Dusterhoft,A.
AU  - Stiekema,W.
AU  - Pohl,T.
AU  - Entian,K.D.
AU  - Terryn,N.
AU  - Volckaert,G.
AU  - Choisne,N.
AU  - Rieger,M.
AU  - Ansorge,W.
AU  - Unseld,M.
AU  - Fartmann,B.
AU  - Valle,G.
AU  - Artiguenave,F.
AU  - Weissenbach,J.
AU  - Quetier,F.
AU  - Wilson,R.K.
AU  - de la Bastide,M.
AU  - Sekhon,M.
AU  - Huang,E.
AU  - Spiegel,L.
AU  - Gnoj,L.
AU  - Pepin,K.
AU  - Murray,J.
AU  - Johnson,D.
AU  - Habermann,K.
AU  - Dedhia,N.
AU  - Parnell,L.
AU  - Preston,R.
AU  - Hillier,L.
AU  - Chen,E.
AU  - Marra,M.
AU  - Martienssen,R.
AU  - McCombie,W.R.
AU  - Mayer,K.
AU  - White,O.
AU  - Bevan,M.
AU  - Lemcke,K.
AU  - Creasy,T.H.
AU  - Bielke,C.
AU  - Haas,B.
AU  - Haase,D.
AU  - Maiti,R.
AU  - Rudd,S.
AU  - Peterson,J.
AU  - Schoof,H.
AU  - Frishman,D.
AU  - Morgenstern,B.
AU  - Zaccaria,P.
AU  - Ermolaeva,M.
AU  - Pertea,M.
AU  - Quackenbush,J.
AU  - Volfovsky,N.
AU  - Wu,D.Y.
AU  - Lowe,T.M.
AU  - Salzberg,S.L.
AU  - Mewes,H.W.
AU  - Rounsley,S.
AU  - Bush,D.
AU  - Subramaniam,S.
AU  - Levin,I.
AU  - Norris,S.
AU  - Schmidt,R.
AU  - Acarkan,A.
AU  - Bancroft,I.
AU  - Quetier,F.
AU  - Brennicke,A.
AU  - Eisen,J.A.
AU  - Bureau,T.
AU  - Legault,B.A.
AU  - Le,Q.H.
AU  - Agrawal,N.
AU  - Yu,Z.
AU  - Martienssen,R.
AU  - Copenhaver,G.P.
AU  - Luo,S.
AU  - Pikaard,C.S.
AU  - Preuss,D.
AU  - Paulsen,I.T.
AU  - Sussman,M.
AU  - Britt,A.B.
AU  - Eisen,J.A.
AU  - Selinger,D.A.
AU  - Pandey,R.
AU  - Mount,D.W.
AU  - Chandler,V.L.
AU  - Jorgensen,R.A.
AU  - Pikaard,C.
AU  - Juergens,G.
AU  - Meyerowitz,E.M.
AU  - Ecker,J.R.
AU  - Theologis,A.
AU  - Dangl,J.
AU  - Jones,J.D.G.
AU  - Chen,M.
AU  - Chory,J.
AU  - Somerville,C.
U1  - Review
SP  - 796
EP  - 815
N2  - The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system
      for identifying genes and determining their functions. Here we report
      the analysis of the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequenced
      regions cover 115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase genome and extend
      into centromeric regions. The evolution of Arabidopsis involved a
      whole-genome duplication, followed by subsequent gene loss and
      extensive local gene duplications, giving rise to a dynamic genome
      enriched by lateral gene transfer from a cyanobacterial-like ancestor
      of the plastid. The genome contains 25,498 genes encoding proteins
      from 11,000 families, similar to the functional diversity of
      Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans - the other sequenced
      multicellular eukaryotes. Arabidopsis has many families of new
      proteins but also lacks several common protein families, indicating
      that the sets of common proteins have undergone differential
      expansion and contraction in the three multicellular eukaryotes. This
      is the first complete genome sequence of a plant and provides the
      foundations for more comprehensive comparison of conserved processes
      in all eukaryotes, identifying a wide range of plant-specific gene
      functions and establishing rapid systematic ways to identify genes
      for crop improvement.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis
      thaliana
AU  - Theologis,A.
AU  - Ecker,J.R.
AU  - Palm,C.J.
AU  - Federspiel,N.A.
AU  - Kaul,S.
AU  - White,O.
AU  - Alonso,J.
AU  - Altafi,H.
AU  - Araujo,R.
AU  - Bowman,C.L.
AU  - Brooks,S.Y.
AU  - Buehler,E.
AU  - Chan,A.
AU  - Chao,Q.M.
AU  - Chen,H.M.
AU  - Cheuk,R.F.
AU  - Chin,C.W.
AU  - Chung,M.K.
AU  - Conn,L.
AU  - Conway,A.B.
AU  - Conway,A.R.
AU  - Creasy,T.H.
AU  - Dewar,K.
AU  - Dunn,P.
AU  - Etgu,P.
AU  - Feldblyum,T.V.
AU  - Feng,J.D.
AU  - Fong,B.
AU  - Fujii,C.Y.
AU  - Gill,J.E.
AU  - Goldsmith,A.D.
AU  - Haas,B.
AU  - Hansen,N.F.
AU  - Hughes,B.
AU  - Huizar,L.
AU  - Hunter,J.L.
AU  - Jenkins,J.
AU  - Johnson-Hopson,C.
AU  - Khan,S.
AU  - Khaykin,E.
AU  - Kim,C.J.
AU  - Koo,H.L.
AU  - Kremenetskaia,I.
AU  - Kurtz,D.B.
AU  - Kwan,A.
AU  - Lam,B.
AU  - Langin-Hooper,S.
AU  - Lee,A.
AU  - Lee,J.M.
AU  - Lenz,C.A.
AU  - Li,J.H.
AU  - Li,Y.P.
AU  - Lin,X.Y.
AU  - Liu,S.X.
AU  - Liu,Z.A.
AU  - Luros,J.S.
AU  - Maiti,R.
AU  - Marziali,A.
AU  - Militscher,J.
AU  - Miranda,M.
AU  - Nguyen,M.
AU  - Nierman,W.C.
AU  - Osborne,B.I.
AU  - Pai,G.
AU  - Peterson,J.
AU  - Pham,P.K.
AU  - Rizzo,M.
AU  - Rooney,T.
AU  - Rowley,D.
AU  - Sakano,H.
AU  - Salzberg,S.L.
AU  - Schwartz,J.R.
AU  - Shinn,P.
AU  - Southwick,A.M.
AU  - Sun,H.
AU  - Tallon,L.J.
AU  - Tambunga,G.
AU  - Toriumi,M.J.
AU  - Town,C.D.
AU  - Utterback,T.
AU  - Van Aken,S.
AU  - Vaysberg,M.
AU  - Vysotskaia,V.S.
AU  - Walker,M.
AU  - Wu,D.Y.
AU  - Yu,G.X.
AU  - Fraser,C.M.
AU  - Venter,J.C.
AU  - Davis,R.W.
U1  - Article
SP  - 816
EP  - 820
N2  - The genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has five
      chromosomes(1,2). Here we report the sequence of the largest,
      chromosome 1, in two contigs of around 14.2 and 14.6 megabases. The
      contigs extend from the telomeres to the centromeric borders, regions
      rich in transposons, retrotransposons and repetitive elements such as
      the 180-base-pair repeat. The chromosome represents 25% of the genome
      and contains about 6,850 open reading frames, 236 transfer RNAs
      (tRNAs) and 12 small nuclear RNAs. There are two clusters of tRNA
      genes at different places on the chromosome. One consists of 27 tRNA
      Pro genes and the other contains 27 tandem repeats of tRNA(Tyr)-
      tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Ser) genes. Chromosome 1 contains about 300 gene
      families with clustered duplications. There are also many repeat
      elements, representing 8% of the sequence.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis
      thaliana
AU  - Salanoubat,M.
AU  - Lemcke,K.
AU  - Rieger,M.
AU  - Ansorge,W.
AU  - Unseld,M.
AU  - Fartmann,B.
AU  - Valle,G.
AU  - Blocker,H.
AU  - Perez-Alonso,M.
AU  - Obermaier,B.
AU  - Delseny,M.
AU  - Boutry,M.
AU  - Grivell,L.A.
AU  - Mache,R.
AU  - Puigdomenech,P.
AU  - De Simone,V.
AU  - Choisne,N.
AU  - Artiguenave,F.
AU  - Robert,C.
AU  - Brottier,P.
AU  - Wincker,P.
AU  - Cattolico,L.
AU  - Weissenbach,J.
AU  - Saurin,W.
AU  - Quetier,F.
AU  - Schafer,M.
AU  - Muller-Auer,S.
AU  - Gabel,C.
AU  - Fuchs,M.
AU  - Benes,V.
AU  - Wurmbach,E.
AU  - Drzonek,H.
AU  - Erfle,H.
AU  - Jordan,N.
AU  - Bangert,S.
AU  - Wiedelmann,R.
AU  - Kranz,H.
AU  - Voss,H.
AU  - Holland,R.
AU  - Brandt,P.
AU  - Nyakatura,G.
AU  - Vezzi,A.
AU  - D'Angelo,M.
AU  - Pallavicini,A.
AU  - Toppo,S.
AU  - Simionati,B.
AU  - Conrad,A.
AU  - Hornischer,K.
AU  - Kauer,G.
AU  - Lohnert,T.H.
AU  - Nordsiek,G.
AU  - Reichelt,J.
AU  - Scharfe,M.
AU  - Schon,O.
AU  - Bargues,M.
AU  - Terol,J.
AU  - Climent,J.
AU  - Navarro,P.
AU  - Collado,C.
AU  - Perez-Perez,A.
AU  - Ottenwalder,B.
AU  - Duchemin,D.
AU  - Cooke,R.
AU  - Laudie,M.
AU  - Berger-Llauro,C.
AU  - Purnelle,B.
AU  - Masuy,D.
AU  - de Haan,M.
AU  - Maarse,A.C.
AU  - Alcaraz,J.P.
AU  - Cottet,A.
AU  - Casacuberta,E.
AU  - Monfort,A.
AU  - Argiriou,A.
AU  - Flores,M.
AU  - Liguori,R.
AU  - Vitale,D.
AU  - Mannhaupt,G.
AU  - Haase,D.
AU  - Schoof,H.
AU  - Rudd,S.
AU  - Zaccaria,P.
AU  - Mewes,H.W.
AU  - Mayer,K.F.X.
AU  - Kaul,S.
AU  - Town,C.D.
AU  - Koo,H.L.
AU  - Tallon,L.J.
AU  - Jenkins,J.
AU  - Rooney,T.
AU  - Rizzo,M.
AU  - Walts,A.
AU  - Utterback,T.
AU  - Fujii,C.Y.
AU  - Shea,T.P.
AU  - Creasy,T.H.
AU  - Haas,B.
AU  - Maiti,R.
AU  - Wu,D.Y.
AU  - Peterson,J.
AU  - Van Aken,S.
AU  - Pai,G.
AU  - Militscher,J.
AU  - Sellers,P.
AU  - Gill,J.E.
AU  - Feldblyum,T.V.
AU  - Preuss,D.
AU  - Lin,X.Y.
AU  - Nierman,W.C.
AU  - Salzberg,S.L.
AU  - White,O.
AU  - Venter,J.C.
AU  - Fraser,C.M.
AU  - Kaneko,T.
AU  - Nakamura,Y.
AU  - Sato,S.
AU  - Kato,T.
AU  - Asamizu,E.
AU  - Sasamoto,S.
AU  - Kimura,T.
AU  - Idesawa,K.
AU  - Kawashima,K.
AU  - Kishida,Y.
AU  - Kiyokawa,C.
AU  - Kohara,M.
AU  - Matsumoto,M.
AU  - Matsuno,A.
AU  - Muraki,A.
AU  - Nakayama,S.
AU  - Nakazaki,N.
AU  - Shinpo,S.
AU  - Takeuchi,C.
AU  - Wada,T.
AU  - Watanabe,A.
AU  - Yamada,M.
AU  - Yasuda,M.
AU  - Tabata,S.
U1  - Article
SP  - 820
EP  - 822
N2  - Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for plant
      biologists(1). In 1996 an international collaboration (the
      Arabidopsis Genome Initiative) was formed to sequence the whole
      genome of Arabidopsis(2) and in 1999 the sequence of the first two
      chromosomes was reported(3,4). The sequence of the last three
      chromosomes and an analysis of the whole genome are reported in this
      issue(5-7). Here we present the sequence of chromosome 3, organized
      into four sequence segments (contigs). The two largest (13.5 and 9.2
      Mb) correspond to the top (long) and the bottom (short) arms of
      chromosome 3, and the two small contigs are located in the
      genetically defined centromere(8). This chromosome encodes 5,220 of
      the roughly 25,500 predicted protein-coding genes in the genome.
      About 20% of the predicted proteins have significant homology to
      proteins in eukaryotic genomes for which the complete sequence is
      available, pointing to important conserved cellular functions among
      eukaryotes.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis
      thaliana
AU  - Tabata,S.
AU  - Kaneko,T.
AU  - Nakamura,Y.
AU  - Kotani,H.
AU  - Kato,T.
AU  - Asamizu,E.
AU  - Miyajima,N.
AU  - Sasamoto,S.
AU  - Kimura,T.
AU  - Hosouchi,T.
AU  - Kawashima,K.
AU  - Kohara,M.
AU  - Matsumoto,M.
AU  - Matsuno,A.
AU  - Muraki,A.
AU  - Nakayama,S.
AU  - Nakazaki,N.
AU  - Naruo,K.
AU  - Okumura,S.
AU  - Shinpo,S.
AU  - Takeuchi,C.
AU  - Wada,T.
AU  - Watanabe,A.
AU  - Yamada,M.
AU  - Yasuda,M.
AU  - Sato,S.
AU  - de la Bastide,M.
AU  - Huang,E.
AU  - Spiegel,L.
AU  - Gnoj,L.
AU  - O'Shaughnessy,A.
AU  - Preston,R.
AU  - Habermann,K.
AU  - Murray,J.
AU  - Johnson,D.
AU  - Rohlrng,T.
AU  - Nelson,J.
AU  - Stoneking,T.
AU  - Pepin,K.
AU  - Spieth,J.
AU  - Sekhon,M.
AU  - Armstrong,J.
AU  - Becker,M.
AU  - Belter,E.
AU  - Cordum,H.
AU  - Cordes,M.
AU  - Courtney,L.
AU  - Courtney,W.
AU  - Dante,M.
AU  - Du,H.
AU  - Edwards,J.
AU  - Fryman,J.
AU  - Haakensen,B.
AU  - Lamar,E.
AU  - Latreille,P.
AU  - Leonard,S.
AU  - Meyer,R.
AU  - Mulvaney,E.
AU  - Ozersky,P.
AU  - Riley,A.
AU  - Strowmatt,C.
AU  - Wagner-McPherson,C.
AU  - Wollam,A.
AU  - Yoakum,M.
AU  - Bell,M.
AU  - Dedhia,N.
AU  - Parnell,L.
AU  - Shah,R.
AU  - Rodriguez,M.
AU  - See,L.H.
AU  - Vil,D.
AU  - Baker,J.
AU  - Kirchoff,K.
AU  - Toth,K.
AU  - King,L.
AU  - Bahret,A.
AU  - Miller,B.
AU  - Marra,M.
AU  - Martienssen,R.
AU  - McCombie,W.R.
AU  - Wilson,R.K.
AU  - Murphy,G.
AU  - Bancroft,I.
AU  - Volckaert,G.
AU  - Wambutt,R.
AU  - Dusterhoft,A.
AU  - Stiekema,W.
AU  - Pohl,T.
AU  - Entian,K.D.
AU  - Terryn,N.
AU  - Hartley,N.
AU  - Bent,E.
AU  - Johnson,S.
AU  - Langham,S.A.
AU  - McCullagh,B.
AU  - Robben,J.
AU  - Grymonprez,B.
AU  - Zimmermann,W.
AU  - Ramsperger,U.
AU  - Wedler,H.
AU  - Balke,K.
AU  - Wedler,E.
AU  - Peters,S.
AU  - van Staveren,M.
AU  - Dirkse,W.
AU  - Mooijman,P.
AU  - Lankhorst,R.K.
AU  - Weitzenegger,T.
AU  - Bothe,G.
AU  - Rose,M.
AU  - Hauf,J.
AU  - Berneiser,S.
AU  - Hempel,S.
AU  - Feldpausch,M.
AU  - Lamberth,S.
AU  - Villarroel,R.
AU  - Gielen,J.
AU  - Ardiles,W.
AU  - Bents,O.
AU  - Lemcke,K.
AU  - Kolesov,G.
AU  - Mayer,K.
AU  - Rudd,S.
AU  - Schoof,H.
AU  - Schueller,C.
AU  - Zaccaria,P.
AU  - Mewes,H.W.
AU  - Bevan,M.
U1  - Article
SP  - 823
EP  - 826
N2  - The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been sequenced
      by an international collaboration, The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative.
      Here we report the complete sequence of chromosome 5. This chromosome
      is 26 megabases long; it is the second largest Arabidopsis chromosome
      and represents 21% of the sequenced regions of the genome. The
      sequence of chromosomes 2 and 4 have been reported previously(1,2)
      and that of chromosomes 1 and 3, together with an analysis of the
      complete genome sequence, are reported in this issue(3-5). Analysis
      of the sequence of chromosome 5 yields further insights into
      centromere structure and the sequence determinants of heterochromatin
      condensation. The 5,874 genes encoded on chromosome 5 reveal several
      new functions in plants, and the patterns of gene organization
      provide insights into the mechanisms and extent of genome evolution
      in plants.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Geomagnetic intensity variations over the past 780 kyr obtained from
      near-seafloor magnetic anomalies
AU  - Gee,J.S.
AU  - Cande,S.C.
AU  - Hildebrand,J.A.
AU  - Donnelly,K.
AU  - Parker,R.L.
U1  - Article
SP  - 827
EP  - 832
N2  - Knowledge of past variations in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic
      field provides an important constraint on models of the geodynamo. A
      record of absolute palaeointensity for the past 50 kyr has been
      compiled from archaeomagnetic and volcanic materials, and relative
      palaeointensities over the past 800 kyr have been obtained from
      sedimentary sequences. But a long-term record of geomagnetic
      intensity should also be carried by the thermoremanence of the
      oceanic crust. Here we show that near-seafloor magnetic anomalies
      recorded over the southern East Pacific Rise are well correlated with
      independent estimates of geomagnetic intensity during the past 780
      kyr. Moreover, the pattern of absolute palaeointensity of seafloor
      glass samples from the same area agrees with the well-documented
      dipole intensity pattern for the past 50 kyr. A comparison of
      palaeointensities derived from seafloor glass samples with global
      intensity variations thus allows us to estimate the ages of surficial
      lava flows in this region. The record of geomagnetic intensity
      preserved in the oceanic crust should provide a higher-time-
      resolution record of crustal accretion processes at mid-ocean ridges
      than has previously been obtainable.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Symmetry-induced formation of antivortices in mesoscopic
      superconductors
AU  - Chibotaru,L.F.
AU  - Ceulemans,A.
AU  - Bruyndoncx,V.
AU  - Moshchalkov,V.V.
U1  - Article
SP  - 833
EP  - 835
N2  - Recent progress in nanotechnology has stimulated interest in
      mesoscopic superconductors as components for quantum computing and
      cryoelectronics. The critical parameters for superconductivity
      (current and field) of a mesoscopic sample are determined by the
      pattern of vortices in it, which in turn is controlled by the
      symmetry imposed by the shape of the sample (see ref. 1 and
      references therein). Hitherto it has been unclear what happens when
      the number of vortices is not consistent with the natural symmetry.
      Here we show that additional vortex-antivortex pairs nucleate
      spontaneously so as to preserve the symmetry of the sample. For
      example, in a square with three vortices, the spontaneously generated
      pair, along with the original three vortices, distribute themselves
      so that the four vortices sit in the four corners, with the
      antivortex in the centre. The measured superconducting phase boundary
      (of superconducting transition temperature T-c versus magnetic field
      strength) is in very good agreement with the calculations, giving
      direct experimental evidence for these symmetry-induced vortex-
      antivortex pairs. Vortex entry into the sample is also changed:
      vortices enter a square in fours, with antivortices generated to
      preserve the imposed vorticity. The symmetry-induced nucleation of
      antivortices is not restricted to superconductors, but should also
      apply to symmetrically confined superfluids and Bose-Einstein
      condensates.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Flexible filaments in a flowing soap film as a model for one-
      dimensional flags in a two-dimensional wind
AU  - Zhang,J.
AU  - Childress,S.
AU  - Libchaber,A.
AU  - Shelley,M.
U1  - Article
SP  - 835
EP  - 839
N2  - The dynamics of swimming fish and flapping flags involves a
      complicated interaction of their deformable shapes with the
      surrounding fluid flow. Even in the passive case of a flag, the flag
      exerts forces on the fluid through its own inertia and elastic
      responses, and is likewise acted on by hydrodynamic pressure and
      drag. But such couplings are not well understood. Here we study these
      interactions experimentally, using an analogous system of flexible
      filaments in flowing soap films. We rnd that, for a single filament
      (or 'flag') held at its upstream end and otherwise unconstrained,
      there are two distinct, stable dynamical states. The first is a
      stretched-straight state: the filament is immobile and aligned in the
      flow direction. The existence of this state seems to refute the
      common belief that a flag is always unstable and will flap(1,2). The
      second is a flapping state: the filament executes a sinuous motion in
      a manner akin to the flapping of a flag in the wind. We study further
      the hydrodynamically coupled interaction between two such filaments,
      and demonstrate the existence of four different dynamical states.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Observation of five-fold local symmetry in liquid lead
AU  - Reichert,H.
AU  - Klein,O.
AU  - Dosch,H.
AU  - Denk,M.
AU  - Honklmaki,V.
AU  - Lippmann,T.
AU  - Reiter,G.
U1  - Article
SP  - 839
EP  - 841
N2  - The local point symmetry of the short-range order in simple monatomic
      liquids remains a fundamental open question in condensed-matter
      science. For more than 40 years it has been conjectured(1-4) that
      liquids with centrosymmetric interactions may be composed of
      icosahedral building blocks. But these proposed mobile, randomly
      orientated structures have remained experimentally inaccessible owing
      to the unavoidable averaging involved in scattering experiments,
      which can therefore determine only the isotropic radial distribution
      function. Here we overcome this limitation by capturing liquid
      fragments at a solid-liquid interface, and observing the scattering
      of totally internally reflected (evanescent) X-rays, which are
      sensitive only to the liquid structure at the interface. Using this
      method, we observe five-fold local symmetry in liquid lead adjacent
      to a silicon wall, and obtain an experimental portrait of the
      icosahedral fragments that are predicted to occur in all close-packed
      monatomic liquids. By shedding new light on local bond order in
      disordered structures such as liquids and glasses, these results
      should lead to a better microscopic understanding of melting,
      freezing and supercooling.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Role of sea surface temperature and soil-moisture feedback in the
      1998 Oklahoma-Texas drought
AU  - Hong,S.Y.
AU  - Kalnay,E.
U1  - Article
SP  - 842
EP  - 844
N2  - The drought that affected the US states of Oklahoma and Texas in the
      summer of 1998 was strong and persistent, with soil moisture reaching
      levels comparable to those of the 1930s 'dust bowl'(1,2). Although
      other effects of the record-strength 1997-98 El Nino were
      successfully predicted over much of the United States, the Oklahoma-
      Texas drought was not(3). Whereas the response of the tropical
      atmosphere to strong anomalies in sea surface temperature is quite
      predictable, the response of the extratropical atmosphere is more
      variable(4,5). Here we present results from mechanistic experiments
      to clarify the origin and maintenance of this extratropical climate
      extreme. In addition to global tmospheric models(6-11), we use a
      regional model(12,13) to isolate regional climate feedbacks. We
      conclude that during April and May 1998, sea surface temperature
      anomalies combined with a favourable atmospheric circulation to
      establish the drought. In June-August, the regional positive feedback
      associated with lower evaporation and precipitation contributed
      substantially to the maintenance of the drought. The drought ended in
      the autumn, when stronger large-scale weather systems were able to
      penetrate the region and overwhelm the soil-moisture feedback. Our
      results show the potential for numerical models including appropriate
      physical processes to make skilful predictions of regional climate.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Possible presence of high-pressure ice in cold subducting slabs
AU  - Bina,C.R.
AU  - Navrotsky,A.
U1  - Article
SP  - 844
EP  - 847
N2  - During the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, water is liberated from
      minerals by progressive dehydration reactions(1,2) and is thought to
      be critical to several geologically important processes such as
      island-arc volcanism(3), intermediate-depth seismicity(4) and
      chemical exchange between the subducting lithosphere and mantle(5).
      Although dehydration reactions would yield supercritical fluid water
      in most slabs, we report here that the stable phase of H2O should be
      solid ice VII in portions of the coldest slabs. The formation of ice
      VII as a dehydration product would affect the generation, storage,
      transport and release of water in cold subduction zones and
      equilibrium conditions of dehydration would shift, potentially
      affecting the depths of seismogenesis and magmagenesis. Large amounts
      of pure ice VII might accumulate during subduction and, as a sinking
      slab warms, eventual melting of the ice would release large amounts
      of water in a small region over a short period of time, with a
      significant positive volume change. Moreover, the decreasing
      availability of fluid water, owing to the accumulation of ice VII and
      its subsequent reaction products in a cooling planetary interior (for
      example, in Mars or the future Earth), might eventually lead to a
      decline in tectonic activity or its complete cessation.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Analysis of an evolutionary species-area relationship
AU  - Losos,J.B.
AU  - Schluter,D.
U1  - Article
SP  - 847
EP  - 850
N2  - Large islands typically have more species than comparable smaller
      islands. Ecological theories, the most influential being the
      equilibrium theory of island biogeography(1), explain the species-
      area relationship as the outcome of the effect of area on immigration
      and extinction rates. However, these theories do not apply to taxa on
      land masses, including continents and large islands, that generate
      most of their species in situ. In this case, species-area
      relationships should be driven by higher speciation rates in larger
      areas(2-6), a theory that has never been quantitatively tested. Here
      we show that Anolis lizards on Caribbean islands meet several
      expectations of the evolutionary theory. Within-island speciation
      exceeds immigration as a source of new species on all islands larger
      than 3,000 km(2), whereas speciation is rare on smaller islands.
      Above this threshold island size, the rate of species proliferation
      increases with island area, a process that results principally from
      the positive effects of area on speciation rate. Also as expected,
      the slope of the species-area relationship jumps sharply above the
      threshold. Although Anolis lizards have been present on large
      Caribbean islands for over 30 million years, there are indications
      that the current number of species still falls below the speciation-
      extinction equilibrium.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective
AU  - Salih,A.
AU  - Larkum,A.
AU  - Cox,G.
AU  - Kuhl,M.
AU  - Hoegh-Guldberg,O.
U1  - Article
SP  - 850
EP  - 853
N2  - All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by
      their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the
      photic zone. The intensity of light in this zone declines over
      several orders of magnitude-from high and damaging levels at the
      surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit(1). The
      ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms
      for light acclimation and adaptation(2). Here we show that the
      fluorescent pigments(3-9) (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological
      system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue.
      Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance
      light availability(4,5). We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs
      are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy
      at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by
      reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing
      chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass
      bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has
      implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity
      of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range
      of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Conservation and elaboration of Hox gene regulation during evolution
      of the vertebrate head
AU  - Manzanares,M.
AU  - Wada,H.
AU  - Itasaki,N.
AU  - Trainor,P.A.
AU  - Krumlauf,R.
AU  - Holland,P.W.H.
U1  - Article
SP  - 854
EP  - 857
N2  - The comparison of Hox genes between vertebrates and their closest
      invertebrate relatives (amphioxus and ascidia) highlights two derived
      features of Hox genes in vertebrates: duplication of the Hox gene
      cluster(1,2), and an elaboration of Hox expression patterns and roles
      compared with non-vertebrate chordates(3-8). We have investigated how
      new expression domains and their associated developmental functions
      evolved, by testing the cis-regulatory activity of genomic DNA
      fragments from the cephalochordate amphioxus Hox cluster in
      transgenic mouse and chick embryos. Here we present evidence for the
      conservation of cis-regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression
      in the neural tube for half a billion years of evolution, including a
      dependence on retinoic acid signalling. We also identify amphioxus
      Hox gene regulatory elements that drive spatially localized
      expression in vertebrate neural crest cells, in derivatives of
      neurogenic placodes and in branchial arches, despite the fact that
      cephalochordates lack both neural crest and neurogenic placodes. This
      implies an elaboration of cis-regulatory elements in the Hox gene
      cluster of vertebrate ancestors during the evolution of craniofacial
      patterning.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Performance monitoring by the supplementary eye field
AU  - Stuphorn,V.
AU  - Taylor,T.L.
AU  - Schall,J.D.
U1  - Article
SP  - 857
EP  - 860
N2  - Intelligent behaviour requires self-control based on the consequences
      of actions. The countermanding task is designed to study self-control;
      it requires subjects to withhold planned movements in response to an
      imperative stop signal, which they can do with varying success. In
      humans, the medial frontal cortex has been implicated in the
      supervisory control of action(1-3). In monkeys, the supplementary eye
      field in the dorsomedial frontal cortex is involved in producing eye
      movements, but its precise function has not been clarified(4). To
      investigate the role of the supplementary eye field in the control of
      eye movements, we recorded neural activity in macaque monkeys trained
      to perform an eye movement countermanding task. Distinct groups of
      neurons were active after errors, after successful withholding of a
      partially prepared movement, or in association with reinforcement.
      These three forms of activation could not be explained by sensory or
      motor factors. Our results lead us to put forward the hypothesis that
      the supplementary eye field contributes to monitoring the context and
      consequences of eye movements.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - High constitutive activity of native H-3 receptors regulates
      histamine neurons in brain
AU  - Morisset,S.
AU  - Rouleau,A.
AU  - Ligneau,X.
AU  - Gbahou,F.
AU  - Tardivel-Lacombe,J.
AU  - Stark,H.
AU  - Schunack,W.
AU  - Ganellin,C.R.
AU  - Schwartz,J.C.
AU  - Arrang,J.M.
U1  - Article
SP  - 860
EP  - 864
N2  - Some G-protein-coupled receptors display 'constitutive activity',
      that is, spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist(1-4). This
      means that a proportion of the receptor population spontaneously
      undergoes an allosteric transition, leading to a conformation that
      can bind G proteins(3). The process has been shown to occur with
      recombinant receptors expressed at high density, and/or mutated, but
      also non-mutated recombinant receptors expressed at physiological
      concentrations(5-7). Transgenic mice that express a constitutively
      active mutant of the beta (2)-adrenergic receptor display cardiac
      anomalies(8); and spontaneous receptor mutations leading to
      constitutive activity are at the origin of some human diseases(9,10).
      Nevertheless, this process has not previously been found to occur in
      animals expressing normal levels of receptor(3,4). Here we show that
      two isoforms of the recombinant rat H-3 receptor(11,12) display high
      constitutive activity. Using drugs that abrogate this activity
      ('inverse agonists') and a drug that opposes both agonists and
      inverse agonists ('neutral antagonist'), we show that constitutive
      activity of native H-3 receptors is present in rodent brain and that
      it controls histaminergic neuron activity in vivo. Inverse agonists
      may therefore rnd therapeutic applications, even in the case of
      diseases involving non-mutated receptors expressed at normal levels.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Attenuation of FGF signalling in mouse beta-cells leads to diabetes
AU  - Hart,A.W.
AU  - Baeza,N.
AU  - Apelqvist,A.
AU  - Edlund,H.
U1  - Article
SP  - 864
EP  - 868
N2  - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling has been implicated in
      patterning, proliferation and cell differentiation in many organs,
      including the developing pancreas(1,2). Here we show that the FGF
      receptors (FGFRs) 1 and 2, together with the ligands FGF1, FGF2,
      FGF4, FGF5, FGF7 and FGF10, are expressed in adult mouse beta -cells,
      indicating that FGF signalling may have a role in differentiated beta
      -cells. When we perturbed signalling by expressing dominant-negative
      forms of the receptors, FGFR1c and FGFR2b, in the pancreas, we found
      that that mice with attenuated FGFR1c signalling, but not those with
      reduced FGFR2b signalling, develop diabetes with age and exhibit a
      decreased number of beta -cells, impaired expression of glucose
      transporter 2 and increased proinsulin content in beta -cells owing
      to impaired expression of prohormone convertases 1/3 and 2. These
      defects are all characteristic of patients with type-2 diabetes.
      Mutations in the homeobox gene Ipf1/Pdx1 are linked to diabetes in
      both mouse and human. We also show that Ipf1/Pdx1 is required for the
      expression of FGFR1 signalling components in beta -cells, indicating
      that Ipf1/Pdx1 acts upstream of FGFR1 signalling in beta -cells to
      maintain proper glucose sensing, insulin processing and glucose
      homeostasis.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Phosphoglycerate kinase acts in tumour angiogenesis as a disulphide
      reductase
AU  - Lay,A.J.
AU  - Jiang,X.M.
AU  - Kisker,O.
AU  - Flynn,E.
AU  - Underwood,A.
AU  - Condron,R.
AU  - Hogg,P.J.
U1  - Article
SP  - 869
EP  - 873
N2  - Disulphide bonds in secreted proteins are considered to be inert
      because of the oxidizing nature of the extracellular milieu. An
      exception to this rule is a reductase secreted by tumour cells that
      reduces disulphide bonds in the serine proteinase plasmin(1,2).
      Reduction of plasmin initiates proteolytic cleavage in the kringle 5
      domain and release of the tumour blood vessel inhibitor
      angiostatin(3). New blood vessel formation or angiogenesis is
      critical for tumour expansion and metastasis(4,5). Here we show that
      the plasmin reductase isolated from conditioned medium of
      fibrosarcoma cells is the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate
      kinase(6). Recombinant phosphoglycerate kinase had the same specific
      activity as the fibrosarcoma-derived protein. Plasma of mice bearing
      fibrosarcoma tumours contained several-fold more phosphoglycerate
      kinase, as compared with mice without tumours. Administration of
      phosphoglycerate kinase to tumour-bearing mice caused an increase in
      plasma levels of angiostatin, and a decrease in tumour vascularity
      and rate of tumour growth. Our findings indicate that
      phosphoglycerate kinase not only functions in glycolysis but is
      secreted by tumour cells and participates in the angiogenic process
      as a disulphide reductase.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Rapid exchange of histone H1.1 on chromatin in living human cells
AU  - Lever,M.A.
AU  - Th'ng,J.P.H.
AU  - Sun,X.J.
AU  - Hendzel,M.J.
U1  - Article
SP  - 873
EP  - 876
N2  - The considerable length of DNA in eukaryotic genomes requires
      packaging into chromatin to rt inside the small dimensions of the
      cell nucleus. Histone H1 functions in the compaction of chromatin
      into higher order structures derived from the repeating 'beads on a
      string' nucleosome polymer. Modulation of H1 binding activity is
      thought to be an important step in the potentiation/depotentiation of
      chromatin structure for transcription(1-4). It is generally accepted
      that H1 binds less tightly than other histones to DNA in chromatin
      and can readily exchange in living cells(5-8). Fusion proteins of
      Histone H1 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been shown(9) to
      associate with chromatin in an apparently identical fashion to native
      histone H1. This provides a means by which to study histone H1-
      chromatin interactions in living cells. Here we have used human cells
      with a stably integrated H1.1-GFP fusion protein to monitor histone
      H1 movement directly by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in
      living cells. We rnd that exchange is rapid in both condensed and
      decondensed chromatin, occurs throughout the cell cycle, and does not
      require fibre-fibre interactions. Treatment with drugs that alter
      protein phosphorylation significantly reduces exchange rates. Our
      results show that histone H1 exchange in vivo is rapid, occurs
      through a soluble intermediate, and is modulated by the
      phosphorylation of a protein or proteins as yet to be determined.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Dynamic binding of histone H1 to chromatin in living cells
AU  - Misteli,T.
AU  - Gunjan,A.
AU  - Hock,R.
AU  - Bustin,M.
AU  - Brown,D.T.
U1  - Article
SP  - 877
EP  - 881
N2  - The linker histone H1 is believed to be involved in chromatin
      organization by stabilizing higher-order chromatin structure(1-3).
      Histone H1 is generally viewed as a repressor of transcription as it
      prevents the access of transcription factors and chromatin
      remodelling complexes to DNA(4-6). Determining the binding properties
      of histone H1 to chromatin in vivo is central to understanding how it
      exerts these functions. We have used photobleaching techniques to
      measure the dynamic binding of histone H1-GFP to unperturbed
      chromatin in living cells. Here we show that almost the entire
      population of H1-GFP is bound to chromatin at any one time; however,
      H1-GFP is exchanged continuously between chromatin regions. The
      residence time of H1-GFP on chromatin between exchange events is
      several minutes in both euchromatin and heterochromatin. In addition
      to the mobile fraction, we detected a kinetically distinct, less
      mobile fraction. After hyperacetylation of core histones, the
      residence time of H1-GFP is reduced, suggesting a higher rate of
      exchange upon chromatin remodelling. These results support a model in
      which linker histones bind dynamically to chromatin in a stop-and-go
      mode.
ER  - 

TY  - JFULL
VL  - 408
IS  - 6814
U4  - 382PK
Y1  - 2000/12/14/
JF  - NATURE
SN  - 0028-0836
T1  - Metal-ion coordination by U6 small nuclear RNA contributes to
      catalysis in the spliceosome
AU  - Yean,S.L.
AU  - Wuenschell,G.
AU  - Termini,J.
AU  - Lin,R.J.
U1  - Article
SP  - 881
EP  - 884
N2  - Introns are removed from nuclear messenger RNA precursors through two
      sequential phospho-transesterification reactions in a dynamic RNA-
      protein complex called the spliceosome(1,2). But whether splicing is
      catalysed by small nuclear RNAs3,4 in the spliceosome is unresolved.
      As the spliceosome is a metalloenzyme(5-7), it is important to
      determine whether snRNAs coordinate catalytic metals. Here we show
      that yeast U6 snRNA coordinates a metal ion that is required for the
      catalytic activity of the spliceosome. With Mg2+, U6 snRNA with a
      sulphur substitution for the pro-R-P or pro-S-P non-bridging
      phosphoryl oxygen of nucleotide U-80 reconstitutes a fully assembled
      yet catalytically inactive spliceosome. Adding a thiophilic ion such
      as Mn2+ allows the first transesterification reaction to occur in the
      U6/sU(80)(S-P)- but not the U6/sU80 (R-P)-reconstituted spliceosome.
      Mg2+ competitively inhibits the Mn2+-rescued reaction, indicating
      that the metal-binding site at U6/U-80 exists in the wild-type
      spliceosome and that the site changes its metal requirement for
      activity in the S-P spliceosome. Thus, U6 snRNA contributes to pre-
      messenger RNA splicing through metal-ion coordination, which is
      consistent with RNA catalysis by the spliceosome.
ER  - 

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