diff --git a/app/ante/cosmos/fees.go b/app/ante/cosmos/fees.go
index c53d9dcb8..05ce7cf36 100644
--- a/app/ante/cosmos/fees.go
+++ b/app/ante/cosmos/fees.go
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ func checkTxFeeWithValidatorMinGasPrices(ctx sdk.Context, feeTx sdk.FeeTx) (sdk.
 		}
 	}
 
-	priority := getTxPriority(feeCoins, int64(gas)) //#nosec G701 -- gosec warning about integer overflow is not relevant here
-	return feeCoins, priority, nil
+	priority := getTxPriority(feeCoins, gas)
+	return feeCoins, int64(priority), nil
 }
 
 // checkFeeCoinsAgainstMinGasPrices checks if the provided fee coins are greater than or equal to the
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func checkFeeCoinsAgainstMinGasPrices(ctx sdk.Context, feeCoins sdk.Coins, gas u
 
 	// Determine the required fees by multiplying each required minimum gas
 	// price by the gas limit, where fee = ceil(minGasPrice * gasLimit).
-	glDec := sdk.NewDec(int64(gas)) //#nosec G701 -- gosec warning about integer overflow is not relevant here
+	glDec := sdk.NewDec(int64(gas))
 	for i, gp := range minGasPrices {
 		fee := gp.Amount.Mul(glDec)
 		requiredFees[i] = sdk.NewCoin(gp.Denom, fee.Ceil().RoundInt())
@@ -217,13 +217,17 @@ func checkFeeCoinsAgainstMinGasPrices(ctx sdk.Context, feeCoins sdk.Coins, gas u
 // provided in a transaction.
 // NOTE: This implementation should be used with a great consideration as it opens potential attack vectors
 // where txs with multiple coins could not be prioritized as expected.
-func getTxPriority(fees sdk.Coins, gas int64) int64 {
-	var priority int64
+// getTxPriority returns a naive tx priority based on the amount of the smallest denomination of the gas price
+// provided in a transaction.
+// NOTE: This implementation should be used with a great consideration as it opens potential attack vectors
+// where txs with multiple coins could not be prioritized as expected.
+func getTxPriority(fees sdk.Coins, gas uint64) uint64 {
+	var priority uint64
 	for _, c := range fees {
-		p := int64(math.MaxInt64)
-		gasPrice := c.Amount.QuoRaw(gas)
-		if gasPrice.IsInt64() {
-			p = gasPrice.Int64()
+		p := uint64(math.MaxUint64)
+		gasPrice := c.Amount.QuoRaw(int64(gas))
+		if gasPrice.IsUint64() {
+			p = gasPrice.Uint64()
 		}
 		if priority == 0 || p < priority {
 			priority = p
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index daaeac22d..b37a342da 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1
 	github.com/cometbft/cometbft v0.37.4
 	github.com/cometbft/cometbft-db v0.8.0
-	github.com/cosmos/btcutil v1.0.5
 	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-proto v1.0.0-beta.3
 	github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk v0.47.8
 	github.com/cosmos/go-bip39 v1.0.0
@@ -92,6 +91,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/coinbase/rosetta-sdk-go/types v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/confio/ics23/go v0.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cosmos/btcutil v1.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/cosmos/gogogateway v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cosmos/iavl v0.20.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cosmos/ics23/go v0.10.0 // indirect
diff --git a/precompiles/avs/abi.json b/precompiles/avs/abi.json
index a41261e6b..8c057c3a8 100644
--- a/precompiles/avs/abi.json
+++ b/precompiles/avs/abi.json
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 			{
 				"indexed": false,
 				"internalType": "bytes",
-				"name": "data",
+				"name": "hash",
 				"type": "bytes"
 			},
 			{
@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@
 				"internalType": "uint64",
 				"name": "thresholdPercentage",
 				"type": "uint64"
+			},
+			{
+				"indexed": false,
+				"internalType": "uint64",
+				"name": "taskStatisticalPeriod",
+				"type": "uint64"
 			}
 		],
 		"name": "CreateTask",
@@ -340,19 +346,48 @@
 	{
 		"inputs": [
 			{
-				"internalType": "string",
-				"name": "name",
-				"type": "string"
+				"internalType": "bytes",
+				"name": "taskHash",
+				"type": "bytes"
+			},
+			{
+				"internalType": "uint64",
+				"name": "taskID",
+				"type": "uint64"
 			},
 			{
 				"internalType": "bytes",
-				"name": "data",
+				"name": "taskResponseHash",
 				"type": "bytes"
 			},
 			{
 				"internalType": "string",
-				"name": "taskId",
+				"name": "operatorAddress",
 				"type": "string"
+			}
+		],
+		"name": "challenge",
+		"outputs": [
+			{
+				"internalType": "bool",
+				"name": "success",
+				"type": "bool"
+			}
+		],
+		"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+		"type": "function"
+	},
+	{
+		"inputs": [
+			{
+				"internalType": "string",
+				"name": "name",
+				"type": "string"
+			},
+			{
+				"internalType": "bytes",
+				"name": "hash",
+				"type": "bytes"
 			},
 			{
 				"internalType": "uint64",
@@ -368,6 +403,11 @@
 				"internalType": "uint64",
 				"name": "thresholdPercentage",
 				"type": "uint64"
+			},
+			{
+				"internalType": "uint64",
+				"name": "taskStatisticalPeriod",
+				"type": "uint64"
 			}
 		],
 		"name": "createTask",
diff --git a/precompiles/avs/avs.go b/precompiles/avs/avs.go
index 5024752c0..03fe3b265 100644
--- a/precompiles/avs/avs.go
+++ b/precompiles/avs/avs.go
@@ -149,6 +149,12 @@ func (p Precompile) Run(evm *vm.EVM, contract *vm.Contract, readOnly bool) (bz [
 			ctx.Logger().Error("internal error when calling avs precompile", "module", "avs precompile", "method", method.Name, "err", err)
 			bz, err = method.Outputs.Pack(common.Big0)
 		}
+	case MethodChallenge:
+		bz, err = p.Challenge(ctx, evm.Origin, contract, stateDB, method, args)
+		if err != nil {
+			ctx.Logger().Error("internal error when calling avs precompile", "module", "avs precompile", "method", method.Name, "err", err)
+			bz, err = method.Outputs.Pack(false)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ func (p Precompile) Run(evm *vm.EVM, contract *vm.Contract, readOnly bool) (bz [
 func (Precompile) IsTransaction(methodID string) bool {
 	switch methodID {
 	case MethodRegisterAVS, MethodDeregisterAVS, MethodUpdateAVS, MethodRegisterOperatorToAVS,
-		MethodDeregisterOperatorFromAVS, MethodCreateAVSTask, MethodRegisterBLSPublicKey, MethodSubmitProof:
+		MethodDeregisterOperatorFromAVS, MethodCreateAVSTask, MethodRegisterBLSPublicKey, MethodSubmitProof, MethodChallenge:
 		return true
 	case MethodGetRegisteredPubkey, MethodGetOptinOperators, MethodGetAVSUSDValue, MethodGetOperatorOptedUSDValue:
 		return false
diff --git a/precompiles/avs/avs.sol b/precompiles/avs/avs.sol
index 841d6eaec..6e66fc09c 100644
--- a/precompiles/avs/avs.sol
+++ b/precompiles/avs/avs.sol
@@ -102,6 +102,20 @@ interface IAVSManager {
         uint64 taskStatisticalPeriod
     ) external returns (bool success);
 
+    /// @dev challenge ,  this function enables a challenger to raise and resolve a challenge.
+    /// @param taskHash The data supplied by the contract, usually ABI-encoded.
+    /// @param taskID The id of task.
+    /// @param taskResponseHash The hash of task response.
+    /// @param operatorAddress operator address.
+    function challenge(
+        bytes calldata taskHash,
+        uint64 taskID,
+        bytes calldata taskResponseHash,
+        string memory operatorAddress
+    ) external returns (bool success);
+
+
+
     /// @dev SubmitProof ,After processing the task contract, aggregate the signature and submit the processed proof
     /// @param taskId The task ID of the task.
     /// @param taskContractAddress The contract address of AVSTask.
diff --git a/precompiles/avs/tx.go b/precompiles/avs/tx.go
index 2a181fffb..207757df3 100644
--- a/precompiles/avs/tx.go
+++ b/precompiles/avs/tx.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ const (
 	MethodCreateAVSTask             = "createTask"
 	MethodSubmitProof               = "submitProof"
 	MethodRegisterBLSPublicKey      = "registerBLSPublicKey"
+	MethodChallenge                 = "challenge"
 )
 
 // AVSInfoRegister register the avs related information and change the state in avs keeper module.
@@ -177,6 +178,53 @@ func (p Precompile) CreateAVSTask(
 	return method.Outputs.Pack(true)
 }
 
+// Challenge Middleware uses exocore's default avstask template to create tasks in avstask module.
+func (p Precompile) Challenge(
+	ctx sdk.Context,
+	origin common.Address,
+	contract *vm.Contract,
+	_ vm.StateDB,
+	method *abi.Method,
+	args []interface{},
+) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(args) != len(p.ABI.Methods[MethodChallenge].Inputs) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(cmn.ErrInvalidNumberOfArgs, len(p.ABI.Methods[MethodChallenge].Inputs), len(args))
+	}
+	challengeParams := &avskeeper.ChallengeParams{}
+	challengeParams.TaskContractAddress = contract.CallerAddress
+	challengeParams.CallerAddress = origin
+
+	taskHash, ok := args[0].([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(exocmn.ErrContractInputParaOrType, 0, "[]byte", taskHash)
+	}
+	challengeParams.TaskHash = taskHash
+
+	taskID, ok := args[1].(uint64)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(exocmn.ErrContractInputParaOrType, 1, "uint64", taskID)
+	}
+	challengeParams.TaskID = taskID
+
+	taskResponseHash, ok := args[2].([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(exocmn.ErrContractInputParaOrType, 2, "[]byte", taskResponseHash)
+	}
+	challengeParams.TaskResponseHash = taskResponseHash
+
+	operatorAddress, ok := args[3].(string)
+	if !ok || operatorAddress == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(exocmn.ErrContractInputParaOrType, 3, "string", operatorAddress)
+	}
+	challengeParams.OperatorAddress = sdk.AccAddress(operatorAddress)
+	err := p.avsKeeper.RaiseAndResolveChallenge(ctx, challengeParams)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return method.Outputs.Pack(true)
+}
+
 // RegisterBLSPublicKey
 func (p Precompile) RegisterBLSPublicKey(
 	ctx sdk.Context,
diff --git a/x/assets/keeper/client_chain.go b/x/assets/keeper/client_chain.go
index 4100fcbaa..d0e1255c6 100644
--- a/x/assets/keeper/client_chain.go
+++ b/x/assets/keeper/client_chain.go
@@ -71,11 +71,10 @@ func (k Keeper) GetAllClientChainInfo(ctx sdk.Context) (infos []assetstype.Clien
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
-func (k Keeper) GetAllClientChainID(ctx sdk.Context) ([]uint32, error) {
-	ret := make([]uint32, 0)
+func (k Keeper) GetAllClientChainID(ctx sdk.Context) ([]uint64, error) {
+	ret := make([]uint64, 0)
 	opFunc := func(clientChain *assetstype.ClientChainInfo) error {
-		// #nosec G701 // already checked
-		ret = append(ret, uint32(clientChain.LayerZeroChainID))
+		ret = append(ret, clientChain.LayerZeroChainID)
 		return nil
 	}
 	err := k.IterateAllClientChains(ctx, false, opFunc)
diff --git a/x/avs/keeper/agg.go b/x/avs/keeper/agg.go
deleted file mode 100644
index a958f578e..000000000
--- a/x/avs/keeper/agg.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-package keeper
-
-import (
-	sdkmath "cosmossdk.io/math"
-	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
-)
-
-func (k *Keeper) CalculateActualThreshold(ctx sdk.Context, total sdkmath.LegacyDec, avs string) (t sdkmath.LegacyDec) {
-	usd, err := k.operatorKeeper.GetAVSUSDValue(ctx, avs)
-	if err != nil {
-		return sdkmath.LegacyZeroDec()
-	}
-
-	if usd.IsZero() || total.IsZero() {
-		return sdkmath.LegacyZeroDec()
-	}
-	return total.Quo(usd).Mul(sdk.NewDec(100))
-}
-
-func Difference(a, b []string) []string {
-	var different []string //nolint:prealloc
-
-	diffMap := make(map[string]bool)
-
-	// Add all elements of a to the map
-	for _, item := range a {
-		diffMap[item] = true
-	}
-
-	// Remove elements found in b from the map and collect differences
-	for _, item := range b {
-		if diffMap[item] {
-			delete(diffMap, item)
-		} else {
-			different = append(different, item)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Calculate the final size for the different slice
-	finalSize := len(different) + len(diffMap)
-
-	// Pre-allocate the different slice with the final size
-	different = make([]string, 0, finalSize)
-
-	// Add remaining elements from the map to different
-	for item := range diffMap {
-		different = append(different, item)
-	}
-
-	return different
-}
diff --git a/x/avs/keeper/epoch_test.go b/x/avs/keeper/epoch_test.go
index f7f1cde9f..2516eea52 100644
--- a/x/avs/keeper/epoch_test.go
+++ b/x/avs/keeper/epoch_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package keeper_test
 
 import (
 	sdkmath "cosmossdk.io/math"
-	"github.com/ExocoreNetwork/exocore/x/avs/keeper"
 	avstypes "github.com/ExocoreNetwork/exocore/x/avs/types"
 	operatortypes "github.com/ExocoreNetwork/exocore/x/operator/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ func (suite *AVSTestSuite) TestEpochEnd_TaskCalculation() {
 		SignedOperators:       suite.operatorAddresses,
 		ActualThreshold:       0,
 	}
-	diff := keeper.Difference(expectInfo.SignedOperators, info.SignedOperators)
+	diff := avstypes.Difference(expectInfo.SignedOperators, info.SignedOperators)
 
 	suite.Equal(0, len(diff))
 	suite.Equal(expectInfo.NoSignedOperators, info.NoSignedOperators)
diff --git a/x/avs/keeper/impl_epoch_hook.go b/x/avs/keeper/impl_epoch_hook.go
index d29a987d9..bbfeaa609 100644
--- a/x/avs/keeper/impl_epoch_hook.go
+++ b/x/avs/keeper/impl_epoch_hook.go
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ func (wrapper EpochsHooksWrapper) AfterEpochEnd(
 ) {
 	// get all the task info bypass the epoch end
 	// threshold calculation, signature verification, nosig quantity statistics
-	// todo: need to consider the calling order
 	taskResList := wrapper.keeper.GetTaskStatisticalEpochEndAVSs(ctx, epochIdentifier, epochNumber)
 
 	if len(taskResList) != 0 {
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ func (wrapper EpochsHooksWrapper) AfterEpochEnd(
 				// Handle the error gracefully, continue to the next
 				continue
 			}
-			diff := Difference(taskInfo.OptInOperators, signedOperatorList)
+			diff := types.Difference(taskInfo.OptInOperators, signedOperatorList)
 			taskInfo.SignedOperators = signedOperatorList
 			taskInfo.NoSignedOperators = diff
 			taskInfo.OperatorActivePower = &types.OperatorActivePowerList{OperatorPowerList: operatorPowers}
diff --git a/x/avs/keeper/miscellaneous_test.go b/x/avs/keeper/miscellaneous_test.go
index 32a7fd0e9..2960a8014 100644
--- a/x/avs/keeper/miscellaneous_test.go
+++ b/x/avs/keeper/miscellaneous_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package keeper_test
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	utiltx "github.com/ExocoreNetwork/exocore/testutil/tx"
-	"github.com/ExocoreNetwork/exocore/x/avs/keeper"
+	"github.com/ExocoreNetwork/exocore/x/avs/types"
 	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func Test_difference(t *testing.T) {
 	arr1 := []string{"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
 	arr2 := []string{"apple", "cherry", "date"}
 
-	diff := keeper.Difference(arr1, arr2)
+	diff := types.Difference(arr1, arr2)
 	fmt.Println("Differences:", diff)
 	num1 := sdk.MustNewDecFromStr("1.3")
 	num2 := sdk.MustNewDecFromStr("12.3")
diff --git a/x/avs/types/types.go b/x/avs/types/types.go
index 0691db064..6ed669bf5 100644
--- a/x/avs/types/types.go
+++ b/x/avs/types/types.go
@@ -122,3 +122,36 @@ func GetTaskResponseDigest(h TaskResponse) ([32]byte, error) {
 	taskResponseDigest := crypto.Keccak256Hash(jsonData)
 	return taskResponseDigest, nil
 }
+
+func Difference(a, b []string) []string {
+	var different []string //nolint:prealloc
+
+	diffMap := make(map[string]bool)
+
+	// Add all elements of a to the map
+	for _, item := range a {
+		diffMap[item] = true
+	}
+
+	// Remove elements found in b from the map and collect differences
+	for _, item := range b {
+		if diffMap[item] {
+			delete(diffMap, item)
+		} else {
+			different = append(different, item)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Calculate the final size for the different slice
+	finalSize := len(different) + len(diffMap)
+
+	// Pre-allocate the different slice with the final size
+	different = make([]string, 0, finalSize)
+
+	// Add remaining elements from the map to different
+	for item := range diffMap {
+		different = append(different, item)
+	}
+
+	return different
+}