diff --git a/docs/CODING_STANDARD.md b/docs/CODING_STANDARD.md
index 8419473f4..79309c460 100644
--- a/docs/CODING_STANDARD.md
+++ b/docs/CODING_STANDARD.md
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 * static member variables names begin with an `s_` prefix
 * we don't use single letter variables
 * we don't rely on case to distinguish between variables
+* there are two types of DDC objects representing a multidimensional array : `ddc::Chunk` (which possesses the data) and `ddc::ChunkSpan` (which does not own the data but can be captured by `KOKKOS_LAMBDA`). We suffix `Chunk` with `_alloc` if both variables are needed locally.
+* if a variable is mirrored between host (CPU) and device (GPU) memories, the variable representing data on host is `_host` suffixed
 
 ## Style
 * We use the style specified by the `.clang-format` file using clang-format 10
diff --git a/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fem_uniform.cpp b/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fem_uniform.cpp
index 25733675c..d9f79588e 100644
--- a/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fem_uniform.cpp
+++ b/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fem_uniform.cpp
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     SplineVxBuilder const builder_vx(meshXVx);
     SplineVxBuilder_1d const builder_vx_poisson(interpolation_domain_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp epsilon_bot(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp temperature_bot(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp mean_velocity_bot(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
-    FieldSp<int> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> epsilon_bot(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_bot(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_bot(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
     int nb_elec_adiabspecies = 1;
     int nb_ion_adiabspecies = 1;
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     // Create the domain of all species including kinetic species + adiabatic species (if existing)
     IDomainSp const
             dom_allsp(IndexSp(0), nb_kinspecies + nb_elec_adiabspecies + nb_ion_adiabspecies);
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_allsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_allsp);
     for (IndexSp isp : dom_kinsp) {
         charges(isp) = kinetic_charges(isp);
     }
@@ -147,29 +147,29 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpVx> allfequilibrium_device(meshSpVx);
+    DFieldSpVx allfequilibrium(meshSpVx);
     BumpontailEquilibrium const init_fequilibrium(
             std::move(epsilon_bot),
             std::move(temperature_bot),
             std::move(mean_velocity_bot));
-    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium_device);
+    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium);
 
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("iter_start", iter_start);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(meshSpXVx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(meshSpXVx);
     double time_start(0);
     if (iter_start == 0) {
         SingleModePerturbInitialization const
-                init(allfequilibrium_device,
+                init(allfequilibrium,
                      init_perturb_mode.span_cview(),
                      init_perturb_amplitude.span_cview());
-        init(allfdistribu_device);
+        init(allfdistribu);
     } else {
         RestartInitialization const restart(iter_start, time_start);
-        restart(allfdistribu_device);
+        restart(allfdistribu);
     }
-    auto allfequilibrium = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium_device.span_view());
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfequilibrium_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     // --> Algorithm info
     double const deltat = PCpp_double(conf_voicexx, ".Algorithm.deltat");
@@ -206,13 +206,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Creating of mesh for output saving
     IDomainX const gridx = ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldX<CoordX> meshX_coord(gridx);
+    host_t<FieldX<CoordX>> meshX_coord(gridx);
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         meshX_coord(ix) = ddc::coordinate(ix);
     }
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = ddc::select<IDimVx>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldVx<CoordVx> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
+    host_t<FieldVx<CoordVx>> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
     for (IndexVx const ivx : gridvx) {
         meshVx_coord(ivx) = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
     }
@@ -224,12 +224,12 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 #else
     using FemPoissonSolverX = FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver;
 #endif
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
             = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx_poisson);
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FemPoissonSolverX const poisson(builder_x_poisson, spline_x_evaluator_poisson, rhs);
 
     PredCorr const predcorr(vlasov, poisson);
@@ -243,11 +243,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("Nkinspecies", nb_kinspecies.value());
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_charges", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges()[dom_kinsp]);
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_masses", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().masses()[dom_kinsp]);
-    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium);
+    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium_host);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const start = steady_clock::now();
 
-    predcorr(allfdistribu_device, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
+    predcorr(allfdistribu, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const end = steady_clock::now();
 
diff --git a/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fft.cpp b/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fft.cpp
index 0c985d391..7496f178b 100644
--- a/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fft.cpp
+++ b/simulations/geometryXVx/bump_on_tail/bumpontail_fft.cpp
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     SplineVxBuilder const builder_vx(meshXVx);
     SplineVxBuilder_1d const builder_vx_poisson(interpolation_domain_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp epsilon_bot(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp temperature_bot(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp mean_velocity_bot(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
-    FieldSp<int> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> epsilon_bot(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_bot(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_bot(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
     int nb_elec_adiabspecies = 1;
     int nb_ion_adiabspecies = 1;
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     // Create the domain of all species including kinetic species + adiabatic species (if existing)
     IDomainSp const
             dom_allsp(IndexSp(0), nb_kinspecies + nb_elec_adiabspecies + nb_ion_adiabspecies);
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_allsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_allsp);
     for (IndexSp isp : dom_kinsp) {
         charges(isp) = kinetic_charges(isp);
     }
@@ -142,29 +142,29 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpVx> allfequilibrium_device(meshSpVx);
+    DFieldSpVx allfequilibrium(meshSpVx);
     BumpontailEquilibrium const init_fequilibrium(
             std::move(epsilon_bot),
             std::move(temperature_bot),
             std::move(mean_velocity_bot));
-    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium_device);
+    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium);
 
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("iter_start", iter_start);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(meshSpXVx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(meshSpXVx);
     double time_start(0);
     if (iter_start == 0) {
         SingleModePerturbInitialization const
-                init(allfequilibrium_device,
+                init(allfequilibrium,
                      init_perturb_mode.span_cview(),
                      init_perturb_amplitude.span_cview());
-        init(allfdistribu_device);
+        init(allfdistribu);
     } else {
         RestartInitialization const restart(iter_start, time_start);
-        restart(allfdistribu_device);
+        restart(allfdistribu);
     }
-    auto allfequilibrium = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium_device.span_view());
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfequilibrium_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     // --> Algorithm info
     double const deltat = PCpp_double(conf_voicexx, ".Algorithm.deltat");
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Creating of mesh for output saving
     IDomainX const gridx = ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldX<CoordX> meshX_coord(gridx);
+    host_t<FieldX<CoordX>> meshX_coord(gridx);
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         meshX_coord(ix) = ddc::coordinate(ix);
     }
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = ddc::select<IDimVx>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldVx<CoordVx> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
+    host_t<FieldVx<CoordVx>> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
     for (IndexVx const ivx : gridvx) {
         meshVx_coord(ivx) = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
     }
@@ -214,12 +214,12 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     ddc::init_fourier_space<RDimX>(ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx));
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
             = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx_poisson);
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FftPoissonSolver const poisson(rhs);
 
     PredCorr const predcorr(vlasov, poisson);
@@ -233,11 +233,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("Nkinspecies", nb_kinspecies.value());
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_charges", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges()[dom_kinsp]);
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_masses", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().masses()[dom_kinsp]);
-    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium);
+    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium_host);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const start = steady_clock::now();
 
-    predcorr(allfdistribu_device, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
+    predcorr(allfdistribu, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const end = steady_clock::now();
 
diff --git a/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fem_uniform.cpp b/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fem_uniform.cpp
index f06ec3f44..4bbc8eec1 100644
--- a/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fem_uniform.cpp
+++ b/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fem_uniform.cpp
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     SplineVxBuilder const builder_vx(meshXVx);
     SplineVxBuilder_1d const builder_vx_poisson(interpolation_domain_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp density_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp temperature_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp mean_velocity_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
-    FieldSp<int> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> density_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
     int nb_elec_adiabspecies = 1;
     int nb_ion_adiabspecies = 1;
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     // Create the domain of all species including kinetic species + adiabatic species (if existing)
     IDomainSp const
             dom_allsp(IndexSp(0), nb_kinspecies + nb_elec_adiabspecies + nb_ion_adiabspecies);
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_allsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_allsp);
     for (IndexSp isp : dom_kinsp) {
         charges(isp) = kinetic_charges(isp);
     }
@@ -146,29 +146,29 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpVx> allfequilibrium_device(meshSpVx);
+    DFieldSpVx allfequilibrium(meshSpVx);
     MaxwellianEquilibrium const init_fequilibrium(
             std::move(density_eq),
             std::move(temperature_eq),
             std::move(mean_velocity_eq));
-    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium_device);
+    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium);
 
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("iter_start", iter_start);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(meshSpXVx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(meshSpXVx);
     double time_start(0);
     if (iter_start == 0) {
         SingleModePerturbInitialization const
-                init(allfequilibrium_device,
+                init(allfequilibrium,
                      init_perturb_mode.span_cview(),
                      init_perturb_amplitude.span_cview());
-        init(allfdistribu_device);
+        init(allfdistribu);
     } else {
         RestartInitialization const restart(iter_start, time_start);
-        restart(allfdistribu_device);
+        restart(allfdistribu);
     }
-    auto allfequilibrium = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium_device.span_view());
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfequilibrium_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     // --> Algorithm info
     double const deltat = PCpp_double(conf_voicexx, ".Algorithm.deltat");
@@ -205,13 +205,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Creating of mesh for output saving
     IDomainX const gridx = ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldX<CoordX> meshX_coord(gridx);
+    host_t<FieldX<CoordX>> meshX_coord(gridx);
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         meshX_coord(ix) = ddc::coordinate(ix);
     }
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = ddc::select<IDimVx>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldVx<CoordVx> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
+    host_t<FieldVx<CoordVx>> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
     for (IndexVx const ivx : gridvx) {
         meshVx_coord(ivx) = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
     }
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 #else
     using FemPoissonSolverX = FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver;
 #endif
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
             = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx_poisson);
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FemPoissonSolverX const poisson(builder_x_poisson, spline_x_evaluator_poisson, rhs);
 
     PredCorr const predcorr(vlasov, poisson);
@@ -242,11 +242,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("Nkinspecies", nb_kinspecies.value());
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_charges", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges()[dom_kinsp]);
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_masses", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().masses()[dom_kinsp]);
-    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium);
+    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium_host);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const start = steady_clock::now();
 
-    predcorr(allfdistribu_device, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
+    predcorr(allfdistribu, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const end = steady_clock::now();
 
diff --git a/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fft.cpp b/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fft.cpp
index c97543ca0..560fa2d74 100644
--- a/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fft.cpp
+++ b/simulations/geometryXVx/landau/landau_fft.cpp
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     SplineVxBuilder const builder_vx(meshXVx);
     SplineVxBuilder_1d const builder_vx_poisson(interpolation_domain_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp density_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp temperature_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp mean_velocity_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
-    FieldSp<int> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> density_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
     int nb_elec_adiabspecies = 1;
     int nb_ion_adiabspecies = 1;
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     // Create the domain of all species including kinetic species + adiabatic species (if existing)
     IDomainSp const
             dom_allsp(IndexSp(0), nb_kinspecies + nb_elec_adiabspecies + nb_ion_adiabspecies);
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_allsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_allsp);
     for (IndexSp isp : dom_kinsp) {
         charges(isp) = kinetic_charges(isp);
     }
@@ -142,29 +142,29 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpVx> allfequilibrium_device(meshSpVx);
+    DFieldSpVx allfequilibrium(meshSpVx);
     MaxwellianEquilibrium const init_fequilibrium(
             std::move(density_eq),
             std::move(temperature_eq),
             std::move(mean_velocity_eq));
-    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium_device);
+    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium);
 
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("iter_start", iter_start);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(meshSpXVx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(meshSpXVx);
     double time_start(0);
     if (iter_start == 0) {
         SingleModePerturbInitialization const
-                init(allfequilibrium_device,
+                init(allfequilibrium,
                      init_perturb_mode.span_cview(),
                      init_perturb_amplitude.span_cview());
-        init(allfdistribu_device);
+        init(allfdistribu);
     } else {
         RestartInitialization const restart(iter_start, time_start);
-        restart(allfdistribu_device);
+        restart(allfdistribu);
     }
-    auto allfequilibrium = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium_device.span_view());
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfequilibrium_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     // --> Algorithm info
     double const deltat = PCpp_double(conf_voicexx, ".Algorithm.deltat");
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Creating of mesh for output saving
     IDomainX const gridx = ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldX<CoordX> meshX_coord(gridx);
+    host_t<FieldX<CoordX>> meshX_coord(gridx);
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         meshX_coord(ix) = ddc::coordinate(ix);
     }
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = ddc::select<IDimVx>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldVx<CoordVx> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
+    host_t<FieldVx<CoordVx>> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
     for (IndexVx const ivx : gridvx) {
         meshVx_coord(ivx) = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
     }
@@ -214,13 +214,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     ddc::init_fourier_space<RDimX>(ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx));
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
             = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx_poisson);
 
-    auto quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FftPoissonSolver const poisson(rhs);
 
     PredCorr const predcorr(vlasov, poisson);
@@ -234,11 +234,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("Nkinspecies", nb_kinspecies.value());
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_charges", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges()[dom_kinsp]);
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_masses", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().masses()[dom_kinsp]);
-    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium);
+    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium_host);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const start = steady_clock::now();
 
-    predcorr(allfdistribu_device, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
+    predcorr(allfdistribu, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const end = steady_clock::now();
 
diff --git a/simulations/geometryXVx/sheath/sheath.cpp b/simulations/geometryXVx/sheath/sheath.cpp
index 5e3851be0..fac74e5a6 100644
--- a/simulations/geometryXVx/sheath/sheath.cpp
+++ b/simulations/geometryXVx/sheath/sheath.cpp
@@ -119,13 +119,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     SplineVxBuilder const builder_vx(meshXVx);
     SplineVxBuilder_1d const builder_vx_poisson(interpolation_domain_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp density_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp temperature_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp mean_velocity_eq(dom_kinsp);
-    DFieldSp init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
-    FieldSp<int> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> kinetic_charges(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> density_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_eq(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> init_perturb_amplitude(dom_kinsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> init_perturb_mode(dom_kinsp);
     int nb_elec_adiabspecies = 1;
     int nb_ion_adiabspecies = 1;
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     // Create the domain of all species including kinetic species + adiabatic species (if existing)
     IDomainSp const
             dom_allsp(IndexSp(0), nb_kinspecies + nb_elec_adiabspecies + nb_ion_adiabspecies);
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_allsp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_allsp);
     for (IndexSp isp : dom_kinsp) {
         charges(isp) = kinetic_charges(isp);
     }
@@ -161,29 +161,29 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpVx> allfequilibrium_device(meshSpVx);
+    DFieldSpVx allfequilibrium(meshSpVx);
     MaxwellianEquilibrium const init_fequilibrium(
             std::move(density_eq),
             std::move(temperature_eq),
             std::move(mean_velocity_eq));
-    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium_device);
+    init_fequilibrium(allfequilibrium);
 
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("iter_start", iter_start);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(meshSpXVx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(meshSpXVx);
     double time_start(0);
     if (iter_start == 0) {
         SingleModePerturbInitialization const
-                init(allfequilibrium_device,
+                init(allfequilibrium,
                      init_perturb_mode.span_cview(),
                      init_perturb_amplitude.span_cview());
-        init(allfdistribu_device);
+        init(allfdistribu);
     } else {
         RestartInitialization const restart(iter_start, time_start);
-        restart(allfdistribu_device);
+        restart(allfdistribu);
     }
-    auto allfequilibrium = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium_device.span_view());
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfequilibrium_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfequilibrium.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     // --> Algorithm info
     double const deltat = PCpp_double(conf_voicexx, ".Algorithm.deltat");
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // Creating of mesh for output saving
     IDomainX const gridx = ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldX<CoordX> meshX_coord(gridx);
+    host_t<FieldX<CoordX>> meshX_coord(gridx);
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         meshX_coord(ix) = ddc::coordinate(ix);
     }
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = ddc::select<IDimVx>(meshSpXVx);
-    FieldVx<CoordVx> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
+    host_t<FieldVx<CoordVx>> meshVx_coord(gridvx);
     for (IndexVx const ivx : gridvx) {
         meshVx_coord(ivx) = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
     }
@@ -304,13 +304,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     SplitVlasovSolver const vlasov(advection_x, advection_vx);
     SplitRightHandSideSolver const boltzmann(vlasov, rhs_operators);
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
             = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx_poisson);
 
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
 #ifdef PERIODIC_RDIMX
     ddc::init_fourier_space<RDimX>(ddc::select<IDimX>(meshSpXVx));
     FftPoissonSolver const poisson(rhs);
@@ -331,11 +331,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("Nkinspecies", nb_kinspecies.value());
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_charges", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges()[dom_kinsp]);
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("fdistribu_masses", ddc::discrete_space<IDimSp>().masses()[dom_kinsp]);
-    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium);
+    ddc::PdiEvent("initial_state").with("fdistribu_eq", allfequilibrium_host);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const start = steady_clock::now();
 
-    predcorr(allfdistribu_device, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
+    predcorr(allfdistribu, time_start, deltat, nbiter);
 
     steady_clock::time_point const end = steady_clock::now();
 
diff --git a/src/advection/bsl_advection_vx.hpp b/src/advection/bsl_advection_vx.hpp
index 6b13e39d3..949bd6c58 100644
--- a/src/advection/bsl_advection_vx.hpp
+++ b/src/advection/bsl_advection_vx.hpp
@@ -40,22 +40,22 @@ class BslAdvectionVelocity : public IAdvectionVelocity<Geometry, DDimV>
 
     /**
      * @brief Advects fdistribu along DDimV for a duration dt.
-     * @param[in, out] allfdistribu_device Reference to the whole distribution function for one species, allocated on the device (ie it lets the choice of the location depend on the build configuration).
-     * @param[in] electric_field_device Reference to the electric field which derives from electrostatic potential, allocated on the device.
+     * @param[in, out] allfdistribu Reference to the whole distribution function for one species, allocated on the device (ie it lets the choice of the location depend on the build configuration).
+     * @param[in] electric_field Reference to the electric field which derives from electrostatic potential, allocated on the device.
      * @param[in] dt Time step
      * @return A reference to the allfdistribu array containing the value of the function at the coordinates.
      */
     device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, FdistribuDDom>> operator()(
-            device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, FdistribuDDom>> const allfdistribu_device,
-            device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<const double, SpatialDDom>> const electric_field_device,
+            device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, FdistribuDDom>> const allfdistribu,
+            device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<const double, SpatialDDom>> const electric_field,
             double const dt) const override
     {
         Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("BslAdvectionVelocity");
 
-        auto allfdistribu_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device);
-        ddc::ChunkSpan allfdistribu = allfdistribu_alloc.span_view();
-        auto electric_field_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(electric_field_device);
-        ddc::ChunkSpan electric_field = electric_field_alloc.span_view();
+        auto allfdistribu_host_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu);
+        ddc::ChunkSpan allfdistribu_host = allfdistribu_host_alloc.span_view();
+        auto electric_field_host_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(electric_field);
+        ddc::ChunkSpan electric_field_host = electric_field_host_alloc.span_view();
 
         FdistribuDDom const dom = allfdistribu.domain();
         ddc::DiscreteDomain<DDimV> const v_dom = ddc::select<DDimV>(dom);
@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ class BslAdvectionVelocity : public IAdvectionVelocity<Geometry, DDimV>
 
                 ddc::for_each(spatial_dom, [&](DElemSpatial const ix) {
                     // compute the displacement
-                    double const dvx = charge(isp) * sqrt_me_on_mspecies * dt * electric_field(ix);
+                    double const dvx
+                            = charge(isp) * sqrt_me_on_mspecies * dt * electric_field_host(ix);
 
                     // compute the coordinates of the feet
                     ddc::for_each(v_dom, [&](DElemV const iv) {
@@ -90,19 +91,19 @@ class BslAdvectionVelocity : public IAdvectionVelocity<Geometry, DDimV>
                     });
 
                     // copy the slice in contiguous memory
-                    ddc::deepcopy(contiguous_slice, allfdistribu[ic][isp][ix]);
+                    ddc::deepcopy(contiguous_slice, allfdistribu_host[ic][isp][ix]);
 
                     // build a spline representation of the data
                     interpolator_v(contiguous_slice, feet_coords.span_cview());
 
                     // copy back
-                    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ic][isp][ix], contiguous_slice);
+                    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host[ic][isp][ix], contiguous_slice);
                 });
             });
         });
 
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
         Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
-        return allfdistribu_device;
+        return allfdistribu;
     }
 };
diff --git a/src/advection/bsl_advection_x.hpp b/src/advection/bsl_advection_x.hpp
index 1eaa1ffe2..10e439d54 100644
--- a/src/advection/bsl_advection_x.hpp
+++ b/src/advection/bsl_advection_x.hpp
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ class BslAdvectionSpatial : public IAdvectionSpatial<Geometry, DDimX>
 
     /**
      * @brief Advects fdistribu along DDimX for a duration dt.
-     * @param[in, out] allfdistribu_device Reference to the whole distribution function for one species, allocated on the device (ie it lets the choice of the location depend on the build configuration).
+     * @param[in, out] allfdistribu Reference to the whole distribution function for one species, allocated on the device (ie it lets the choice of the location depend on the build configuration).
      * @param[in] dt  time step
      * @return A reference to the allfdistribu array containing the value of the function at the coordinates.
      */
     device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, DDom>> operator()(
-            device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, DDom>> const allfdistribu_device,
+            device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, DDom>> const allfdistribu,
             double const dt) const override
     {
         Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("BslAdvectionSpatial");
-        auto allfdistribu_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device);
-        ddc::ChunkSpan allfdistribu = allfdistribu_alloc.span_view();
+        auto allfdistribu_host_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu);
+        ddc::ChunkSpan allfdistribu_host = allfdistribu_host_alloc.span_view();
 
         DDom const dom = allfdistribu.domain();
         ddc::DiscreteDomain<DDimX> const x_dom = ddc::select<DDimX>(dom);
@@ -85,19 +85,19 @@ class BslAdvectionSpatial : public IAdvectionSpatial<Geometry, DDimX>
                     });
 
                     // copy the slice in contiguous memory
-                    ddc::deepcopy(contiguous_slice, allfdistribu[ic][isp][iv]);
+                    ddc::deepcopy(contiguous_slice, allfdistribu_host[ic][isp][iv]);
 
                     // interpolate the function at the feet using the provided interpolator
                     interpolator_x(contiguous_slice, feet_coords.span_cview());
 
                     // copy back
-                    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ic][isp][iv], contiguous_slice);
+                    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host[ic][isp][iv], contiguous_slice);
                 });
             });
         });
 
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
         Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
-        return allfdistribu_device;
+        return allfdistribu;
     }
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/iboltzmannsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/iboltzmannsolver.hpp
index a129ef87c..62d091647 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/iboltzmannsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/iboltzmannsolver.hpp
@@ -21,8 +21,5 @@ class IBoltzmannSolver
      * @param[in] dt The timestep.
      * @return The distribution function after solving the Boltzmann equation.
      */
-    virtual device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu,
-            device_t<DViewX> efield,
-            double dt) const = 0;
+    virtual DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, DViewX efield, double dt) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.cpp
index 72e869925..9b008fe4c 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.cpp
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ SplitRightHandSideSolver::SplitRightHandSideSolver(
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> SplitRightHandSideSolver::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
-        device_t<DViewX> const electric_field,
+DSpanSpXVx SplitRightHandSideSolver::operator()(
+        DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu,
+        DViewX const electric_field,
         double const dt) const
 {
     for (auto rhsit = m_rhs.begin(); rhsit != m_rhs.end(); ++rhsit) {
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.hpp
index e06e3b107..ca7a72d7f 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitrighthandsidesolver.hpp
@@ -52,8 +52,5 @@ class SplitRightHandSideSolver : public IBoltzmannSolver
      * @param[in] dt The timestep. 
      * @return The distribution function after solving the Boltzmann equation.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu,
-            device_t<DViewX> electric_field,
-            double dt) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, DViewX electric_field, double dt) const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.cpp
index 32168ed43..b82b153b5 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.cpp
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ SplitVlasovSolver::SplitVlasovSolver(
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> SplitVlasovSolver::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
-        device_t<DViewX> const electric_field,
+DSpanSpXVx SplitVlasovSolver::operator()(
+        DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu,
+        DViewX const electric_field,
         double const dt) const
 {
     m_advec_x(allfdistribu, dt / 2);
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.hpp
index 6fcac77d1..64b114df9 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/boltzmann/splitvlasovsolver.hpp
@@ -51,8 +51,5 @@ class SplitVlasovSolver : public IBoltzmannSolver
      * @param[in] dt The timestep. 
      * @return The distribution function after solving the Vlasov equation.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu,
-            device_t<DViewX> electric_field,
-            double dt) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, DViewX electric_field, double dt) const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/geometry/geometry.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/geometry/geometry.hpp
index 5bc925216..177bad152 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/geometry/geometry.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/geometry/geometry.hpp
@@ -240,27 +240,27 @@ using IDomainSpXVx = ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, IDimVx>;
 
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using FieldX = ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainX>;
+using FieldX = device_t<ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using FieldVx = ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainVx>;
+using FieldVx = device_t<ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using FieldSp = ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSp>;
+using FieldSp = device_t<ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSp>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using FieldSpX = ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSpX>;
+using FieldSpX = device_t<ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSpX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using FieldSpVx = ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSpVx>;
+using FieldSpVx = device_t<ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSpVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using FieldSpXVx = ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSpXVx>;
+using FieldSpXVx = device_t<ddc::Chunk<ElementType, IDomainSpXVx>>;
 
 
 
 template <class DomainType>
-using DField = ddc::Chunk<double, DomainType>;
+using DField = device_t<ddc::Chunk<double, DomainType>>;
 
 
 using DFieldX = FieldX<double>;
@@ -277,30 +277,30 @@ using DFieldSpXVx = FieldSpXVx<double>;
 
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanSp = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSp>;
+using SpanSp = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSp>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanSpX = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpX>;
+using SpanSpX = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanX = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainX>;
+using SpanX = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanSpX = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpX>;
+using SpanSpX = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanVx = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainVx>;
+using SpanVx = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanSpXVx = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpXVx>;
+using SpanSpXVx = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpXVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using SpanSpVx = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpVx>;
+using SpanSpVx = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType, IDomainSpVx>>;
 
 
 
 template <class DomainType>
-using DSpan = ddc::ChunkSpan<double, DomainType>;
+using DSpan = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, DomainType>>;
 
 
 using DSpanSp = SpanSp<double>;
@@ -318,30 +318,30 @@ using DSpanSpVx = SpanSpVx<double>;
 
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using ViewX = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainX>;
+using ViewX = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using ViewVx = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainVx>;
+using ViewVx = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using ViewSp = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSp>;
+using ViewSp = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSp>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using ViewSpX = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSpX>;
+using ViewSpX = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSpX>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using ViewSpVx = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSpVx>;
+using ViewSpVx = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSpVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using ViewSpXVx = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSpXVx>;
+using ViewSpXVx = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, IDomainSpXVx>>;
 
 template <class ElementType>
-using BSViewX = ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, BSDomainX>;
+using BSViewX = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<ElementType const, BSDomainX>>;
 
 
 
 template <class DomainType>
-using DView = ddc::ChunkSpan<double const, DomainType>;
+using DView = device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double const, DomainType>>;
 
 
 using DViewX = ViewX<double>;
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.cpp
index 8d77af1e2..5605342b4 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.cpp
@@ -5,23 +5,22 @@
 #include "bumpontailequilibrium.hpp"
 
 BumpontailEquilibrium::BumpontailEquilibrium(
-        DViewSp const epsilon_bot,
-        DViewSp const temperature_bot,
-        DViewSp const mean_velocity_bot)
+        host_t<DViewSp> const epsilon_bot,
+        host_t<DViewSp> const temperature_bot,
+        host_t<DViewSp> const mean_velocity_bot)
     : m_epsilon_bot(epsilon_bot)
     , m_temperature_bot(temperature_bot)
     , m_mean_velocity_bot(mean_velocity_bot)
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpVx> BumpontailEquilibrium::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpVx> const allfequilibrium) const
+DSpanSpVx BumpontailEquilibrium::operator()(DSpanSpVx const allfequilibrium) const
 {
     IDomainVx const gridvx = allfequilibrium.domain<IDimVx>();
     IDomainSp const gridsp = allfequilibrium.domain<IDimSp>();
 
     // Initialization of the maxwellian
-    device_t<DFieldVx> maxwellian_alloc(gridvx);
+    DFieldVx maxwellian_alloc(gridvx);
     ddc::ChunkSpan maxwellian = maxwellian_alloc.span_view();
     ddc::for_each(gridsp, [&](IndexSp const isp) {
         compute_twomaxwellian(
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ device_t<DSpanSpVx> BumpontailEquilibrium::operator()(
 }
 
 void BumpontailEquilibrium::compute_twomaxwellian(
-        device_t<DSpanVx> const fMaxwellian,
+        DSpanVx const fMaxwellian,
         double const epsilon_bot,
         double const temperature_bot,
         double const mean_velocity_bot) const
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.hpp
index 572dcc0f0..f9de0aded 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/bumpontailequilibrium.hpp
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@
 class BumpontailEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
 {
     /**Density of the bump-on-tail part for all kinetic species*/
-    FieldSp<double> m_epsilon_bot;
+    host_t<DFieldSp> m_epsilon_bot;
 
     /**Temperature of the bump-on-tail for all kinetic species*/
-    FieldSp<double> m_temperature_bot;
+    host_t<DFieldSp> m_temperature_bot;
 
     /**Mean velocity of the bump-on-tail for all kinetic species*/
-    FieldSp<double> m_mean_velocity_bot;
+    host_t<DFieldSp> m_mean_velocity_bot;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class BumpontailEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @param[in] mean_velocity_bot A parameter that represents the mean velocity of the bump-on-tail Maxwellian. 
      */
     void compute_twomaxwellian(
-            device_t<DSpanVx> fMaxwellian,
+            DSpanVx fMaxwellian,
             double epsilon_bot,
             double temperature_bot,
             double mean_velocity_bot) const;
@@ -51,7 +51,10 @@ class BumpontailEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @param[in] temperature_bot A parameter that represents the temperature of the bump-on-tail Maxwellian for each species. 
      * @param[in] mean_velocity_bot A parameter that represents the mean velocity of the bump-on-tail Maxwellian for each species. 
      */
-    BumpontailEquilibrium(DViewSp epsilon_bot, DViewSp temperature_bot, DViewSp mean_velocity_bot);
+    BumpontailEquilibrium(
+            host_t<DViewSp> epsilon_bot,
+            host_t<DViewSp> temperature_bot,
+            host_t<DViewSp> mean_velocity_bot);
 
     ~BumpontailEquilibrium() override = default;
 
@@ -60,13 +63,13 @@ class BumpontailEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @param[out] allfequilibrium The initialized distribution function.
      * @return The initialized distribution function.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpVx> allfequilibrium) const override;
+    DSpanSpVx operator()(DSpanSpVx allfequilibrium) const override;
 
     /**
      * @brief A method for accessing the m_epsilon_bot member variable of the class.
      * @return a View containing the m_epsilon_bot variable.
      */
-    ViewSp<double> epsilon_bot() const
+    host_t<DViewSp> epsilon_bot() const
     {
         return m_epsilon_bot;
     }
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ class BumpontailEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @brief A method for accessing the m_temperature_bot member variable of the class.
      * @return a View containing the m_temperature_bot variable.
      */
-    ViewSp<double> temperature_bot() const
+    host_t<DViewSp> temperature_bot() const
     {
         return m_temperature_bot;
     }
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ class BumpontailEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @brief A method for accessing the m_mean_velocity_bot member variable of the class.
      * @return a View containing the m_velocity_bot variable.
      */
-    ViewSp<double> mean_velocity_bot() const
+    host_t<DViewSp> mean_velocity_bot() const
     {
         return m_mean_velocity_bot;
     }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iequilibrium.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iequilibrium.hpp
index f50f81d95..7e6b7113b 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iequilibrium.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iequilibrium.hpp
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ class IEquilibrium
      *                                 On output: the initialized distribution function.
      * @return The initialized distribution function.
      */
-    virtual device_t<DSpanSpVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpVx> allfequilibrium) const = 0;
+    virtual DSpanSpVx operator()(DSpanSpVx allfequilibrium) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iinitialization.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iinitialization.hpp
index 5ef805538..5573adafd 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iinitialization.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/iinitialization.hpp
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ class IInitialization
      *                                 On output: the initialized distribution function.
      * @return The initialized distribution function.
      */
-    virtual device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu) const = 0;
+    virtual DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.cpp
index 62b9e18aa..a68064710 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.cpp
@@ -5,23 +5,22 @@
 #include "maxwellianequilibrium.hpp"
 
 MaxwellianEquilibrium::MaxwellianEquilibrium(
-        DFieldSp density_eq,
-        DFieldSp temperature_eq,
-        DFieldSp mean_velocity_eq)
+        host_t<DFieldSp> density_eq,
+        host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_eq,
+        host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_eq)
     : m_density_eq(std::move(density_eq))
     , m_temperature_eq(std::move(temperature_eq))
     , m_mean_velocity_eq(std::move(mean_velocity_eq))
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpVx> MaxwellianEquilibrium::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpVx> const allfequilibrium) const
+DSpanSpVx MaxwellianEquilibrium::operator()(DSpanSpVx const allfequilibrium) const
 {
     IDomainVx const gridvx = allfequilibrium.domain<IDimVx>();
     IDomainSp const gridsp = allfequilibrium.domain<IDimSp>();
 
     // Initialization of the maxwellian
-    device_t<DFieldVx> maxwellian_alloc(gridvx);
+    DFieldVx maxwellian_alloc(gridvx);
     ddc::ChunkSpan maxwellian = maxwellian_alloc.span_view();
     ddc::for_each(gridsp, [&](IndexSp const isp) {
         compute_maxwellian(
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ device_t<DSpanSpVx> MaxwellianEquilibrium::operator()(
 }
 
 void MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(
-        device_t<DSpanVx> const fMaxwellian,
+        DSpanVx const fMaxwellian,
         double const density,
         double const temperature,
         double const mean_velocity)
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.hpp
index 9a0b3933a..fbf374b23 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/maxwellianequilibrium.hpp
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
 class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
 {
     /**Equilibrium density of all kinetic species*/
-    FieldSp<double> m_density_eq;
+    host_t<DFieldSp> m_density_eq;
 
     /**Equilibrium temperature of all kinetic species*/
-    FieldSp<double> m_temperature_eq;
+    host_t<DFieldSp> m_temperature_eq;
 
     /**Equilibrium mean velocity of all kinetic species*/
-    FieldSp<double> m_mean_velocity_eq;
+    host_t<DFieldSp> m_mean_velocity_eq;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @param[in] temperature_eq The temperature of the Maxwellian
      * @param[in] mean_velocity_eq The mean velocity of the Maxwellian
      */
-    MaxwellianEquilibrium(DFieldSp density_eq, DFieldSp temperature_eq, DFieldSp mean_velocity_eq);
+    MaxwellianEquilibrium(
+            host_t<DFieldSp> density_eq,
+            host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_eq,
+            host_t<DFieldSp> mean_velocity_eq);
 
     ~MaxwellianEquilibrium() override = default;
 
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @param[out] allfequilibrium A Span containing a Maxwellian distribution function.
      * @return A Span containing a Maxwellian distribution function.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpVx> allfequilibrium) const override;
+    DSpanSpVx operator()(DSpanSpVx allfequilibrium) const override;
 
     /**
      * @brief Compute a Maxwellian distribution function.
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @param[in] mean_velocity A parameter that represents the mean velocity of Maxwellian. 
      */
     static void compute_maxwellian(
-            device_t<DSpanVx> const fMaxwellian,
+            DSpanVx const fMaxwellian,
             double const density,
             double const temperature,
             double const mean_velocity);
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @brief A method for accessing the m_density_eq member variable of the class.
      * @return A view containing the m_density_eq value. 
      */
-    ViewSp<double> density_eq() const
+    host_t<DViewSp> density_eq() const
     {
         return m_density_eq;
     }
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @brief A method for accessing the m_temperature_eq member variable of the class.
      * @return A view containing the m_temperature_eq value. 
      */
-    ViewSp<double> temperature_eq() const
+    host_t<DViewSp> temperature_eq() const
     {
         return m_temperature_eq;
     }
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ class MaxwellianEquilibrium : public IEquilibrium
      * @brief A method for accessing the m_mean_velocity_eq member variable of the class.
      * @return A view containing the m_velocity_eq value. 
      */
-    ViewSp<double> mean_velocity_eq() const
+    host_t<DViewSp> mean_velocity_eq() const
     {
         return m_mean_velocity_eq;
     }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.cpp
index e556acc82..8ec0107f4 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.cpp
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ RestartInitialization::RestartInitialization(int iter_start, double& time_start)
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> RestartInitialization::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu_device) const
+DSpanSpXVx RestartInitialization::operator()(DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
-    ddc::PdiEvent("restart").with("time_saved", m_time_start).with("fdistribu", allfdistribu);
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
-    return allfdistribu_device;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
+    ddc::PdiEvent("restart").with("time_saved", m_time_start).with("fdistribu", allfdistribu_host);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
+    return allfdistribu;
+}
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.hpp
index 0d1a54e6d..0954a6d81 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/restartinitialization.hpp
@@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ class RestartInitialization : public IInitialization
      *                          read from an external file.
      * @return The initialized distribution function.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu) const override;
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu) const override;
+};
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.cpp
index 003d04fbd..047c2fecc 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.cpp
@@ -6,24 +6,23 @@
 #include "singlemodeperturbinitialization.hpp"
 
 SingleModePerturbInitialization::SingleModePerturbInitialization(
-        device_t<DViewSpVx> fequilibrium,
-        ViewSp<int> const init_perturb_mode,
-        DViewSp const init_perturb_amplitude)
+        DViewSpVx fequilibrium,
+        host_t<ViewSp<int>> const init_perturb_mode,
+        host_t<DViewSp> const init_perturb_amplitude)
     : m_fequilibrium(fequilibrium)
     , m_init_perturb_mode(init_perturb_mode)
     , m_init_perturb_amplitude(init_perturb_amplitude)
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> SingleModePerturbInitialization::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu) const
+DSpanSpXVx SingleModePerturbInitialization::operator()(DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
     IDomainSp const gridsp = allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp>();
     IDomainX const gridx = allfdistribu.domain<IDimX>();
     IDomainXVx const gridxvx = allfdistribu.domain<IDimX, IDimVx>();
 
     // Initialization of the perturbation
-    device_t<DFieldX> perturbation_alloc(gridx);
+    DFieldX perturbation_alloc(gridx);
     ddc::ChunkSpan perturbation = perturbation_alloc.span_view();
     ddc::for_each(gridsp, [&](IndexSp const isp) {
         perturbation_initialization(
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> SingleModePerturbInitialization::operator()(
 }
 
 void SingleModePerturbInitialization::perturbation_initialization(
-        device_t<DSpanX> const perturbation,
+        DSpanX const perturbation,
         int const mode,
         double const perturb_amplitude) const
 {
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.hpp
index 3837ac34b..bcb1d2177 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/initialization/singlemodeperturbinitialization.hpp
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
  */
 class SingleModePerturbInitialization : public IInitialization
 {
-    device_t<DViewSpVx> m_fequilibrium;
+    DViewSpVx m_fequilibrium;
 
-    ViewSp<int> m_init_perturb_mode;
+    host_t<ViewSp<int>> m_init_perturb_mode;
 
-    DViewSp m_init_perturb_amplitude;
+    host_t<DViewSp> m_init_perturb_amplitude;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -31,10 +31,7 @@ class SingleModePerturbInitialization : public IInitialization
      * @param[in] mode The mode of the perturbation. 
      * @param[in] perturb_amplitude The amplitude of the perturbation. 
      */
-    void perturbation_initialization(
-            device_t<DSpanX> perturbation,
-            int mode,
-            double perturb_amplitude) const;
+    void perturbation_initialization(DSpanX perturbation, int mode, double perturb_amplitude) const;
 
     /**
      * @brief Creates an instance of the SingleModePerturbInitialization class.
@@ -43,9 +40,9 @@ class SingleModePerturbInitialization : public IInitialization
      * @param[in] init_perturb_amplitude The perturbation amplitude. 
      */
     SingleModePerturbInitialization(
-            device_t<DViewSpVx> fequilibrium,
-            ViewSp<int> init_perturb_mode,
-            DViewSp init_perturb_amplitude);
+            DViewSpVx fequilibrium,
+            host_t<ViewSp<int>> init_perturb_mode,
+            host_t<DViewSp> init_perturb_amplitude);
 
     ~SingleModePerturbInitialization() override = default;
 
@@ -54,5 +51,5 @@ class SingleModePerturbInitialization : public IInitialization
      * @param[in, out] allfdistribu The initialized distribution function.
      * @return The initialized distribution function.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu) const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.cpp
index 3a376a9b1..c2c3a948f 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.cpp
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ ChargeDensityCalculator::ChargeDensityCalculator(const ChunkViewType& coeffs)
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanX> ChargeDensityCalculator::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanX> const rho,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu) const
+DSpanX ChargeDensityCalculator::operator()(DSpanX const rho, DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("ChargeDensityCalculator");
     IndexSp const last_kin_species = allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp>().back();
@@ -26,8 +24,8 @@ device_t<DSpanX> ChargeDensityCalculator::operator()(
             = allfdistribu.allocation_kokkos_view();
     Kokkos::View<double*, Kokkos::LayoutRight> const rho_view = rho.allocation_kokkos_view();
 
-    ViewSp<int> const charges = ddc::host_discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges();
-    ViewSp<int> const kinetic_charges = charges[allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp>()];
+    host_t<ViewSp<int>> const charges = ddc::host_discrete_space<IDimSp>().charges();
+    host_t<ViewSp<int>> const kinetic_charges = charges[allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp>()];
 
     auto charges_alloc
             = create_mirror_view_and_copy(Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(), kinetic_charges);
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.hpp
index d644a0464..90842c69e 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/chargedensitycalculator.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 class ChargeDensityCalculator : public IChargeDensityCalculator
 {
 private:
-    using ChunkViewType = device_t<DViewVx>;
+    using ChunkViewType = DViewVx;
     ChunkViewType m_coefficients;
 
 public:
@@ -37,6 +37,5 @@ class ChargeDensityCalculator : public IChargeDensityCalculator
      *
      * @return rho The charge density.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanX> operator()(device_t<DSpanX> rho, device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu)
-            const final;
+    DSpanX operator()(DSpanX rho, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const final;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.cpp
index 2e009bf0a..b6d77c414 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ ElectricField::ElectricField(
 // Compute efield = -dPhi/dx where Phi is the electrostatic potential
 //  input : Phi values
 //===========================================================================
-void ElectricField::operator()(DSpanX const electric_field, DBSViewX const electrostatic_potential)
-        const
+void ElectricField::operator()(
+        host_t<DSpanX> const electric_field,
+        host_t<DBSViewX> const electrostatic_potential) const
 {
     IDomainX const& x_dom = electric_field.domain();
     ddc::for_each(x_dom, [&](IndexX const ix) {
@@ -26,11 +27,12 @@ void ElectricField::operator()(DSpanX const electric_field, DBSViewX const elect
     });
 }
 
-void ElectricField::operator()(DSpanX const electric_field, DViewX const electrostatic_potential)
-        const
+void ElectricField::operator()(
+        host_t<DSpanX> const electric_field,
+        host_t<DViewX> const electrostatic_potential) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("ElectricField");
-    ddc::Chunk<double, BSDomainX> elecpot_spline_coef(m_spline_x_builder.bsplines_domain());
+    host_t<ddc::Chunk<double, BSDomainX>> elecpot_spline_coef(m_spline_x_builder.bsplines_domain());
     m_spline_x_builder(elecpot_spline_coef.span_view(), electrostatic_potential);
     (*this)(electric_field, elecpot_spline_coef);
     Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.hpp
index a6de45029..739a768e9 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/electricfield.hpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ElectricField
      * @param[out] electric_field The electric_field, the result of the operation.
      * @param[out] electrostatic_potential The electrostatic potential, the input of the operator.
      */
-    void operator()(DSpanX electric_field, DViewX electrostatic_potential) const;
+    void operator()(host_t<DSpanX> electric_field, host_t<DViewX> electrostatic_potential) const;
 
     /**
      * The operator which solves the equation using the method described by the class.
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ class ElectricField
      * @param[out] electric_field The electric_field, the result of the operation.
      * @param[out] electrostatic_potential The electrostatic potential, the input of the operator.
      */
-    void operator()(DSpanX electric_field, DBSViewX electrostatic_potential) const;
+    void operator()(host_t<DSpanX> electric_field, host_t<DBSViewX> electrostatic_potential) const;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
index b39485064..7c815f1fd 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -175,37 +175,37 @@ void FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver::solve_matrix_system(
 // with Lagrangian multipliers
 //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanX> electrostatic_potential_device,
-        device_t<DSpanX> electric_field_device,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu_device) const
+        DSpanX electrostatic_potential,
+        DSpanX electric_field,
+        DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("PoissonSolver");
-    auto electrostatic_potential = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electrostatic_potential_device);
-    auto electric_field = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electric_field_device);
-    assert(electrostatic_potential_device.domain() == ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu_device));
+    auto electrostatic_potential_host = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electrostatic_potential);
+    auto electric_field_host = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electric_field);
+    assert(electrostatic_potential.domain() == ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu));
     IDomainX const dom_x = electrostatic_potential.domain();
 
     // Compute the RHS of the Poisson equation
-    ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainX> rho(dom_x);
-    device_t<ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainX>> rho_device(dom_x);
-    m_compute_rho(rho_device, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(rho, rho_device);
+    host_t<DFieldX> rho_host(dom_x);
+    DFieldX rho(dom_x);
+    m_compute_rho(rho, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(rho_host, rho);
 
     //
     ddc::Chunk<double, BSDomainX> rho_spline_coef(m_spline_x_builder.spline_domain());
-    m_spline_x_builder(rho_spline_coef.span_view(), rho.span_cview());
+    m_spline_x_builder(rho_spline_coef.span_view(), rho_host.span_cview());
     ddc::Chunk<double, NUBSDomainX> phi_spline_coef(
             ddc::discrete_space<NUBSplinesX>().full_domain());
     solve_matrix_system(phi_spline_coef, rho_spline_coef);
 
     //
     ddc::for_each(dom_x, [&](IndexX const ix) {
-        electrostatic_potential(ix)
+        electrostatic_potential_host(ix)
                 = m_spline_x_nu_evaluator(ddc::coordinate(ix), phi_spline_coef.span_cview());
-        electric_field(ix)
+        electric_field_host(ix)
                 = -m_spline_x_nu_evaluator.deriv(ddc::coordinate(ix), phi_spline_coef.span_cview());
     });
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_device, electrostatic_potential);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field_device, electric_field);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_host);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field, electric_field_host);
     Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
 }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp
index 3068cfa64..9b52f3546 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp
@@ -100,14 +100,12 @@ class FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver : public IPoissonSolver
     /**
      * The operator which solves the equation using the method described by the class.
      *
-     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential_device The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
-     * @param[out] electric_field_device The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
-     * @param[in] allfdistribu_device The distribution function.
+     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
+     * @param[out] electric_field The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
+     * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
-    void operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanX> electrostatic_potential_device,
-            device_t<DSpanX> electric_field_device,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu_device) const override;
+    void operator()(DSpanX electrostatic_potential, DSpanX electric_field, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu)
+            const override;
 
 private:
     void build_matrix();
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
index 764a8a56c..81aa3d922 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -160,36 +160,36 @@ void FemPeriodicPoissonSolver::solve_matrix_system(
 // with Lagrangian multipliers
 //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void FemPeriodicPoissonSolver::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanX> electrostatic_potential_device,
-        device_t<DSpanX> electric_field_device,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu_device) const
+        DSpanX electrostatic_potential,
+        DSpanX electric_field,
+        DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("PoissonSolver");
-    auto electrostatic_potential = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electrostatic_potential_device);
-    auto electric_field = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electric_field_device);
-    assert(electrostatic_potential_device.domain() == ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu_device));
+    auto electrostatic_potential_host = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electrostatic_potential);
+    auto electric_field_host = ddc::create_mirror_and_copy(electric_field);
+    assert(electrostatic_potential.domain() == ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu));
     IDomainX const dom_x = electrostatic_potential.domain();
 
     // Compute the RHS of the Poisson equation
+    host_t<DFieldX> rho_host(dom_x);
     DFieldX rho(dom_x);
-    device_t<DFieldX> rho_device(dom_x);
-    m_compute_rho(rho_device, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(rho, rho_device);
+    m_compute_rho(rho, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(rho_host, rho);
 
     //
     ddc::Chunk<double, BSDomainX> rho_spline_coef(m_spline_x_builder.spline_domain());
-    m_spline_x_builder(rho_spline_coef.span_view(), rho.span_cview());
+    m_spline_x_builder(rho_spline_coef.span_view(), rho_host.span_cview());
     ddc::Chunk<double, BSDomainX> phi_spline_coef(m_spline_x_builder.spline_domain());
     solve_matrix_system(phi_spline_coef, rho_spline_coef);
 
     //
     ddc::for_each(dom_x, [&](IndexX const ix) {
-        electrostatic_potential(ix)
+        electrostatic_potential_host(ix)
                 = m_spline_x_evaluator(ddc::coordinate(ix), phi_spline_coef.span_cview());
-        electric_field(ix)
+        electric_field_host(ix)
                 = -m_spline_x_evaluator.deriv(ddc::coordinate(ix), phi_spline_coef.span_cview());
     });
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_device, electrostatic_potential);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field_device, electric_field);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_host);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field, electric_field_host);
     Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
 }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp
index ecf7e0243..ab6a9c402 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/femperiodicpoissonsolver.hpp
@@ -81,14 +81,12 @@ class FemPeriodicPoissonSolver : public IPoissonSolver
     /**
      * The operator which solves the equation using the method described by the class.
      *
-     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential_device The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
-     * @param[out] electric_field_device The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
-     * @param[in] allfdistribu_device The distribution function.
+     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
+     * @param[out] electric_field The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
+     * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
-    void operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanX> electrostatic_potential_device,
-            device_t<DSpanX> electric_field_device,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu_device) const override;
+    void operator()(DSpanX electrostatic_potential, DSpanX electric_field, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu)
+            const override;
 
 private:
     void build_matrix();
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.cpp
index 5afd3266c..d659bb711 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ FftPoissonSolver::FftPoissonSolver(IChargeDensityCalculator const& compute_rho)
 // 1- Inner solvers shall be passed in the constructor
 // 2- Should it take an array of distribution functions ?
 void FftPoissonSolver::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanX> const electrostatic_potential,
-        device_t<DSpanX> const electric_field,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu) const
+        DSpanX const electrostatic_potential,
+        DSpanX const electric_field,
+        DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("PoissonSolver");
     assert(electrostatic_potential.domain() == ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu));
     IDomainX const x_dom = electrostatic_potential.domain();
     // Compute the RHS of the Poisson equation.
-    device_t<DFieldX> rho(x_dom);
+    DFieldX rho(x_dom);
 
     m_compute_rho(rho, allfdistribu);
 
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.hpp
index c92a34953..ca805687d 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/fftpoissonsolver.hpp
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ class FftPoissonSolver : public IPoissonSolver
      * @param[out] electric_field The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
      * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
-    void operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanX> electrostatic_potential,
-            device_t<DSpanX> electric_field,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu) const override;
+    void operator()(DSpanX electrostatic_potential, DSpanX electric_field, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu)
+            const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ichargedensitycalculator.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ichargedensitycalculator.hpp
index 4a4e26061..fcf99b76f 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ichargedensitycalculator.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ichargedensitycalculator.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,5 @@ class IChargeDensityCalculator
      *
      * @return rho The charge density.
      */
-    virtual device_t<DSpanX> operator()(device_t<DSpanX> rho, device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu)
-            const = 0;
+    virtual DSpanX operator()(DSpanX rho, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ipoissonsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ipoissonsolver.hpp
index ad0e65c88..63ce64a66 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ipoissonsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/ipoissonsolver.hpp
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ class IPoissonSolver
     /**
      * The operator which solves the equation using the method described by the class.
      *
-     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential_device The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
-     * @param[out] electric_field_device The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
-     * @param[in] allfdistribu_device The distribution function.
+     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
+     * @param[out] electric_field The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
+     * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
     virtual void operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanX> electrostatic_potential_device,
-            device_t<DSpanX> electric_field_device,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu_device) const = 0;
+            DSpanX electrostatic_potential,
+            DSpanX electric_field,
+            DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.cpp
index 0040a8a83..b38e741be 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 #include "nullpoissonsolver.hpp"
 
 void NullPoissonSolver::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanX> const electrostatic_potential_device,
-        device_t<DSpanX> const electric_field_device,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu_device) const
+        DSpanX const electrostatic_potential,
+        DSpanX const electric_field,
+        DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
 }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.hpp
index ecf2b60e5..137db185f 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/poisson/nullpoissonsolver.hpp
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ class NullPoissonSolver : public IPoissonSolver
     /**
      * The operator which does not solves the equation.
      *
-     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential_device The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
-     * @param[out] electric_field_device The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
-     * @param[in] allfdistribu_device The distribution function.
+     * @param[out] electrostatic_potential The electrostatic potential, the result of the poisson solver.
+     * @param[out] electric_field The electric field, the derivative of the electrostatic potential.
+     * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
     void operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanX> const electrostatic_potential_device,
-            device_t<DSpanX> const electric_field_device,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu_device) const override;
+            DSpanX const electrostatic_potential,
+            DSpanX const electric_field,
+            DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu) const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.cpp
index 881823e38..31c873cd7 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.cpp
@@ -25,24 +25,22 @@ CollisionsInter::CollisionsInter(IDomainSpXVx const& mesh, double nustar0)
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("collinter_nustar0", m_nustar0);
 }
 
-void CollisionsInter::get_derivative(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const df,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu) const
+void CollisionsInter::get_derivative(DSpanSpXVx const df, DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
     IDomainSpX grid_sp_x = allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp, IDimX>();
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> density_f(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> fluid_velocity_f(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_f(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX density_f(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX fluid_velocity_f(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX temperature_f(grid_sp_x);
     auto density = density_f.span_view();
     auto fluid_velocity = fluid_velocity_f.span_view();
     auto temperature = temperature_f.span_view();
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs(
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host(
             trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(ddc::get_domain<IDimVx>(allfdistribu)));
     auto quadrature_coeffs_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    auto quadrature_coeffs_device = quadrature_coeffs_alloc.span_view();
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    auto quadrature_coeffs = quadrature_coeffs_alloc.span_view();
 
     //Moments computation
     ddc::fill(density, 0.);
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ void CollisionsInter::get_derivative(
                 double momentum_flux(0);
                 for (IndexVx ivx : allfdistribu.domain<IDimVx>()) {
                     CoordVx const coordv = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
-                    double const val(quadrature_coeffs_device(ivx) * allfdistribu(isp, ix, ivx));
+                    double const val(quadrature_coeffs(ivx) * allfdistribu(isp, ix, ivx));
                     density(isp, ix) += val;
                     particle_flux += val * coordv;
                     momentum_flux += val * coordv * coordv;
@@ -68,11 +66,11 @@ void CollisionsInter::get_derivative(
 
 
     //Collision frequencies, momentum and energy exchange terms
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> nustar_profile(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX nustar_profile(grid_sp_x);
     ddc::deepcopy(nustar_profile, m_nustar_profile);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> collfreq_ab(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> momentum_exchange_ab_f(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> energy_exchange_ab_f(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX collfreq_ab(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX momentum_exchange_ab_f(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX energy_exchange_ab_f(grid_sp_x);
     auto momentum_exchange_ab = momentum_exchange_ab_f.span_view();
     auto energy_exchange_ab = energy_exchange_ab_f.span_view();
     compute_collfreq_ab(collfreq_ab.span_view(), nustar_profile, density, temperature);
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ void CollisionsInter::get_derivative(
             fluid_velocity,
             temperature);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> fmaxwellian_f(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx fmaxwellian_f(allfdistribu.domain());
     auto fmaxwellian = fmaxwellian_f.span_view();
     ddc::for_each(
             ddc::policies::parallel_device,
@@ -121,18 +119,15 @@ void CollisionsInter::get_derivative(
 }
 
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsInter::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu_device,
-        double dt) const
+DSpanSpXVx CollisionsInter::operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("CollisionsInter");
-    RK2<device_t<DFieldSpXVx>> timestepper(allfdistribu_device.domain());
+    RK2<DFieldSpXVx> timestepper(allfdistribu.domain());
 
-    timestepper
-            .update(allfdistribu_device, dt, [&](device_t<DSpanSpXVx> dy, device_t<DViewSpXVx> y) {
-                get_derivative(dy, y);
-            });
+    timestepper.update(allfdistribu, dt, [&](DSpanSpXVx dy, DViewSpXVx y) {
+        get_derivative(dy, y);
+    });
 
     Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
-    return allfdistribu_device;
+    return allfdistribu;
 }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.hpp
index c6dc6a04a..7a19d1d03 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_inter.hpp
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class CollisionsInter : public IRightHandSide
 {
 private:
     double m_nustar0;
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> m_nustar_profile_alloc;
-    device_t<DSpanSpX> m_nustar_profile;
+    DFieldSpX m_nustar_profile_alloc;
+    DSpanSpX m_nustar_profile;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class CollisionsInter : public IRightHandSide
      *
      * @return A span referencing the distribution function passed as argument.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
 
     /**
      * @brief Get the collision coefficient.
@@ -70,5 +70,5 @@ class CollisionsInter : public IRightHandSide
      * @param[inout] df The time derivative.
      * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
-    void get_derivative(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> df, device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu) const;
+    void get_derivative(DSpanSpXVx df, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.cpp
index 09fb1df94..040cc3b05 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.cpp
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ CollisionsIntra::get_mesh_ghosted() const
 }
 
 void CollisionsIntra::compute_matrix_coeff(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> AA,
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> BB,
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CC,
+        DSpanSpXVx AA,
+        DSpanSpXVx BB,
+        DSpanSpXVx CC,
         device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, IDomainSpXVx_ghosted>> Dcoll,
         device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, IDomainSpXVx_ghosted_staggered>> Dcoll_staggered,
         device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, IDomainSpXVx_ghosted>> Nucoll,
@@ -162,9 +162,9 @@ void CollisionsIntra::compute_matrix_coeff(
 
 void CollisionsIntra::fill_matrix_with_coeff(
         Matrix_Banded& matrix,
-        DViewVx AA,
-        DViewVx BB,
-        DViewVx CC) const
+        host_t<DViewVx> AA,
+        host_t<DViewVx> BB,
+        host_t<DViewVx> CC) const
 {
     matrix.set_element(0, 0, BB(IndexVx(0)));
     matrix.set_element(0, 1, CC(IndexVx(0)));
@@ -183,11 +183,11 @@ void CollisionsIntra::fill_matrix_with_coeff(
 }
 
 void CollisionsIntra::compute_rhs_vector(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> RR,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> AA,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> BB,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> CC,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+        DSpanSpXVx RR,
+        DViewSpXVx AA,
+        DViewSpXVx BB,
+        DViewSpXVx CC,
+        DViewSpXVx allfdistribu,
         double fthresh) const
 {
     ddc::for_each(
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ void CollisionsIntra::compute_rhs_vector(
 
 
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsIntra::operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const
+DSpanSpXVx CollisionsIntra::operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("CollisionsIntra");
     auto allfdistribu_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu);
@@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsIntra::operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistri
 
     IDomainSpX grid_sp_x(allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp, IDimX>());
     // density and temperature
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> density_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> fluid_velocity_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX density_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX fluid_velocity_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX temperature_alloc(grid_sp_x);
     auto density = density_alloc.span_view();
     auto fluid_velocity = fluid_velocity_alloc.span_view();
     auto temperature = temperature_alloc.span_view();
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs_host(
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host(
             trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(ddc::get_domain<IDimVx>(allfdistribu)));
     auto quadrature_coeffs_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsIntra::operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistri
             });
 
     // collision frequency
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> collfreq_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX collfreq_alloc(grid_sp_x);
     auto collfreq = collfreq_alloc.span_view();
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> nustar_profile(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX nustar_profile(grid_sp_x);
     ddc::deepcopy(nustar_profile, m_nustar_profile);
     compute_collfreq(collfreq, nustar_profile, density, temperature);
 
@@ -286,8 +286,8 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsIntra::operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistri
             ghosted_vx_staggered_point_sampling>(Dcoll_staggered, collfreq, density, temperature);
 
     // kernel maxwellian fluid moments
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> Vcoll_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> Tcoll_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX Vcoll_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX Tcoll_alloc(grid_sp_x);
     auto Vcoll = Vcoll_alloc.span_view();
     auto Tcoll = Tcoll_alloc.span_view();
     compute_Vcoll_Tcoll<ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(Vcoll, Tcoll, allfdistribu, Dcoll, dvDcoll);
@@ -298,9 +298,9 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsIntra::operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistri
     compute_Nucoll<ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(Nucoll, Dcoll, Vcoll, Tcoll);
 
     // matrix coefficients
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> AA_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> BB_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> CC_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx AA_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx BB_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx CC_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
     auto AA = AA_alloc.span_view();
     auto BB = BB_alloc.span_view();
     auto CC = CC_alloc.span_view();
@@ -308,14 +308,14 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CollisionsIntra::operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistri
 
 
     // rhs vector coefficient
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> RR_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx RR_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
     auto RR = RR_alloc.span_view();
     compute_rhs_vector(RR, AA, BB, CC, allfdistribu, m_fthresh);
 
-    DFieldSpXVx AA_host(allfdistribu.domain());
-    DFieldSpXVx BB_host(allfdistribu.domain());
-    DFieldSpXVx CC_host(allfdistribu.domain());
-    DFieldSpXVx RR_host(allfdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> AA_host(allfdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> BB_host(allfdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> CC_host(allfdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> RR_host(allfdistribu.domain());
     ddc::deepcopy(AA_host, AA);
     ddc::deepcopy(BB_host, BB);
     ddc::deepcopy(CC_host, CC);
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.hpp
index c7b9fa622..e48a41a56 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_intra.hpp
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ class CollisionsIntra : public IRightHandSide
 private:
     double m_nustar0;
     double m_fthresh;
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> m_nustar_profile_alloc;
-    device_t<DSpanSpX> m_nustar_profile;
+    DFieldSpX m_nustar_profile_alloc;
+    DSpanSpX m_nustar_profile;
 
     ddc::DiscreteDomain<ghosted_vx_point_sampling> m_gridvx_ghosted;
     ddc::DiscreteDomain<ghosted_vx_staggered_point_sampling> m_gridvx_ghosted_staggered;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class CollisionsIntra : public IRightHandSide
      *
      * @return A span referencing the distribution function passed as argument.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
 
     /**
      * @brief Get the collision coefficient.
@@ -216,11 +216,11 @@ class CollisionsIntra : public IRightHandSide
      * @param[in] fthresh A constant value used for imposing Dirichlet boundary condition to solve the linear system.  
      */
     void compute_rhs_vector(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> RR,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> AA,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> BB,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> CC,
-            device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+            DSpanSpXVx RR,
+            DViewSpXVx AA,
+            DViewSpXVx BB,
+            DViewSpXVx CC,
+            DViewSpXVx allfdistribu,
             double fthresh) const;
     /**
      * @brief Compute the coefficients of the tridiagonal matrix of the collision operator linear system.
@@ -233,9 +233,9 @@ class CollisionsIntra : public IRightHandSide
      * @param[in] deltat The time step.
      */
     void compute_matrix_coeff(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> AA,
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> BB,
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> CC,
+            DSpanSpXVx AA,
+            DSpanSpXVx BB,
+            DSpanSpXVx CC,
             device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, IDomainSpXVx_ghosted>> Dcoll,
             device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, IDomainSpXVx_ghosted_staggered>> Dcoll_staggered,
             device_t<ddc::ChunkSpan<double, IDomainSpXVx_ghosted>> Nucoll,
@@ -248,5 +248,9 @@ class CollisionsIntra : public IRightHandSide
      * @param[in] BB A vector containing the diagonal coefficients of the matrix.
      * @param[in] CC A vector containing the upper diagonal coefficients of the matrix.
      */
-    void fill_matrix_with_coeff(Matrix_Banded& matrix, DViewVx AA, DViewVx BB, DViewVx CC) const;
+    void fill_matrix_with_coeff(
+            Matrix_Banded& matrix,
+            host_t<DViewVx> AA,
+            host_t<DViewVx> BB,
+            host_t<DViewVx> CC) const;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.cpp
index 3ac86a760..76302a961 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ IndexSp find_ion(IDomainSp const dom_sp)
  * but could be space dependent (for instance to have no collisions in some specific
  * parts of the simulation box).
  */
-void compute_nustar_profile(device_t<DSpanSpX> nustar_profile, double nustar0)
+void compute_nustar_profile(DSpanSpX nustar_profile, double nustar0)
 {
     double const Lx = ddcHelper::total_interval_length(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(nustar_profile));
 
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ void compute_nustar_profile(device_t<DSpanSpX> nustar_profile, double nustar0)
  * Computes the space and species dependent collision frequency collfreq.
  */
 void compute_collfreq(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> collfreq,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> nustar_profile,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature)
+        DSpanSpX collfreq,
+        DViewSpX nustar_profile,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX temperature)
 {
     ddc::for_each(
             ddc::policies::parallel_device,
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ void compute_collfreq(
  * Computes the two species collision frequency collfreq_ei
  */
 void compute_collfreq_ab(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> collfreq_ab,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> nustar_profile,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature)
+        DSpanSpX collfreq_ab,
+        DViewSpX nustar_profile,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX temperature)
 {
     IndexSp const iion = find_ion(density.domain<IDimSp>());
     double const charge_ratio(charge(iion) / charge(ielec()));
@@ -116,12 +116,12 @@ void compute_collfreq_ab(
  * Computes the momentum and energy exchange terms between ions and electrons
  */
 void compute_momentum_energy_exchange(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> momentum_exchange_ab,
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> energy_exchange_ab,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> collfreq_ab,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> mean_velocity,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature)
+        DSpanSpX momentum_exchange_ab,
+        DSpanSpX energy_exchange_ab,
+        DViewSpX collfreq_ab,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX mean_velocity,
+        DViewSpX temperature)
 {
     IndexSp const iion = find_ion(density.domain<IDimSp>());
     double const mass_ratio(mass(ielec()) / mass(iion));
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.hpp
index ac00a0c4c..d382466db 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/collisions_utils.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 * @param[inout] nustar_profile The collisionality profile.
 * @param[in] nustar0 normalized collisionality coefficient.
 */
-void compute_nustar_profile(device_t<DSpanSpX> nustar_profile, double nustar0);
+void compute_nustar_profile(DSpanSpX nustar_profile, double nustar0);
 
 /**
 * @brief Compute the collision frequency for each species.
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ void compute_nustar_profile(device_t<DSpanSpX> nustar_profile, double nustar0);
 * @param[in] temperature The temperature of each species.
 */
 void compute_collfreq(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> collfreq,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> nustar_profile,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature);
+        DSpanSpX collfreq,
+        DViewSpX nustar_profile,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX temperature);
 
 /**
 * @brief Compute the intra species collision operator diffusion coefficient.
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ void compute_Dcoll(
                 ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, IDimension>,
                 std::experimental::layout_right,
                 Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace::memory_space> Dcoll,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> collfreq,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature)
+        DViewSpX collfreq,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX temperature)
 {
     ddc::for_each(
             ddc::policies::parallel_device,
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ void compute_dvDcoll(
                 ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, IDimension>,
                 std::experimental::layout_right,
                 Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace::memory_space> dvDcoll,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> collfreq,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature)
+        DViewSpX collfreq,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX temperature)
 {
     ddc::for_each(
             ddc::policies::parallel_device,
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ void compute_dvDcoll(
 */
 template <class IDimension>
 void compute_Vcoll_Tcoll(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> Vcoll,
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> Tcoll,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+        DSpanSpX Vcoll,
+        DSpanSpX Tcoll,
+        DViewSpXVx allfdistribu,
         ddc::ChunkSpan<
                 double,
                 ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, IDimension>,
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ void compute_Vcoll_Tcoll(
                 std::experimental::layout_right,
                 Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace::memory_space> dvDcoll)
 {
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs_host(
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host(
             trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(ddc::get_domain<IDimVx>(allfdistribu)));
     auto quadrature_coeffs_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ void compute_Vcoll_Tcoll(
     auto quadrature_coeffs = quadrature_coeffs_alloc.span_view();
 
     // computation of the integrands
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> I0mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> I1mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> I2mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> I3mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> I4mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx I0mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx I1mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx I2mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx I3mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
+    DFieldSpXVx I4mean_integrand_alloc(allfdistribu.domain());
     auto I0mean_integrand = I0mean_integrand_alloc.span_view();
     auto I1mean_integrand = I1mean_integrand_alloc.span_view();
     auto I2mean_integrand = I2mean_integrand_alloc.span_view();
@@ -204,11 +204,11 @@ void compute_Vcoll_Tcoll(
 
     // computation of the integrals over the Vx direction
     IDomainSpX grid_sp_x(allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp, IDimX>());
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> I0mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> I1mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> I2mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> I3mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> I4mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX I0mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX I1mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX I2mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX I3mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX I4mean_alloc(grid_sp_x);
     auto I0mean = I0mean_alloc.span_view();
     auto I1mean = I1mean_alloc.span_view();
     auto I2mean = I2mean_alloc.span_view();
@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ void compute_Nucoll(
                 ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, IDimension>,
                 std::experimental::layout_right,
                 Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace::memory_space> Dcoll,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> Vcoll,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> Tcoll)
+        DViewSpX Vcoll,
+        DViewSpX Tcoll)
 {
     ddc::for_each(
             ddc::policies::parallel_device,
@@ -282,10 +282,10 @@ void compute_Nucoll(
 * @param[in] temperature The temperature of each species.
 */
 void compute_collfreq_ab(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> collfreq_ab,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> nustar_profile,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature);
+        DSpanSpX collfreq_ab,
+        DViewSpX nustar_profile,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX temperature);
 
 /**
 * @brief Compute the momentum and energy exchange terms between species a and b.
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ void compute_collfreq_ab(
 * @param[in] temperature The temperature of each species.
 */
 void compute_momentum_energy_exchange(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> momentum_exchange_ab,
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> energy_exchange_ab,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> collfreq_ab,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> density,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> mean_velocity,
-        device_t<DViewSpX> temperature);
+        DSpanSpX momentum_exchange_ab,
+        DSpanSpX energy_exchange_ab,
+        DViewSpX collfreq_ab,
+        DViewSpX density,
+        DViewSpX mean_velocity,
+        DViewSpX temperature);
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/irighthandside.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/irighthandside.hpp
index 95296741e..1bc3833c1 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/irighthandside.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/irighthandside.hpp
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ class IRightHandSide
      * @param[in] dt The timestep.
      * @return The distribution function after solving the source evolution equation.
      */
-    virtual device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const = 0;
+    virtual DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.cpp
index b1db67b80..9bd009a2f 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.cpp
@@ -42,20 +42,18 @@ KineticSource::KineticSource(
     ddc::expose_to_pdi("kinetic_source_spatial_extent", m_spatial_extent);
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> KineticSource::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
-        double const dt) const
+DSpanSpXVx KineticSource::operator()(DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu, double const dt) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("KineticSource");
-    auto velocity_shape_device_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto velocity_shape_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
             m_velocity_shape.span_view());
-    auto velocity_shape_device = velocity_shape_device_alloc.span_view();
+    auto velocity_shape = velocity_shape_alloc.span_view();
 
-    auto spatial_extent_device_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    auto spatial_extent_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
             m_spatial_extent.span_view());
-    auto spatial_extent_device = spatial_extent_device_alloc.span_view();
+    auto spatial_extent = spatial_extent_alloc.span_view();
 
     auto const& amplitude = m_amplitude;
 
@@ -64,8 +62,8 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> KineticSource::operator()(
             allfdistribu.domain(),
             KOKKOS_LAMBDA(IndexSpXVx const ispxvx) {
                 double const df(
-                        amplitude * spatial_extent_device(ddc::select<IDimX>(ispxvx))
-                        * velocity_shape_device(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx)) * dt);
+                        amplitude * spatial_extent(ddc::select<IDimX>(ispxvx))
+                        * velocity_shape(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx)) * dt);
                 allfdistribu(ispxvx) += df;
             });
 
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.hpp
index 0d1d7c410..79355f67d 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/kinetic_source.hpp
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ class KineticSource : public IRightHandSide
     double m_density;
     double m_energy;
     double m_temperature;
-    DFieldX m_spatial_extent;
-    DFieldVx m_velocity_shape;
+    host_t<DFieldX> m_spatial_extent;
+    host_t<DFieldVx> m_velocity_shape;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -73,5 +73,5 @@ class KineticSource : public IRightHandSide
      *
      * @return A span referencing the distribution function passed as argument.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
+};
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.cpp
index 00a34e94c..175c2871f 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ KrookSourceAdaptive::KrookSourceAdaptive(
     , m_ftarget(gridvx)
 {
     // mask that defines the region where the operator is active
-    DFieldX mask_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask_host(gridx);
     switch (m_type) {
     case RhsType::Source:
         // the mask equals one in the interval [x_left, x_right]
@@ -72,9 +72,7 @@ KrookSourceAdaptive::KrookSourceAdaptive(
     }
 }
 
-void KrookSourceAdaptive::get_amplitudes(
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> amplitudes,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu) const
+void KrookSourceAdaptive::get_amplitudes(DSpanSpX amplitudes, DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu) const
 {
     IDomainSp const dom_sp(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp>(allfdistribu));
     assert(dom_sp.size() == 2);
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ void KrookSourceAdaptive::get_amplitudes(
     }
     IndexSp iion(iion_opt.value());
     IDomainVx const gridvx = allfdistribu.domain<IDimVx>();
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs_host(trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx));
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host(trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx));
     auto quadrature_coeffs_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
             quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
@@ -113,13 +111,13 @@ void KrookSourceAdaptive::get_amplitudes(
 }
 
 void KrookSourceAdaptive::get_derivative(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> df,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
-        device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu_start) const
+        DSpanSpXVx df,
+        DViewSpXVx allfdistribu,
+        DViewSpXVx allfdistribu_start) const
 {
     IDomainSpX grid_sp_x(allfdistribu.domain<IDimSp, IDimX>());
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> amplitudes_alloc(grid_sp_x);
+    DFieldSpX amplitudes_alloc(grid_sp_x);
     auto amplitudes = amplitudes_alloc.span_view();
     get_amplitudes(amplitudes, allfdistribu);
 
@@ -138,14 +136,12 @@ void KrookSourceAdaptive::get_derivative(
             });
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> KrookSourceAdaptive::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
-        double const dt) const
+DSpanSpXVx KrookSourceAdaptive::operator()(DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu, double const dt) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("KrookSource");
-    RK2<device_t<DFieldSpXVx>> timestepper(allfdistribu.domain());
+    RK2<DFieldSpXVx> timestepper(allfdistribu.domain());
 
-    timestepper.update(allfdistribu, dt, [&](device_t<DSpanSpXVx> df, device_t<DViewSpXVx> f) {
+    timestepper.update(allfdistribu, dt, [&](DSpanSpXVx df, DViewSpXVx f) {
         get_derivative(df, f, allfdistribu);
     });
     Kokkos::Profiling::popRegion();
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.hpp
index 07707e1ba..d1daf42e4 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_adaptive.hpp
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class KrookSourceAdaptive : public IRightHandSide
     double m_amplitude;
     double m_density;
     double m_temperature;
-    device_t<DFieldX> m_mask;
-    device_t<DFieldVx> m_ftarget;
+    DFieldX m_mask;
+    DFieldVx m_ftarget;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class KrookSourceAdaptive : public IRightHandSide
      *
      * @return A span referencing the distribution function passed as argument.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class KrookSourceAdaptive : public IRightHandSide
      *                         coefficients for each species. 
      * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      */
-    void get_amplitudes(device_t<DSpanSpX> amplitudes, device_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu) const;
+    void get_amplitudes(DSpanSpX amplitudes, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu) const;
 
     /**
      * @brief Computes the expression of the time derivative of the distribution function. 
@@ -100,6 +100,5 @@ class KrookSourceAdaptive : public IRightHandSide
      * @param[in] f The distribution function.
      * @param[in] f0 An optional parameter.
      */
-    void get_derivative(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> df, device_t<DViewSpXVx> f, device_t<DViewSpXVx> f0)
-            const;
+    void get_derivative(DSpanSpXVx df, DViewSpXVx f, DViewSpXVx f0) const;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.cpp
index 27ef4cb96..628bf24b4 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ KrookSourceConstant::KrookSourceConstant(
     , m_ftarget(gridvx)
 {
     // mask that defines the region where the operator is active
-    DFieldX mask_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask_host(gridx);
     switch (m_type) {
     case RhsType::Source:
         // the mask equals one in the interval [x_left, x_right]
@@ -66,9 +66,7 @@ KrookSourceConstant::KrookSourceConstant(
     }
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> KrookSourceConstant::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
-        double const dt) const
+DSpanSpXVx KrookSourceConstant::operator()(DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu, double const dt) const
 {
     Kokkos::Profiling::pushRegion("KrookSource");
 
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.hpp
index 4facf7e9d..342b208fb 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/krook_source_constant.hpp
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ class KrookSourceConstant : public IRightHandSide
     double m_amplitude;
     double m_density;
     double m_temperature;
-    device_t<DFieldX> m_mask;
-    device_t<DFieldVx> m_ftarget;
+    DFieldX m_mask;
+    DFieldVx m_ftarget;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -73,5 +73,5 @@ class KrookSourceConstant : public IRightHandSide
      *
      * @return A span referencing the distribution function passed as argument.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double dt) const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.cpp
index 516ef49c0..3e3ae3ef7 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.cpp
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 
 #include "mask_tanh.hpp"
 
-DFieldX mask_tanh(
+host_t<DFieldX> mask_tanh(
         IDomainX const& gridx,
         double const extent,
         double const stiffness,
         MaskType const type,
         bool const normalized)
 {
-    DFieldX mask(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask(gridx);
 
     IVectX const Nx(gridx.size());
     CoordX const x_min(ddc::coordinate(gridx.front()));
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ DFieldX mask_tanh(
     }
 
     if (normalized) {
-        DFieldX const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
+        host_t<DFieldX> const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
         Quadrature<IDimX> const integrate_x(quadrature_coeffs);
         double const coeff_norm = integrate_x(mask);
         ddc::for_each(gridx, [&](IndexX const ix) { mask(ix) = mask(ix) / coeff_norm; });
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.hpp
index a4a3ae0af..7021e5446 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/rhs/mask_tanh.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ enum class MaskType { Normal, Inverted };
  * @param[in] normalized A boolean that equals true if the integral of the mask must be equal to one.
  * @returns A Dfield containing the mask. 
  */
-DFieldX mask_tanh(
+host_t<DFieldX> mask_tanh(
         IDomainX const& gridx,
         double extent,
         double stiffness,
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/itimesolver.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/itimesolver.hpp
index 2ddee166a..f9d9fd2c3 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/itimesolver.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/itimesolver.hpp
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class ITimeSolver
      * @param[in] steps The number of iterations to be performed by the solver.
      * @return The distribution function after solving the system.
      */
-    virtual device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+    virtual DSpanSpXVx operator()(
+            DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu,
             double time_start,
             double dt,
             int steps = 1) const = 0;
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.cpp
index 5596f5c88..113ede5d7 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.cpp
@@ -16,26 +16,26 @@ PredCorr::PredCorr(IBoltzmannSolver const& boltzmann_solver, IPoissonSolver cons
 {
 }
 
-device_t<DSpanSpXVx> PredCorr::operator()(
-        device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const allfdistribu_device,
+DSpanSpXVx PredCorr::operator()(
+        DSpanSpXVx const allfdistribu,
         double const time_start,
         double const dt,
         int const steps) const
 {
-    auto allfdistribu_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::ChunkSpan allfdistribu = allfdistribu_alloc.span_view();
+    auto allfdistribu_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu);
+    ddc::ChunkSpan allfdistribu_host = allfdistribu_alloc.span_view();
 
     // electrostatic potential and electric field (depending only on x)
+    host_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_host(allfdistribu.domain<IDimX>());
     DFieldX electrostatic_potential(allfdistribu.domain<IDimX>());
-    device_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_device(allfdistribu.domain<IDimX>());
 
-    device_t<DFieldX> electric_field_device(allfdistribu.domain<IDimX>());
+    DFieldX electric_field(allfdistribu.domain<IDimX>());
 
     // a 2D chunk of the same size as fdistribu
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_half_t_host(allfdistribu.domain());
     DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu_half_t(allfdistribu.domain());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_half_t_device(allfdistribu_device.domain());
 
-    m_poisson_solver(electrostatic_potential_device, electric_field_device, allfdistribu_device);
+    m_poisson_solver(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
 
     int iter = 0;
     for (; iter < steps; ++iter) {
@@ -43,45 +43,39 @@ device_t<DSpanSpXVx> PredCorr::operator()(
 
         // computation of the electrostatic potential at time tn and
         // the associated electric field
-        m_poisson_solver(
-                electrostatic_potential_device,
-                electric_field_device,
-                allfdistribu_device);
+        m_poisson_solver(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
         // copies necessary to PDI
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_device);
-        ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_device);
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
+        ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_host, electrostatic_potential);
         ddc::PdiEvent("iteration")
                 .with("iter", iter)
                 .and_with("time_saved", iter_time)
-                .and_with("fdistribu", allfdistribu)
-                .and_with("electrostatic_potential", electrostatic_potential);
+                .and_with("fdistribu", allfdistribu_host)
+                .and_with("electrostatic_potential", electrostatic_potential_host);
 
         // copy fdistribu
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_half_t_device, allfdistribu_device);
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_half_t, allfdistribu);
 
         // predictor
-        m_boltzmann_solver(allfdistribu_half_t_device, electric_field_device, dt / 2);
+        m_boltzmann_solver(allfdistribu_half_t, electric_field, dt / 2);
 
         // computation of the electrostatic potential at time tn+1/2
         // and the associated electric field
-        m_poisson_solver(
-                electrostatic_potential_device,
-                electric_field_device,
-                allfdistribu_half_t_device);
+        m_poisson_solver(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu_half_t);
         // correction on a dt
-        m_boltzmann_solver(allfdistribu_device, electric_field_device, dt);
+        m_boltzmann_solver(allfdistribu, electric_field, dt);
     }
 
     double const final_time = time_start + iter * dt;
-    m_poisson_solver(electrostatic_potential_device, electric_field_device, allfdistribu_device);
+    m_poisson_solver(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
     //copies necessary to PDI
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_host, electrostatic_potential);
     ddc::PdiEvent("last_iteration")
             .with("iter", iter)
             .and_with("time_saved", final_time)
-            .and_with("fdistribu", allfdistribu)
-            .and_with("electrostatic_potential", electrostatic_potential);
+            .and_with("fdistribu", allfdistribu_host)
+            .and_with("electrostatic_potential", electrostatic_potential_host);
 
-    return allfdistribu_device;
+    return allfdistribu;
 }
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.hpp
index 4ec4536a1..057ceda8b 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/time_integration/predcorr.hpp
@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ class PredCorr : public ITimeSolver
      * @param[in] steps The number of iterations to be performed by the predictor-corrector.
      * @return The distribution function after solving the system.
      */
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> operator()(
-            device_t<DSpanSpXVx> allfdistribu,
-            double time_start,
-            double dt,
-            int steps = 1) const override;
+    DSpanSpXVx operator()(DSpanSpXVx allfdistribu, double time_start, double dt, int steps = 1)
+            const override;
 };
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.cpp b/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.cpp
index d968a0145..2febd6753 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.cpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ FluidMoments::FluidMoments(Quadrature<IDimVx> integrate_v) : m_integrate_v(integ
 /*
  * Computes the density of fdistribu
 */
-void FluidMoments::operator()(double& density, DViewVx const fdistribu, FluidMoments::MomentDensity)
+void FluidMoments::operator()(
+        double& density,
+        host_t<DViewVx> const fdistribu,
+        FluidMoments::MomentDensity)
 {
     density = m_integrate_v(fdistribu);
 }
@@ -20,8 +23,8 @@ void FluidMoments::operator()(double& density, DViewVx const fdistribu, FluidMom
  * Computes the density of allfdistribu
 */
 void FluidMoments::operator()(
-        DSpanSpX const density,
-        DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu,
+        host_t<DSpanSpX> const density,
+        host_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
         FluidMoments::MomentDensity)
 {
     ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
@@ -34,11 +37,11 @@ void FluidMoments::operator()(
 */
 void FluidMoments::operator()(
         double& mean_velocity,
-        DViewVx const fdistribu,
+        host_t<DViewVx> const fdistribu,
         double density,
         FluidMoments::MomentVelocity)
 {
-    DFieldVx integrand(fdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldVx> integrand(fdistribu.domain());
     ddc::for_each(fdistribu.domain(), [&](IndexVx const ivx) {
         CoordVx const coordv = ddc::coordinate(ivx);
         integrand(ivx) = coordv * fdistribu(ivx);
@@ -50,12 +53,12 @@ void FluidMoments::operator()(
  * Computes the mean_velocity of allfdistribu, using its density
 */
 void FluidMoments::operator()(
-        DSpanSpX const mean_velocity,
-        DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu,
-        DViewSpX const density,
+        host_t<DSpanSpX> const mean_velocity,
+        host_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
+        host_t<DViewSpX> const density,
         FluidMoments::MomentVelocity)
 {
-    DFieldSpXVx integrand(allfdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> integrand(allfdistribu.domain());
     ddc::for_each(allfdistribu.domain(), [&](IndexSpXVx const ispxvx) {
         CoordVx const coordv = ddc::coordinate(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx));
         integrand(ispxvx) = coordv * allfdistribu(ispxvx);
@@ -71,12 +74,12 @@ void FluidMoments::operator()(
 */
 void FluidMoments::operator()(
         double& temperature,
-        DViewVx const fdistribu,
+        host_t<DViewVx> const fdistribu,
         double density,
         double mean_velocity,
         FluidMoments::MomentTemperature)
 {
-    DFieldVx integrand(fdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldVx> integrand(fdistribu.domain());
     ddc::for_each(fdistribu.domain(), [&](IndexVx const ivx) {
         double const coeff = ddc::coordinate(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ivx)) - mean_velocity;
         integrand(ivx) = coeff * coeff * fdistribu(ivx);
@@ -88,13 +91,13 @@ void FluidMoments::operator()(
  * Computes the temperature of allfdistribu, using its density and mean velocity
 */
 void FluidMoments::operator()(
-        DSpanSpX const temperature,
-        DViewSpXVx const allfdistribu,
-        DViewSpX const density,
-        DViewSpX const mean_velocity,
+        host_t<DSpanSpX> const temperature,
+        host_t<DViewSpXVx> const allfdistribu,
+        host_t<DViewSpX> const density,
+        host_t<DViewSpX> const mean_velocity,
         FluidMoments::MomentTemperature)
 {
-    DFieldSpXVx integrand(allfdistribu.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> integrand(allfdistribu.domain());
     ddc::for_each(allfdistribu.domain(), [&](IndexSpXVx const ispxvx) {
         double const coeff = ddc::coordinate(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx))
                              - mean_velocity(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(ispxvx));
diff --git a/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.hpp b/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.hpp
index 50d846720..ee9c0d809 100644
--- a/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.hpp
+++ b/src/geometryXVx/utils/fluid_moments.hpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class FluidMoments
      *                          at the given point.
      * @param[in] moment_density A tag to ensure that the correct operator is called.
      */
-    void operator()(double& density, DViewVx fdistribu, MomentDensity moment_density);
+    void operator()(double& density, host_t<DViewVx> fdistribu, MomentDensity moment_density);
 
     /**
      * Calculate the density of the distribution function.
@@ -80,7 +80,10 @@ class FluidMoments
      * @param[in] allfdistribu The distribution function.
      * @param[in] moment_density A tag to ensure that the correct operator is called.
      */
-    void operator()(DSpanSpX density, DViewSpXVx allfdistribu, MomentDensity moment_density);
+    void operator()(
+            host_t<DSpanSpX> density,
+            host_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+            MomentDensity moment_density);
 
     /**
      * Calculate the mean velocity at a specific point of the distribution function.
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ class FluidMoments
      */
     void operator()(
             double& mean_velocity,
-            DViewVx fdistribu,
+            host_t<DViewVx> fdistribu,
             double density,
             MomentVelocity moment_velocity);
 
@@ -106,9 +109,9 @@ class FluidMoments
      * @param[in] moment_velocity A tag to ensure that the correct operator is called.
      */
     void operator()(
-            DSpanSpX mean_velocity,
-            DViewSpXVx allfdistribu,
-            DViewSpX density,
+            host_t<DSpanSpX> mean_velocity,
+            host_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+            host_t<DViewSpX> density,
             MomentVelocity moment_velocity);
 
     /**
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ class FluidMoments
      */
     void operator()(
             double& temperature,
-            DViewVx fdistribu,
+            host_t<DViewVx> fdistribu,
             double density,
             double mean_velocity,
             MomentTemperature moment_temperature);
@@ -138,9 +141,9 @@ class FluidMoments
      * @param[in] moment_temperature A tag to ensure that the correct operator is called.
      */
     void operator()(
-            DSpanSpX temperature,
-            DViewSpXVx allfdistribu,
-            DViewSpX density,
-            DViewSpX mean_velocity,
+            host_t<DSpanSpX> temperature,
+            host_t<DViewSpXVx> allfdistribu,
+            host_t<DViewSpX> density,
+            host_t<DViewSpX> mean_velocity,
             MomentTemperature moment_temperature);
 };
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_inter.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_inter.cpp
index 5ae2edce5..06ef3fa48 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_inter.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_inter.cpp
@@ -55,17 +55,17 @@ TEST(CollisionsInter, CollisionsInter)
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(dom_sp, gridx, gridvx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     double const mass_ion(400.), mass_elec(1.);
     masses(my_ielec) = mass_elec;
     masses(my_iion) = mass_ion;
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function as a maxwellian
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
     std::vector<double> deltat_list = {0.1, 0.01};
     std::vector<double> error_deltat;
@@ -73,82 +73,80 @@ TEST(CollisionsInter, CollisionsInter)
         // Initialization of the distribution function as a maxwellian with a
         // different electron and ion temperatures
         double const density_init(1.);
-        DFieldSp temperature_init(dom_sp);
+        host_t<DFieldSp> temperature_init(dom_sp);
         temperature_init(my_iion) = 1.;
         temperature_init(my_ielec) = 1.2;
         double const fluid_velocity_init(0.);
         ddc::for_each(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-            device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
+            DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
             MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(
-                    finit_device.span_view(),
+                    finit.span_view(),
                     density_init,
                     temperature_init(ddc::select<IDimSp>(ispx)),
                     fluid_velocity_init);
-            auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-            ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device[ispx], finit);
+            auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+            ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit_host);
         });
 
 
         double const nustar0(0.1);
         CollisionsInter collisions(mesh, nustar0);
 
-        DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
+        host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
         Quadrature<IDimVx> integrate(quadrature_coeffs);
         FluidMoments moments(integrate);
 
-        auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
-        device_t<DFieldSpX> nustar_profile_alloc(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-        device_t<DSpanSpX> nustar_profile = nustar_profile_alloc.span_view();
+        auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
+        DFieldSpX nustar_profile_alloc(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+        DSpanSpX nustar_profile = nustar_profile_alloc.span_view();
         compute_nustar_profile(nustar_profile, nustar0);
 
         int const nbiter(100);
         for (int iter(0); iter < nbiter; iter++) {
-            collisions(allfdistribu_device, deltat);
+            collisions(allfdistribu, deltat);
         }
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_device);
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
 
         double error_L1(0);
-        DFieldSpX density(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-        DFieldSpX fluid_velocity(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-        DFieldSpX temperature(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-
-        ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-            moments(density(ispx), allfdistribu[ispx], FluidMoments::s_density);
-            moments(fluid_velocity(ispx),
-                    allfdistribu[ispx],
-                    density(ispx),
+        host_t<DFieldSpX> density_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+        host_t<DFieldSpX> fluid_velocity_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+        host_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+
+        ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
+            moments(density_host(ispx), allfdistribu_host[ispx], FluidMoments::s_density);
+            moments(fluid_velocity_host(ispx),
+                    allfdistribu_host[ispx],
+                    density_host(ispx),
                     FluidMoments::s_velocity);
-            moments(temperature(ispx),
-                    allfdistribu[ispx],
-                    density(ispx),
-                    fluid_velocity(ispx),
+            moments(temperature_host(ispx),
+                    allfdistribu_host[ispx],
+                    density_host(ispx),
+                    fluid_velocity_host(ispx),
                     FluidMoments::s_temperature);
         });
 
         //Collision frequencies, momentum and energy exchange terms
-        device_t<DFieldSpX> collfreq_ab_device(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-        auto density_device_alloc = ddc::
-                create_mirror_view_and_copy(Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(), density.span_view());
-        auto density_device = density_device_alloc.span_view();
-        auto temperature_device_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+        DFieldSpX collfreq_ab(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+        auto density_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
                 Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-                temperature.span_view());
-        auto temperature_device = temperature_device_alloc.span_view();
-        compute_collfreq_ab(
-                collfreq_ab_device.span_view(),
-                nustar_profile,
-                density_device,
-                temperature_device);
-        auto collfreq_ab = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(collfreq_ab_device.span_view());
+                density_host.span_view());
+        auto density = density_alloc.span_view();
+        auto temperature_alloc = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+                Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
+                temperature_host.span_view());
+        auto temperature = temperature_alloc.span_view();
+        compute_collfreq_ab(collfreq_ab.span_view(), nustar_profile, density, temperature);
+        auto collfreq_ab_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(collfreq_ab.span_view());
 
         double const me_on_memi(mass(my_ielec) / (mass(my_ielec) + mass(my_iion)));
         ddc::for_each(gridx, [&](IndexX const ix) {
             // test : dlog(T_e - T_i)/dt = -12nu_ei*m_e/(m_e+m_b)
             // should be verified
             double const error = std::fabs(
-                    std::log(std::fabs(temperature(my_ielec, ix) - temperature(my_iion, ix)))
+                    std::log(std::fabs(
+                            temperature_host(my_ielec, ix) - temperature_host(my_iion, ix)))
                     - std::log(std::fabs(temperature_init(my_ielec) - temperature_init(my_iion)))
-                    + 12 * collfreq_ab(my_ielec, ix) * me_on_memi * nbiter * deltat);
+                    + 12 * collfreq_ab_host(my_ielec, ix) * me_on_memi * nbiter * deltat);
             error_L1 += error;
         });
         error_L1 = error_L1 / x_size;
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_gridvx.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_gridvx.cpp
index cfa569c54..5cb94d5d8 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_gridvx.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_gridvx.cpp
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraGridvx, CollisionsIntraGridvx)
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(dom_sp, gridx, gridvx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     double const mass_ion(400);
     double const mass_elec(1);
     masses(my_ielec) = mass_elec;
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_maxwellian.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_maxwellian.cpp
index 18be608d7..dbadf58f2 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_maxwellian.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/collisions_intra_maxwellian.cpp
@@ -60,23 +60,23 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(dom_sp, gridx, gridvx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     double const mass_ion(400), mass_elec(1);
     masses(my_ielec) = mass_elec;
     masses(my_iion) = mass_ion;
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function as a maxwellian
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function as a maxwellian with
     // moments depending on space
-    DFieldSpX density_init(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh));
-    DFieldSpX mean_velocity_init(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh));
-    DFieldSpX temperature_init(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> density_init_host(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> mean_velocity_init_host(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_init_host(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh));
     ddc::for_each(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
         double const density = 1.;
         double const density_ampl = 0.1;
@@ -86,26 +86,26 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
         double const temperature_ampl = 0.3;
 
         double const coordx = ddc::coordinate(ddc::select<IDimX>(ispx));
-        density_init(ispx)
+        density_init_host(ispx)
                 = density
                   + density_ampl * std::sin(2 * M_PI * coordx / ddc::coordinate(gridx.back()));
-        mean_velocity_init(ispx)
+        mean_velocity_init_host(ispx)
                 = mean_velocity
                   + mean_velocity_ampl
                             * std::sin(2 * M_PI * coordx / ddc::coordinate(gridx.back()));
-        temperature_init(ispx)
+        temperature_init_host(ispx)
                 = temperature
                   + temperature_ampl * std::sin(2 * M_PI * coordx / ddc::coordinate(gridx.back()));
-        device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
+        DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
         MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(
-                finit_device.span_view(),
-                density_init(ispx),
-                temperature_init(ispx),
-                mean_velocity_init(ispx));
-        auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device[ispx], finit);
+                finit.span_view(),
+                density_init_host(ispx),
+                temperature_init_host(ispx),
+                mean_velocity_init_host(ispx));
+        auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit_host);
     });
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     double const nustar0(0.1);
     double const deltat(0.1);
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
     EXPECT_EQ(charge(ielec()), -1);
 
     // nustar profile
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> nustar_profile_alloc(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    device_t<DSpanSpX> nustar_profile(nustar_profile_alloc.span_view());
+    DFieldSpX nustar_profile_alloc(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    DSpanSpX nustar_profile(nustar_profile_alloc.span_view());
     compute_nustar_profile(nustar_profile, nustar0);
 
-    DFieldSpX nustar_profile_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> nustar_profile_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
     ddc::deepcopy(nustar_profile_host, nustar_profile);
-    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
+    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
         if (charge(ddc::select<IDimSp>(ispx)) < 0.) {
             double const pred(1 / x_max * nustar0);
             EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(nustar_profile_host(ispx) - pred), 1e-12);
@@ -132,31 +132,31 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
     });
 
     //collfreq
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> collfreq_f(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    auto collfreq_device = collfreq_f.span_view();
+    DFieldSpX collfreq_f(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    auto collfreq = collfreq_f.span_view();
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> density_init_device(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    ddc::deepcopy(density_init_device, density_init);
+    DFieldSpX density_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    ddc::deepcopy(density_init, density_init_host);
 
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_init_device(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    ddc::deepcopy(temperature_init_device, temperature_init);
+    DFieldSpX temperature_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    ddc::deepcopy(temperature_init, temperature_init_host);
 
-    compute_collfreq(collfreq_device, nustar_profile, density_init_device, temperature_init_device);
+    compute_collfreq(collfreq, nustar_profile, density_init, temperature_init);
 
-    DFieldSpX collfreq(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    ddc::deepcopy(collfreq, collfreq_device);
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> collfreq_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    ddc::deepcopy(collfreq_host, collfreq);
 
     ddc::for_each(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
         if (charge(ddc::select<IDimSp>(ispx)) < 0.) {
             double const pred(
-                    1 / x_max * nustar0 * density_init(ispx)
-                    / std::pow(temperature_init(ispx), 1.5));
-            EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(collfreq(ispx) - pred), 1e-12);
+                    1 / x_max * nustar0 * density_init_host(ispx)
+                    / std::pow(temperature_init_host(ispx), 1.5));
+            EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(collfreq_host(ispx) - pred), 1e-12);
         } else {
             double const pred(
-                    1 / (std::sqrt(mass_ion) * x_max) * nustar0 * density_init(ispx)
-                    / std::pow(temperature_init(ispx), 1.5));
-            EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(collfreq(ispx) - pred), 1e-12);
+                    1 / (std::sqrt(mass_ion) * x_max) * nustar0 * density_init_host(ispx)
+                    / std::pow(temperature_init_host(ispx), 1.5));
+            EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(collfreq_host(ispx) - pred), 1e-12);
         }
     });
 
@@ -165,74 +165,66 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
             double,
             ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>>>
             Dcoll_f(collisions.get_mesh_ghosted());
-    auto Dcoll_device = Dcoll_f.span_view();
-    compute_Dcoll<CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(
-            Dcoll_device,
-            collfreq_device,
-            density_init_device,
-            temperature_init_device);
+    auto Dcoll = Dcoll_f.span_view();
+    compute_Dcoll<
+            CollisionsIntra::
+                    ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(Dcoll, collfreq, density_init, temperature_init);
 
     device_t<ddc::Chunk<
             double,
             ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimSp, IDimX, CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>>>
             dvDcoll_f(collisions.get_mesh_ghosted());
-    auto dvDcoll_device = dvDcoll_f.span_view();
-    compute_dvDcoll<CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(
-            dvDcoll_device,
-            collfreq_device,
-            density_init_device,
-            temperature_init_device);
+    auto dvDcoll = dvDcoll_f.span_view();
+    compute_dvDcoll<
+            CollisionsIntra::
+                    ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(dvDcoll, collfreq, density_init, temperature_init);
 
     // kernel maxwellian fluid moments
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> Vcoll_f(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    device_t<DFieldSpX> Tcoll_f(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    auto Vcoll_device = Vcoll_f.span_view();
-    auto Tcoll_device = Tcoll_f.span_view();
-    compute_Vcoll_Tcoll<CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(
-            Vcoll_device,
-            Tcoll_device,
-            allfdistribu_device,
-            Dcoll_device,
-            dvDcoll_device);
-
-    DFieldSpX Vcoll(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX Tcoll(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    ddc::deepcopy(Vcoll, Vcoll_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(Tcoll, Tcoll_device);
-
-    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(Vcoll(ispx) - mean_velocity_init(ispx)), 1e-12);
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(Tcoll(ispx) - temperature_init(ispx)), 1e-12);
+    DFieldSpX Vcoll_f(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    DFieldSpX Tcoll_f(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    auto Vcoll = Vcoll_f.span_view();
+    auto Tcoll = Tcoll_f.span_view();
+    compute_Vcoll_Tcoll<
+            CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(Vcoll, Tcoll, allfdistribu, Dcoll, dvDcoll);
+
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> Vcoll_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> Tcoll_host(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    ddc::deepcopy(Vcoll_host, Vcoll);
+    ddc::deepcopy(Tcoll_host, Tcoll);
+
+    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(Vcoll_host(ispx) - mean_velocity_init_host(ispx)), 1e-12);
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(Tcoll_host(ispx) - temperature_init_host(ispx)), 1e-12);
     });
 
-    collisions(allfdistribu_device, deltat);
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_device);
+    collisions(allfdistribu, deltat);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
 
     // collision operator should not change densiy, mean_velocity and temperature
-    DFieldSpX density_res(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX mean_velocity_res(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX temperature_res(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
-            = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(ddc::get_domain<IDimVx>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> density_res(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> mean_velocity_res(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_res(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs
+            = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(ddc::get_domain<IDimVx>(allfdistribu_host));
     Quadrature<IDimVx> integrate(quadrature_coeffs);
     FluidMoments moments(integrate);
 
-    moments(density_res.span_view(), allfdistribu.span_cview(), FluidMoments::s_density);
+    moments(density_res.span_view(), allfdistribu_host.span_cview(), FluidMoments::s_density);
     moments(mean_velocity_res.span_view(),
-            allfdistribu.span_cview(),
+            allfdistribu_host.span_cview(),
             density_res.span_cview(),
             FluidMoments::s_velocity);
     moments(temperature_res.span_view(),
-            allfdistribu.span_cview(),
+            allfdistribu_host.span_cview(),
             density_res.span_cview(),
             mean_velocity_res.span_cview(),
             FluidMoments::s_temperature);
 
     double const tol = 1.e-6;
-    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(density_res(ispx) - density_init(ispx)), tol);
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mean_velocity_res(ispx) - mean_velocity_init(ispx)), tol);
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(temperature_res(ispx) - temperature_init(ispx)), tol);
+    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu_host), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(density_res(ispx) - density_init_host(ispx)), tol);
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mean_velocity_res(ispx) - mean_velocity_init_host(ispx)), tol);
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(temperature_res(ispx) - temperature_init_host(ispx)), tol);
     });
 
     // * Intra species collisions applied on a perturbed distribution function
@@ -255,14 +247,14 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
         double const temperature_loc
                 = temperature
                   + temperature_ampl * std::sin(2 * M_PI * coordx / ddc::coordinate(gridx.back()));
-        device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
+        DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
         MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(
-                finit_device.span_view(),
+                finit.span_view(),
                 density_loc,
                 temperature_loc,
                 mean_velocity_loc);
-        auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit);
+        auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host[ispx], finit_host);
     });
 
     // initial perturbation
@@ -277,75 +269,67 @@ TEST(CollisionsIntraMaxwellian, CollisionsIntraMaxwellian)
         double const perturb
                 = coeff_mxw * std::exp(-coordvx_sq * coordvx_sq / (2 * perturb_temperature));
 
-        allfdistribu(ispxvx) = allfdistribu(ispxvx) + perturb;
+        allfdistribu_host(ispxvx) = allfdistribu_host(ispxvx) + perturb;
     });
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
 
     // before the collisions the perturbed distribution should have T != Tcoll and V != Vcoll
     // this test is performed on electrons since the largest error is made for them
     // (lightest species constraining the timestep)
-    moments(density_res.span_view(), allfdistribu.span_cview(), FluidMoments::s_density);
+    moments(density_res.span_view(), allfdistribu_host.span_cview(), FluidMoments::s_density);
     moments(mean_velocity_res.span_view(),
-            allfdistribu.span_cview(),
+            allfdistribu_host.span_cview(),
             density_res.span_cview(),
             FluidMoments::s_velocity);
     moments(temperature_res.span_view(),
-            allfdistribu.span_cview(),
+            allfdistribu_host.span_cview(),
             density_res.span_cview(),
             mean_velocity_res.span_cview(),
             FluidMoments::s_temperature);
 
 
-    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexX const ix) {
-        EXPECT_GE(std::fabs(mean_velocity_res(ielec(), ix) - Vcoll(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
-        EXPECT_GE(std::fabs(temperature_res(ielec(), ix) - Tcoll(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
+    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu_host), [&](IndexX const ix) {
+        EXPECT_GE(std::fabs(mean_velocity_res(ielec(), ix) - Vcoll_host(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
+        EXPECT_GE(std::fabs(temperature_res(ielec(), ix) - Tcoll_host(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
     });
 
     int const nbsteps = 300;
     for (int iter = 0; iter < nbsteps; ++iter) {
-        collisions(allfdistribu_device, deltat);
+        collisions(allfdistribu, deltat);
     };
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
 
     // Vcoll and Tcoll calculation
-    compute_collfreq(collfreq_device, nustar_profile, density_init_device, temperature_init_device);
-
-    compute_Dcoll<CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(
-            Dcoll_device,
-            collfreq_device,
-            density_init_device,
-            temperature_init_device);
-
-    compute_dvDcoll<CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(
-            dvDcoll_device,
-            collfreq_device,
-            density_init_device,
-            temperature_init_device);
-
-    compute_Vcoll_Tcoll<CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(
-            Vcoll_device,
-            Tcoll_device,
-            allfdistribu_device,
-            Dcoll_device,
-            dvDcoll_device);
-
-    moments(density_res.span_view(), allfdistribu.span_cview(), FluidMoments::s_density);
+    compute_collfreq(collfreq, nustar_profile, density_init, temperature_init);
+
+    compute_Dcoll<
+            CollisionsIntra::
+                    ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(Dcoll, collfreq, density_init, temperature_init);
+
+    compute_dvDcoll<
+            CollisionsIntra::
+                    ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(dvDcoll, collfreq, density_init, temperature_init);
+
+    compute_Vcoll_Tcoll<
+            CollisionsIntra::ghosted_vx_point_sampling>(Vcoll, Tcoll, allfdistribu, Dcoll, dvDcoll);
+
+    moments(density_res.span_view(), allfdistribu_host.span_cview(), FluidMoments::s_density);
     moments(mean_velocity_res.span_view(),
-            allfdistribu.span_cview(),
+            allfdistribu_host.span_cview(),
             density_res.span_cview(),
             FluidMoments::s_velocity);
     moments(temperature_res.span_view(),
-            allfdistribu.span_cview(),
+            allfdistribu_host.span_cview(),
             density_res.span_cview(),
             mean_velocity_res.span_cview(),
             FluidMoments::s_temperature);
 
-    ddc::deepcopy(Vcoll, Vcoll_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(Tcoll, Tcoll_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(Vcoll_host, Vcoll);
+    ddc::deepcopy(Tcoll_host, Tcoll);
 
-    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexX const ix) {
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mean_velocity_res(ielec(), ix) - Vcoll(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
-        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(temperature_res(ielec(), ix) - Tcoll(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
+    ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu_host), [&](IndexX const ix) {
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mean_velocity_res(ielec(), ix) - Vcoll_host(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
+        EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(temperature_res(ielec(), ix) - Tcoll_host(ielec(), ix)), 1.e-4);
     });
 
     PC_tree_destroy(&conf_pdi);
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
index 472c579c0..f5691d1f2 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/femnonperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -60,52 +60,53 @@ TEST(FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver, Ordering)
             ddc::ConstantExtrapolationRule<RDimVx>(vx_min),
             ddc::ConstantExtrapolationRule<RDimVx>(vx_min));
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     ddc::fill(masses, 1);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
+            = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FemNonPeriodicPoissonSolver poisson(builder_x, spline_x_evaluator, rhs);
 
-    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
-    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
-    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electric_field_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_host(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function --> fill values
     for (IndexSp const isp : gridsp) {
         for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
             double fdistribu_val = sin(ddc::coordinate(ix));
             for (IndexVx const iv : gridvx) {
-                allfdistribu(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
+                allfdistribu_host(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
             }
         }
     }
-    device_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldX> electric_field_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
+    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
-    poisson(electrostatic_potential_device, electric_field_device, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field, electric_field_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
+    poisson(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field_host, electric_field);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_host, electrostatic_potential);
 
     double error_pot = 0.0;
     double error_field = 0.0;
 
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         double const exact_pot = sin(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
+        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential_host(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
         double const exact_field = -cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
+        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field_host(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
     }
     EXPECT_LE(error_pot, 1e-2);
     EXPECT_LE(error_field, 1e-1);
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
index d6a9145ae..56a32bbe5 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/femperiodicpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -56,43 +56,44 @@ TEST(FemPeriodicPoissonSolver, CosineSource)
             builder_vx.spline_domain(),
             ddc::ConstantExtrapolationRule<RDimVx>(vx_min),
             ddc::ConstantExtrapolationRule<RDimVx>(vx_max));
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     ddc::fill(masses, 1);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
+            = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FemPeriodicPoissonSolver poisson(builder_x, spline_x_evaluator, rhs);
 
-    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
-    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
-    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electric_field_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_host(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function --> fill values
     for (IndexSp const isp : gridsp) {
         for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
             double fdistribu_val = cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
             for (IndexVx const iv : gridvx) {
-                allfdistribu(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
+                allfdistribu_host(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
             }
         }
     }
-    device_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldX> electric_field_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
+    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
-    poisson(electrostatic_potential_device, electric_field_device, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field, electric_field_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
+    poisson(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field_host, electric_field);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_host, electrostatic_potential);
 
     double error_pot = 0.0;
     double error_field = 0.0;
@@ -100,9 +101,9 @@ TEST(FemPeriodicPoissonSolver, CosineSource)
 
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         double const exact_pot = cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
+        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential_host(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
         double const exact_field = sin(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
+        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field_host(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
     }
     EXPECT_LE(error_pot, 1e-8);
     EXPECT_LE(error_field, 1e-6);
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/fftpoissonsolver.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/fftpoissonsolver.cpp
index 6631fe4e5..7b8d60568 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/fftpoissonsolver.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/fftpoissonsolver.cpp
@@ -51,52 +51,53 @@ TEST(FftPoissonSolver, CosineSource)
 
     // Creating operators
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     ddc::fill(masses, 1);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
-    auto const quadrature_coeffs_device = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
+            = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
+    auto const quadrature_coeffs = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(
             Kokkos::DefaultExecutionSpace(),
-            quadrature_coeffs.span_view());
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+            quadrature_coeffs_host.span_view());
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FftPoissonSolver poisson(rhs);
 
-    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
-    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
-    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electric_field_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_host(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function --> fill values
     for (IndexSp const isp : gridsp) {
         for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
             double fdistribu_val = cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
             for (IndexVx const iv : gridvx) {
-                allfdistribu(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
+                allfdistribu_host(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
             }
         }
     }
-    device_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldX> electric_field_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
+    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
-    poisson(electrostatic_potential_device, electric_field_device, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field, electric_field_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
+    poisson(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field_host, electric_field);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_host, electrostatic_potential);
 
     double error_pot = 0.0;
     double error_field = 0.0;
 
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         double const exact_pot = cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
+        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential_host(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
         double const exact_field = sin(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
+        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field_host(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
     }
     EXPECT_LE(error_pot, 1e-8);
     EXPECT_LE(error_field, 1e-6);
@@ -139,52 +140,53 @@ TEST(FftPoissonSolver, CosineSourceParallel)
 
     // Creating operators
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     ddc::fill(masses, 1);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
-    device_t<DFieldVx> quadrature_coeffs_device(quadrature_coeffs.domain());
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_host
+            = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
+    DFieldVx quadrature_coeffs(quadrature_coeffs_host.domain());
 
-    ddc::deepcopy(quadrature_coeffs_device, quadrature_coeffs);
-    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(quadrature_coeffs, quadrature_coeffs_host);
+    ChargeDensityCalculator rhs(quadrature_coeffs);
     FftPoissonSolver poisson(rhs);
 
-    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
-    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
-    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> electric_field_host(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_host(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function --> fill values
     for (IndexSp const isp : gridsp) {
         for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
             double fdistribu_val = cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
             for (IndexVx const iv : gridvx) {
-                allfdistribu(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
+                allfdistribu_host(isp, ix, iv) = fdistribu_val;
             }
         }
     }
-    device_t<DFieldX> electrostatic_potential_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldX> electric_field_device(gridx);
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldX electrostatic_potential(gridx);
+    DFieldX electric_field(gridx);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device, allfdistribu);
-    poisson(electrostatic_potential_device, electric_field_device, allfdistribu_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field, electric_field_device);
-    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential, electrostatic_potential_device);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_host);
+    poisson(electrostatic_potential, electric_field, allfdistribu);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electric_field_host, electric_field);
+    ddc::deepcopy(electrostatic_potential_host, electrostatic_potential);
 
     double error_pot = 0.0;
     double error_field = 0.0;
 
     for (IndexX const ix : gridx) {
         double const exact_pot = cos(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
+        error_pot = fmax(fabs(electrostatic_potential_host(ix) - exact_pot), error_pot);
         double const exact_field = sin(ddc::coordinate(ix));
-        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
+        error_field = fmax(fabs(electric_field_host(ix) - exact_field), error_field);
     }
     EXPECT_LE(error_pot, 1e-8);
     EXPECT_LE(error_field, 1e-6);
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/fluid_moments.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/fluid_moments.cpp
index 228a46683..8c9eba577 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/fluid_moments.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/fluid_moments.cpp
@@ -51,21 +51,21 @@ TEST(Physics, FluidMoments)
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(IDomainSp(my_iion, IVectSp(1)), gridx, gridvx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     ddc::fill(masses, 1);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function as a maxwellian
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
+    host_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function as a maxwellian with
     // moments depending on space
-    DFieldSpX density_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX mean_velocity_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX temperature_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> density_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> mean_velocity_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_init(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
     ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
         double const density = 1.;
         double const density_ampl = 0.1;
@@ -85,22 +85,22 @@ TEST(Physics, FluidMoments)
         temperature_init(ispx)
                 = temperature
                   + temperature_ampl * std::sin(2 * M_PI * coordx / ddc::coordinate(gridx.back()));
-        device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
+        DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
         MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(
-                finit_device.span_view(),
+                finit.span_view(),
                 density_init(ispx),
                 temperature_init(ispx),
                 mean_velocity_init(ispx));
 
-        auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit);
+        auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit_host);
     });
 
     // density and temperature
-    DFieldSpX density_computed(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX mean_velocity_computed(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldSpX temperature_computed(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> density_computed(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> mean_velocity_computed(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> temperature_computed(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs
             = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(ddc::get_domain<IDimVx>(allfdistribu));
     Quadrature<IDimVx> integrate(quadrature_coeffs);
     FluidMoments moments(integrate);
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/kineticsource.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/kineticsource.cpp
index 1ee500be8..b27294392 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/kineticsource.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/kineticsource.cpp
@@ -50,23 +50,23 @@ TEST(KineticSource, Moments)
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(IDomainSp(my_iion, IVectSp(1)), gridx, gridvx);
 
-    DFieldX quadrature_coeffs_x = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
-    DFieldVx quadrature_coeffs_vx = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> quadrature_coeffs_x = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> quadrature_coeffs_vx = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
     Quadrature<IDimX> const integrate_x(quadrature_coeffs_x);
     Quadrature<IDimVx> const integrate_v(quadrature_coeffs_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
     charges(my_ielec) = -1;
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     ddc::fill(masses, 1);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
     ddc::init_discrete_space<IDimSp>(std::move(charges), std::move(masses));
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
 
     // Initialization of the distribution function
-    ddc::fill(allfdistribu_device, 0.);
+    ddc::fill(allfdistribu, 0.);
 
     // Maxwellian source test
     double const px_source = 0.2;
@@ -89,19 +89,19 @@ TEST(KineticSource, Moments)
             energy_amplitude,
             temperature_source);
 
-    kinetic_source(allfdistribu_device, deltat);
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    kinetic_source(allfdistribu, deltat);
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
-    DFieldX density(gridx);
-    DFieldX fluid_velocity(gridx);
-    DFieldX temperature(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> density(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> fluid_velocity(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> temperature(gridx);
 
-    DFieldVx values_density(gridvx);
-    DFieldVx values_fluid_velocity(gridvx);
-    DFieldVx values_temperature(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> values_density(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> values_fluid_velocity(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> values_temperature(gridvx);
     ddc::for_each(gridx, [&](IndexX const ix) {
         // density
-        ddc::deepcopy(values_density, allfdistribu[dom_sp.front()][ix]);
+        ddc::deepcopy(values_density, allfdistribu_host[dom_sp.front()][ix]);
         density(ix) = integrate_v(values_density);
 
         // fluid velocity
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/krooksource.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/krooksource.cpp
index f87e0fdcd..731daab2e 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/krooksource.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/krooksource.cpp
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ TEST(KrookSource, Adaptive)
     IDomainSp const gridsp = dom_sp;
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(gridsp, gridx, gridvx);
 
-    DFieldX const quadrature_coeffs_x = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs_vx = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> const quadrature_coeffs_x = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs_vx = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
     Quadrature<IDimX> const integrate_x(quadrature_coeffs_x);
     Quadrature<IDimVx> const integrate_v(quadrature_coeffs_vx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     IndexSp my_iion(dom_sp.front());
     IndexSp my_ielec(dom_sp.back());
     charges(my_iion) = 1;
@@ -92,32 +92,32 @@ TEST(KrookSource, Adaptive)
     double const density_init_ion = 1.;
     double const density_init_elec = 2.;
     double const temperature_init = 1.;
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
     ddc::for_each(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
+        DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
         if (charge(ddc::select<IDimSp>(ispx)) >= 0.) {
             MaxwellianEquilibrium::
-                    compute_maxwellian(finit_device, density_init_ion, temperature_init, 0.);
+                    compute_maxwellian(finit, density_init_ion, temperature_init, 0.);
         } else {
             MaxwellianEquilibrium::
-                    compute_maxwellian(finit_device, density_init_elec, temperature_init, 0.);
+                    compute_maxwellian(finit, density_init_elec, temperature_init, 0.);
         }
-        auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device[ispx], finit);
+        auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit_host);
     });
 
     // error with a given deltat
     double const deltat = 0.1;
-    rhs_krook(allfdistribu_device, deltat);
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    rhs_krook(allfdistribu, deltat);
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
-    DFieldSpX densities(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldSpX> densities(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu));
     ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        densities(ispx) = integrate_v(allfdistribu[ispx]);
+        densities(ispx) = integrate_v(allfdistribu_host[ispx]);
     });
 
     // the charge should be conserved by the operator
-    DFieldX error(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu));
+    host_t<DFieldX> error(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu_host));
     ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexX const ix) {
         error(ix) = std::fabs(
                 charge(my_iion) * (densities(my_iion, ix) - density_init_ion)
@@ -126,23 +126,23 @@ TEST(KrookSource, Adaptive)
 
     // reinitialization of the distribution function
     ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
+        DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
         if (charge(ddc::select<IDimSp>(ispx)) >= 0.) {
             MaxwellianEquilibrium::
-                    compute_maxwellian(finit_device, density_init_ion, temperature_init, 0.);
+                    compute_maxwellian(finit, density_init_ion, temperature_init, 0.);
         } else {
             MaxwellianEquilibrium::
-                    compute_maxwellian(finit_device, density_init_elec, temperature_init, 0.);
+                    compute_maxwellian(finit, density_init_elec, temperature_init, 0.);
         }
-        auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device[ispx], finit);
+        auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit_host);
     });
 
     // error with a deltat 10 times smaller
-    rhs_krook(allfdistribu_device, 0.01);
-    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu, allfdistribu_device);
+    rhs_krook(allfdistribu, 0.01);
+    ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_host, allfdistribu);
     ddc::for_each(ddc::get_domain<IDimSp, IDimX>(allfdistribu), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        densities(ispx) = integrate_v(allfdistribu[ispx]);
+        densities(ispx) = integrate_v(allfdistribu_host[ispx]);
     });
 
     // the rk2 scheme used in the krook operator should be of order 2
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ TEST(KrookSource, Constant)
 
     IDomainSpXVx const mesh(gridsp, gridx, gridvx);
 
-    FieldSp<int> charges(dom_sp);
-    DFieldSp masses(dom_sp);
+    host_t<FieldSp<int>> charges(dom_sp);
+    host_t<DFieldSp> masses(dom_sp);
     charges(dom_sp.front()) = 1;
     charges(dom_sp.back()) = -1;
     ddc::for_each(dom_sp, [&](IndexSp const isp) { masses(isp) = 1.0; });
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ TEST(KrookSource, Constant)
             temperature_target);
 
     // compute the krook mask (spatial extent)
-    DFieldX mask = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Inverted, false);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Inverted, false);
 
     // simulation
     double const deltat = 1.;
@@ -230,35 +230,35 @@ TEST(KrookSource, Constant)
     // Initialization of the distribution function : maxwellian
     double const density_init = 1.;
     double const temperature_init = 1.;
-    device_t<DFieldVx> finit_device(gridvx);
-    MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(finit_device, density_init, temperature_init, 0.);
-    auto finit = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit_device.span_view());
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> allfdistribu_device(mesh);
+    DFieldVx finit(gridvx);
+    MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(finit, density_init, temperature_init, 0.);
+    auto finit_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(finit.span_view());
+    DFieldSpXVx allfdistribu(mesh);
     ddc::for_each(ddc::select<IDimSp, IDimX>(mesh), [&](IndexSpX const ispx) {
-        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu_device[ispx], finit);
+        ddc::deepcopy(allfdistribu[ispx], finit_host);
     });
 
     int const nbsteps = 100;
     for (int iter = 0; iter < nbsteps; ++iter) {
-        rhs_krook(allfdistribu_device, deltat);
+        rhs_krook(allfdistribu, deltat);
     };
-    auto allfdistribu = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu_device.span_view());
+    auto allfdistribu_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(allfdistribu.span_view());
 
     // tests if distribution function matches theoretical prediction
-    device_t<DFieldVx> ftarget_device(gridvx);
-    MaxwellianEquilibrium::
-            compute_maxwellian(ftarget_device, density_target, temperature_target, 0.);
-    auto ftarget = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(ftarget_device.span_view());
+    DFieldVx ftarget(gridvx);
+    MaxwellianEquilibrium::compute_maxwellian(ftarget, density_target, temperature_target, 0.);
+    auto ftarget_host = ddc::create_mirror_view_and_copy(ftarget.span_view());
 
     ddc::for_each(allfdistribu.domain(), [&](IndexSpXVx const ispxvx) {
         // predicted distribution function value
         double const allfdistribu_pred
-                = ftarget(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx))
-                  + (finit(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx)) - ftarget(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx)))
+                = ftarget_host(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx))
+                  + (finit_host(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx))
+                     - ftarget_host(ddc::select<IDimVx>(ispxvx)))
                             * std::exp(
                                     -amplitude * mask(ddc::select<IDimX>(ispxvx)) * deltat
                                     * nbsteps);
-        double const error = std::fabs(allfdistribu(ispxvx) - allfdistribu_pred);
+        double const error = std::fabs(allfdistribu_host(ispxvx) - allfdistribu_pred);
 
         EXPECT_LE(error, 1e-13);
     });
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/masks.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/masks.cpp
index e015e640a..0dd7c108d 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/masks.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/masks.cpp
@@ -51,22 +51,22 @@ TEST(Masks, Ordering)
     // with x_left = x_min + Lx*extent
     //      x_right = x_min + Lx - Lx*extent
     //      Lx = gridx total length
-    DFieldX mask = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Normal, false);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Normal, false);
     EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mask(middle) - 1.0), tolerance);
     EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mask(tenth)), tolerance);
 
     // same but with a mask that is zero inside [x_left, x_right]
-    DFieldX mask_inverted = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Inverted, false);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask_inverted = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Inverted, false);
     EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mask_inverted(middle)), tolerance);
     EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(mask_inverted(tenth) - 1.0), tolerance);
 
     // tests if integral of normalized mask equals 1
-    DFieldX const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
+    host_t<DFieldX> const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridx);
     Quadrature<IDimX> const integrate_x(quadrature_coeffs);
 
-    DFieldX mask_normalized = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Normal, true);
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask_normalized = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Normal, true);
     EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(integrate_x(mask_normalized) - 1.0), tolerance);
-    DFieldX mask_normalized_inverted
+    host_t<DFieldX> mask_normalized_inverted
             = mask_tanh(gridx, extent, stiffness, MaskType::Inverted, true);
     EXPECT_LE(std::fabs(integrate_x(mask_normalized_inverted) - 1.0), tolerance);
 }
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/maxwellian.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/maxwellian.cpp
index 1f5362850..d50a220b1 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/maxwellian.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/maxwellian.cpp
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ TEST(Maxwellian, Moments)
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx);
     Quadrature<IDimVx> const integrate_v(quadrature_coeffs);
 
     double const density = 1.e-5;
     double const mean_velocity = 0.5;
     double const temperature = 0.5;
 
-    DFieldVx fdistribu(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> fdistribu(gridvx);
     MaxwellianEquilibrium::
             compute_maxwellian(fdistribu.span_view(), density, temperature, mean_velocity);
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ TEST(Maxwellian, Moments)
     double const density_res = integrate_v(fdistribu);
 
     // mean velocity
-    DFieldVx integrand(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> integrand(gridvx);
     ddc::for_each(gridvx, [&](IndexVx const ivx) {
         integrand(ivx) = ddc::coordinate(ivx) * fdistribu(ivx);
     });
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/neumann_quadrature_spline.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/neumann_quadrature_spline.cpp
index b62302540..0b8337e8d 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/neumann_quadrature_spline.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/neumann_quadrature_spline.cpp
@@ -25,10 +25,11 @@ TEST(NeumannSplineQuadratureTest, ExactForConstantFunc)
 
     IDomainVx const gridvx = builder_vx.interpolation_domain();
 
-    DFieldVx const quadrature_coeffs = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> const quadrature_coeffs
+            = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridvx, builder_vx);
     Quadrature const integrate(quadrature_coeffs.span_cview());
 
-    DFieldVx values(gridvx);
+    host_t<DFieldVx> values(gridvx);
 
     ddc::for_each(gridvx, [&](ddc::DiscreteElement<IDimVx> const idx) { values(idx) = 1.0; });
     double integral = integrate(values);
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems)
             ddc::SplineSolver::GINKGO,
             IDimY>;
     using IDomainY = ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimY>;
-    using DFieldY = ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainY>;
+    using DFieldY = device_t<ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainY>>;
 
     ddc::Coordinate<Y<N>> const y_min(-1.0);
     ddc::Coordinate<Y<N>> const y_max(1.0);
@@ -73,10 +74,11 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems)
 
     SplineYBuilder const builder_y(gridy);
 
-    DFieldY const quadrature_coeffs = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridy, builder_y);
+    host_t<DFieldY> const quadrature_coeffs
+            = neumann_spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridy, builder_y);
     Quadrature const integrate(quadrature_coeffs.span_cview());
 
-    DFieldY values(gridy);
+    host_t<DFieldY> values(gridy);
 
     ddc::for_each(gridy, [&](ddc::DiscreteElement<IDimY> const idx) {
         double x = ddc::coordinate(idx);
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature.cpp
index e8021c610..cdab8c8ce 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature.cpp
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems, Method meth)
     using DimY = Y<N>;
     using IDimY = ddc::NonUniformPointSampling<DimY>;
     using IDomainY = ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimY>;
-    using DFieldY = ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainY>;
+    using DFieldY = device_t<ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainY>>;
 
     ddc::Coordinate<DimY> const y_min(0.0);
     ddc::Coordinate<DimY> const y_max(M_PI);
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems, Method meth)
     ddc::DiscreteVector<IDimY> npoints(n_elems);
     ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimY> gridy(lbound, npoints);
 
-    DFieldY quadrature_coeffs;
+    host_t<DFieldY> quadrature_coeffs;
     switch (meth) {
     case Method::TRAPEZ:
         quadrature_coeffs = trapezoid_quadrature_coefficients(gridy);
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems, Method meth)
     }
 
     Quadrature<IDimY> const integrate(quadrature_coeffs);
-    DFieldY values(gridy);
+    host_t<DFieldY> values(gridy);
 
     ddc::for_each(gridy, [&](ddc::DiscreteElement<IDimY> const idx) {
         values(idx) = sin(ddc::coordinate(idx));
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature_spline.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature_spline.cpp
index 0e72de5ea..a7e2f75f1 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature_spline.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/quadrature_spline.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ TEST(SplineQuadratureTest, ExactForConstantFunc)
     using sllSplineXBuilder
             = SplineBuilder<sllBSplinesX, sllIDimX, sllSplineXBoundary, sllSplineXBoundary>;
     using sllIDomainX = ddc::DiscreteDomain<sllIDimX>;
-    using sllDFieldX = ddc::Chunk<double, sllIDomainX>;
+    using sllDFieldX = device_t<ddc::Chunk<double, sllIDomainX>>;
 
     ddc::init_discrete_space<sllBSplinesX>(x_min, x_max, x_size);
 
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ TEST(SplineQuadratureTest, ExactForConstantFunc)
 
     sllIDomainX const gridx = builder_x.interpolation_domain();
 
-    sllDFieldX const quadrature_coeffs = spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridx, builder_x);
+    host_t<sllDFieldX> const quadrature_coeffs = spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridx, builder_x);
     Quadrature const integrate(quadrature_coeffs.span_cview());
 
-    sllDFieldX values(gridx);
+    host_t<sllDFieldX> values(gridx);
 
     ddc::for_each(gridx, [&](ddc::DiscreteElement<IDimX> const idx) { values(idx) = 1.0; });
     double integral = integrate(values);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems)
     using SplineYBuilder
             = SplineBuilder<BSplinesY, IDimY, BoundCond::GREVILLE, BoundCond::GREVILLE>;
     using IDomainY = ddc::DiscreteDomain<IDimY>;
-    using DFieldY = ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainY>;
+    using DFieldY = device_t<ddc::Chunk<double, IDomainY>>;
 
     ddc::Coordinate<Y<N>> const y_min(0.0);
     ddc::Coordinate<Y<N>> const y_max(M_PI);
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ double compute_error(int n_elems)
 
     SplineYBuilder const builder_y(gridy);
 
-    DFieldY const quadrature_coeffs = spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridy, builder_y);
+    host_t<DFieldY> const quadrature_coeffs = spline_quadrature_coefficients(gridy, builder_y);
     Quadrature const integrate(quadrature_coeffs.span_cview());
 
-    DFieldY values(gridy);
+    host_t<DFieldY> values(gridy);
 
     ddc::for_each(gridy, [&](ddc::DiscreteElement<IDimY> const idx) {
         values(idx) = sin(ddc::coordinate(idx));
diff --git a/tests/geometryXVx/splitvlasovsolver.cpp b/tests/geometryXVx/splitvlasovsolver.cpp
index 0dd117f22..6d0cec77a 100644
--- a/tests/geometryXVx/splitvlasovsolver.cpp
+++ b/tests/geometryXVx/splitvlasovsolver.cpp
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ using namespace ::testing;
 TEST(SplitVlasovSolver, Ordering)
 {
     IDomainSpXVx const dom(IndexSpXVx(0, 0, 0), IVectSpXVx(0, 0, 0));
-    device_t<DFieldSpXVx> fdistribu(dom);
-    device_t<DSpanSpXVx> const fdistribu_s(fdistribu);
-    device_t<DFieldX> const efield(ddc::select<IDimX>(dom));
+    DFieldSpXVx fdistribu(dom);
+    DSpanSpXVx const fdistribu_s(fdistribu);
+    DFieldX const efield(ddc::select<IDimX>(dom));
     double const dt = 0.;
 
     MockAdvectionX const advec_x;
diff --git a/vendor/ddc/CMakeLists.txt b/vendor/ddc/CMakeLists.txt
index 597de6227..f2785b535 100644
--- a/vendor/ddc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/vendor/ddc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ endif()
 
 if("${BUILD_SPLINES_KERNEL}")
   # Ginkgo
-  find_package(Ginkgo 1.7.0 EXACT REQUIRED)
+  find_package(Ginkgo 1.7.0 REQUIRED)
   target_link_libraries(DDC INTERFACE Ginkgo::ginkgo)
   target_compile_definitions(DDC INTERFACE ginkgo_AVAIL)
 endif()