Vanninen2005
Data contributor: Petteri Vanninen, Annikki Mäkelä
Email: petteri.vanninen@uef.fi, annikki.makela@helsinki.fi
Address:
- School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Box 86, 57101 Savonlinna, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O.Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Citation: Vanninen P and Mäkelä A (2005). 'Carbon budget for Scots pine trees: effects of size, competition and site fertility on growth allocation and production.' Tree Physiology, 25(1), pp. 17-30.
Abstract: Time series of carbon fluxes in individual Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were constructed based on biomass measurements and information about component-specific turnover and respiration rates. Foliage, branch, stem sapwood, heartwood and bark components of aboveground biomass were measured in 117 trees sampled from 17 stands varying in age, density and site fertility. A subsample of 32 trees was measured for belowground biomass excluding fine roots. Biomass of fine roots was estimated from the results of an earlier study. Statistical models were constructed to predict dry mass ({DW)} of components from tree height and basal area, and time derivatives of these models were used to estimate biomass increments from height growth and basal area growth. Biomass growth (G) was estimated by adding estimated biomass turnover rates to increments, and gross photosynthetic production (P) was estimated by adding estimated component respiration rates to growth. The method, which predicts the time course of G, P and biomass increment in individual trees as functions of height growth and basal area growth, was applied to eight example trees representing different dominance positions and site fertilities. Estimated G and P of the example trees varied with competition, site fertility and tree height, reaching maximum values of 22 and 43 kg({DW)} year(-1), respectively. The site types did not show marked differences in productivity of trees of the same height, although height growth was greater on the fertile site. The {G:P} ratio decreased with tree height from 65 to 45%. Growth allocation to needles and branches increased with increasing dominance, whereas growth allocation to the stem decreased. Growth allocation to branches decreased and growth allocation to coarse roots increased with increasing tree size. Trees at the poor site allocated 49% more to fine roots than trees at the fertile site. The belowground parts accounted for 25 to 55% of annual G, increasing with tree size and decreasing with site fertility. Annual G and P per unit needle mass varied over the ranges 1.9-2.4 and 3.5-4.0 kg({DW)} kg(-1), respectively. The relationship between P and needle mass in the example trees was linear and relatively independent of competition, site fertility and age.
The dataset includes records for 117 individuals from 1 species belonging to 1 family(ies), presenting 1 functional type(s), growing in 1 condition(s) within 1 major type(s) of habitat, with data included for the following variables:
| Variable | Label | Units | N | Min | Median | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| latitude | Latitude | deg | 117 | 60 | 62 | 62 |
| longitude | Longitude | deg | 117 | 24 | 24 | 27 |
| age | Age | yr | 117 | 9 | 31 | 212 |
| a.lf | Leaf area | m2 | 30 | 2.9 | 50 | 124 |
| a.stbh | Stem area at breast height | m2 | 117 | 0.00024 | 0.015 | 0.14 |
| h.t | Height | m | 117 | 3.3 | 13 | 32 |
| h.c | Height to crown base | m | 117 | 0.5 | 6.3 | 24 |
| d.bh | Dbh | m | 117 | 0.018 | 0.14 | 0.42 |
| h.bh | Height of d.bh measurement | m | 117 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| c.d | Crown depth | m | 117 | 1.8 | 6.3 | 14 |
| m.lf | Leaf mass | kg | 117 | 0.042 | 3.5 | 19 |
| m.ss | Sapwood mass | kg | 18 | 8.8 | 149 | 524 |
| m.sh | Heartwood mass | kg | 18 | 0.36 | 18 | 584 |
| m.st | Total stem mass | kg | 117 | 0.4 | 32 | 1091 |
| m.so | Aboveground mass | kg | 117 | 0.47 | 37 | 1107 |
| m.br | Branch mass | kg | 117 | 0.1 | 5.7 | 115 |
| m.rf | Fine root mass | kg | 18 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 8.7 |
| m.rc | Coarse root mass | kg | 32 | 0.37 | 11 | 206 |
| m.rt | Total root mass | kg | 18 | 5.3 | 36 | 212 |
| m.to | Total mass | kg | 18 | 16 | 205 | 1318 |
And locally within the country:
The sites sampled are:
| Location | Longitude | Latitude | Vegetation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Finland | 24.817 | 62.050 | Boreal forest |
| Finland | 23.850 | 62.067 | Boreal forest |
| Finland | 25.017 | 60.367 | Boreal forest |
| Finland | 24.317 | 61.800 | Boreal forest |
| Finland | 27.000 | 61.283 | Boreal forest |
| Finland | 25.000 | 61.333 | Boreal forest |
The growing conditions of sampled plants was:
| Location | Grouping | growingCondition |
|---|---|---|
| Finland | Site type = Myrtillus; site code = 23 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Myrtillus; site code = 153 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 157 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 167 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 188 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Myrtillus; site code = 218 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Myrtillus; site code = 223 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Myrtillus; site code = 224 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 240 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 1 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 2 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 45 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 47 | plantation managed |
| Finland | Site type = Calluna; site code = 5 | plantation managed |
| Species | Family | Pft |
|---|---|---|
| Pinus sylvestris | Pinaceae | evergreen gymnosperm |
Sampling strategy: The sample trees represent a collection from several studies: Vanninen et al. 1996, Mäkelä and Vanninen 1998, Vanninen and Mäkelä (1999,2000,2005). In all studies the sample trees were selected randomly from the composed stem frequency series of each plot. The selection was further targeted so that sampling targeted to trees representing dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees.
Stem cross sectional area: Was determined as an average of four stem radii under bark, measured from sample disks in four cardinal points at minimum accuracy of 1 mm.
Height: Was tape-measured on felled trees.
Leaf mass: Leaf mass is based on sample branches taken systematically in the crowns of all trees. A regression model was developed and parametrised separately for subsets of trees, predicting the leaf biomass of each branch from branch diameter and distance from the top.
Branch mass: Branch mass was estimated using the same method as for leaf mass.
Stem sapwood mass: Disks were taken at several heights of the stem, always including breast height and crown base. Sapwood and heartwood rings were estimated by viewing the disks against light. The cross-sectional area of the disks (both sapwood and heartwood components) was estimated as a circular plate with a diameter that was the average of two measured perpendicular diameters. The volume of the stem sections between the consecutive disks was calculated as cut cones, and the biomass was obtained using the density of the lower disk, measured by weighing the dry weight and immersion.
Stem heartwood mass: See stem sapwood mass.
Fine root mass: Stand-level estimate of fine root (< 2mm) mass was obtained from soil core samples. Individual-tree fine root estimates were based on dividing the stand level estimate in proportion to basal area.
Coarse root mass: For coarse root mass, all roots were dug up in a 90 degree sector chosen at random around the tree. Roots were followed up to 0.5 cm thickness. They were cleaned and oven dried.
Foliage area: Specific leaf area was measured from a subsample of foliage to convert foliage mass to foliage area.
Crown length: Crown length was measured from felled trees using a tape measure. Crown base was defined as the height where at least two consecutive dead whorls could be found below the continuous crown.
Crown area: Crown width was measured across the widest diameter and perpendicular to that. The length of the crown above and below its widest point were recorded and crown area was estimated as the area of the two cones defined by crown width and the upper and lower lengths.
Year collected: 1992, 1994-1997
Acknowledgements: H. Ylitalo, H. Mäkinen and R. Sievänen
This is how the study Vanninen2005 fits in the entire dataset (grey). each colour represents a species. A legend of species names with colours is included at the end for reports with 1 < n < 20 species.
