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Algo + DS

Algorithms​

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  1. -

    Union-Find Algorithm

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  2. Union-Find Algorithm
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      Dynamic Connectivity

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      Quick Find

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      Quick Union

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      Improvements

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    • Dynamic Connectivity
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    • Quick Find
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    • Quick Union
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    • Improvements
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        Weighted Quick Union

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        Weighted Quick Union with Path Compression

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      • Weighted Quick Union
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      • Weighted Quick Union with Path Compression
    3. -
  3. -

    Analysis of algorithms

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  4. Analysis of algorithms
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      Scientific Method of Analysis

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      Empirical Method of Analysis

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    • Scientific Method of Analysis
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    • Empirical Method of Analysis
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  5. -

    Stacks and Queues

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  6. Stacks and Queues
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      Stacks

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      Resizing Arrays

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      Queues

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      Deque

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      Randomized Queues

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    • Stacks
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    • Resizing Arrays
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    • Queues
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    • Deque
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    • Randomized Queues
    7. -
  7. -

    Elementary Sort

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  8. Elementary Sort
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      Selection Sort

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      Insertion Sort

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      Shell Sort

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      Shuffling

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    • Selection Sort
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    • Insertion Sort
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    • Shell Sort
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    • Shuffling
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        Shuffle Sort

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        Knuth Shuffle

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      • Shuffle Sort
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      • Knuth Shuffle
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      Convex Hull

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    • Convex Hull
    9. -
  9. -

    Merge Sort

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  10. Merge Sort
    • Bottom up mergesort
    11. -
  11. -

    Quick Sort

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  12. Quick Sort
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      Quick Select (Selection)

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      3- way partition quicksort (Duplicate Keys)

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      System sorts

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    • Quick Select (Selection)
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    • 3- way partition quicksort (Duplicate Keys)
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    • System sorts
    13. -
  13. -

    Priority Queues

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  14. Priority Queues
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      Binary heaps

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      Heap sort

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    • Binary heaps
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    • Heap sort
    15. -
  15. -

    Elementary Symbol Tables

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  16. Elementary Symbol Tables
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    • Elementary Implementations
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    • Elementary Implementations +
        +
      • Sorted array (Binary Search)
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      • Unordered List (Sequential Search)
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Sorted array (Binary Search)

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Unordered List (Sequential Search)

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  1. -

    Ordered Operations

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    2. -
  2. -

    Binary Search Trees

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    3. -
  3. -

    Ordered Operations in BSTs

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    4. -
  4. -

    Deletion in BSTs

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    5. -
  5. -

    Balanced Search Trees

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  6. Ordered Operations
    7. +
  7. Binary Search Trees
    8. +
  8. Ordered Operations in BSTs
    9. +
  9. Deletion in BSTs
    10. +
  10. Balanced Search Trees
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      2-3 Search Trees

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      Red-Black Trees

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      B-Trees

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    • 2-3 Search Trees
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    • Red-Black Trees
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    • B-Trees
    11. -
  11. -

    Geometric applications of BST

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    12. -
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  • Geometric applications of BST
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      1d Range Search

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      Line Segment Intersection

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      Kd-Trees

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      Interval Search Trees

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      Rectangle Intersection

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      • +
    • 1d Range Search
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    • Line Segment Intersection
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    • Kd-Trees
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    • Interval Search Trees
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    • Rectangle Intersection
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      -
    1. Hash Tables
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      Uniform Hashing Assumption

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      Separate Chaining

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      Linear Probing

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      -
    1. Symbol Table Applications
      2. -
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  • Hash Tables
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      Sets

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      Dictionary Clients

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      Indexing Clients

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    • -

      Sparse Vectors

      +
    • Uniform Hashing Assumption
      • +
    • Separate Chaining
      • +
    • Linear Probing
      • +
    • +
  • Symbol Table Applications +
      +
    • Sets
      • +
    • Dictionary Clients
      • +
    • Indexing Clients
      • +
    • Sparse Vectors
    +
    • +

    Data Structures​

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    1. -

      Undirected Graphs

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    2. Undirected Graphs
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        Implementation

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      • Implementation
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          Adjacency Matrix

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          Adjacency List

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        • Adjacency Matrix
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        • Adjacency List
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        DFS

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        BFS

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        Connected Components

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      • DFS
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      • BFS
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      • Connected Components
      3. -
    3. -

      Directed Graphs

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    4. Directed Graphs
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        Topological Sort

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      • Topological Sort
        • Topological order of an acyclic digraph
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        Strongly Connected Components

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      • Strongly Connected Components
        • Kosaraju-Sharir algorithm for computing strong components of a digraph
      5. -
    5. -

      Minimum Spanning Trees

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    6. Minimum Spanning Trees
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        Kruskal's Algorithm

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        Prim's Algorithm

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      • Kruskal's Algorithm
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      • Prim's Algorithm
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    7. -

      Shortest Path

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    8. Shortest Path
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        Dijkstra's Algorithm

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        Bellman Ford Algorithm (Negative Weights)

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      • Dijkstra's Algorithm
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      • Bellman Ford Algorithm (Negative Weights)
      9. -
    9. -

      Maximum Flow and Minimum Cut

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    10. Maximum Flow and Minimum Cut
      • Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm
      11. -
    11. -

      Radix Sorts

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    12. Radix Sorts
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        Key-Indexed Counting

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        LSD Radix Sort

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        MSD Radix Sort

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        3-way Radix Quicksort

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        Suffix Arrays

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      • Key-Indexed Counting
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      • LSD Radix Sort
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      • MSD Radix Sort
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      • 3-way Radix Quicksort
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      • Suffix Arrays
      13. -
    13. -

      Tries

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    14. Tries
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        R-way Tries

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        Ternary Search Tries

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      • R-way Tries
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      • Ternary Search Tries
      15. -
    15. -

      Substring Search

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    16. Substring Search
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        KMP (Knuth-Morris-Pratt)

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        Boyer-Moore

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        Rabin-Karp

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      • KMP (Knuth-Morris-Pratt)
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      • Boyer-Moore
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      • Rabin-Karp
      17. -
    17. -

      Regular Expressions

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    18. Regular Expressions
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        DFA

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        NFA

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      • DFA
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      • NFA
      19. -
    19. -

      Data Compression

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      20. -
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  • Data Compression
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      Run Length Encoding

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      Huffman Compression

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      LZW Compression

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      Burrows-Wheeler

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    • Run Length Encoding
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    • Huffman Compression
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    • LZW Compression
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    • Burrows-Wheeler
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      -
    1. -

      Reductions

      2. -
    2. -

      Linear Programming

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      3. -
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  • Reductions
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  • Linear Programming
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      Brewer's Problem

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    • -

      Simplex Algorithm

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    • Brewer's Problem
      • +
    • Simplex Algorithm
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      -
    1. Intractability
      2. -
    -
      -
    • -

      P

      -
      • -
    • -

      NP

      -
      • -
    • -

      NP-Complete

      • +
    • Intractability +
        +
      • P
        • +
      • NP
        • +
      • NP-Complete
      +
      • +

      Strategies for algorithms​

        -
      1. -

        B.U.D. (Bottleneck, Unnecessary work, Duplicated work)

        -
        2. -
      2. -

        Space / Time Tradeoffs

        -
        3. +
      3. B.U.D. (Bottleneck, Unnecessary work, Duplicated work)
        4. +
      4. Space / Time Tradeoffs

      Resources​

        -
      1. -

        Coursera - Algorithms Part 1

        -
        2. -
      2. -

        Coursera - Algorithms Part 2

        -
        3. +
      3. Coursera - Algorithms Part 1
        4. +
      4. Coursera - Algorithms Part 2

      https://www.toptal.com/algorithms/interview-questions

      Most Important Algos / DS / Programming Concepts​

        -
      1. -

        Depth first search

        -
        2. -
      2. -

        Breadth first search

        -
        3. -
      3. -

        Matching parenthesis

        -
        4. -
      4. -

        Hash Tables

        -
        5. -
      5. -

        Variables / Pointer manipulations

        -
        6. -
      6. -

        Reversing a linked list

        -
        7. -
      7. -

        Sorting fundamentals

        -
        8. -
      8. -

        Recursion

        -
        9. -
      9. -

        Custom data structures (suffix tree)

        -
        10. -
      10. -

        Binary search

        -
        11. +
      11. Depth first search
        12. +
      12. Breadth first search
        13. +
      13. Matching parenthesis
        14. +
      14. Hash Tables
        15. +
      15. Variables / Pointer manipulations
        16. +
      16. Reversing a linked list
        17. +
      17. Sorting fundamentals
        18. +
      18. Recursion
        19. +
      19. Custom data structures (suffix tree)
        20. +
      20. Binary search

      BUD Optimization Strategy​

    • +

    https://github.com/MisterBooo/LeetCodeAnimation

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This can get confusing, as a search term can be both simultaneously. Sticking with the previous example, you can look for the Song entity by the attributes 'name' and 'artist'. But you can also look for the Artist entity by the attributes 'artist name' and 'songs'."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Typically, an entity will correspond to a table in your database, and the attributes will correspond with the fields of that table."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"document-based-search-solutions",children:"Document-based search solutions"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Elastic"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Solr"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"vespa"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"faceted-search",children:"Faceted Search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Faceted searchis a technique that involves augmenting traditional search techniques with a faceted navigation system, allowing users to narrow down search results by applying multiple filters based on ",(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_classification",children:"faceted classification"})," of the items.A faceted classification system classifies each information element along multiple explicit dimensions, called facets, enabling the classifications to be accessed and ordered in multiple ways rather than in a single, pre-determined, ",(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)",children:"taxonomic"})," order."]}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Facets correspond to properties of the information elements. 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Thus, existing web-pages, product descriptions or online collections of articles can be augmented with navigational facets."]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.img,{alt:"image",src:s(690238).Z+"",width:"830",height:"934"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_search",children:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_search"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.enterprisedb.com/postgres-tutorials/how-implement-faceted-search-django-and-postgresql",children:"https://www.enterprisedb.com/postgres-tutorials/how-implement-faceted-search-django-and-postgresql"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://django-haystack.readthedocs.io/en/v2.4.1/faceting.html",children:"https://django-haystack.readthedocs.io/en/v2.4.1/faceting.html"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"omni-search",children:"Omni Search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"searchable-entities",children:"Searchable entities"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The first thing you need in order to build your omni-search, is to map the entities users might be searching for. Remember: it's not what they search it by - just what they'd like to find."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"You might not be sure what's considered 'an entity'. For example, on Google Drive, you can search for PDFs, Sheets, or Docs. Are these different entities? While there's a technical discussion I won't get into, as a rule of thumb, if all candidates share the same attributes (e.g. doc name, creator, date...) - then it can be considered the same entity with a 'type' attribute."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"searchable-attributes",children:"Searchable attributes"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Once you've selected the entities to be searched, let's select the attributes that the users can search by. Don't be tempted to use all available attributes - this will slow performance and produce bad results. Instead, only use the attributes your users are likely to use. If you're not sure, guess, and then go back after the release and see what your users have tried searching by."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Example: on Spotify, each artist has an 'about' attribute, which you can see after you've clicked on the artist (all the way on the bottom). However, if you tried copy-pasting that 'about' text to the omni-search, you won't find the artist, because Spotify doesn't search artists by the 'about' attribute, which makes sense: it's unlikely anyone will try searching by it, in any reasonable use-case."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"search-behavior",children:"Search behavior"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"There are a few other parameters you need to define in your search:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"substring-location",children:"Substring location"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's take The Chainsmokers. Which of these search terms do you think should find them: 'the chain', 'chain', or 'smokers'?"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"If you guessed all three, then you're right. But that's not always the case. Let's try to look for the Medium publicationNoteworthy.You'll find it if you search for 'notew', but not if you look for 'worthy'."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"This has a lot to do with how the data is being indexed, and there are three main options to choose from:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"start of string (e.g. 'the chain')"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"start of each word (e.g. 'chains')"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"all substrings (e.g. 'smokers', or 'ainsmoke')"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Again, more is not always better. Pick the one most suited to what your users are likely to search."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"strict-vs-fuzzy-search",children:"Strict vs. fuzzy search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Users make mistakes. They might type in \"the chansmokers\", leaving out the 'i', either due to a typo or miss-spelling. A fuzzy search will catch that. Too fuzzy of a search will also catch a lot of garbage results."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"start-of-search",children:"Start of search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Most searches don't show results until you type in at least 2--3 letters."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"debounce",children:"Debounce"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We type quickly. You don't want each keystroke to start a new search, because that would seem jumpy to the user. You commonly wait 0.1s or so after the keystroke (don't hold me to that number), to make sure the user stopped typing."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"capitalization",children:"capitalization"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Not much to say about this. 99% of searches should be caseinsensitive."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"scores-and-weights",children:"Scores and weights"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"This part is a bit complicated, and can fill an entire post on its own, but I'll try to explain the gist of it:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"In very simple searches, the search term is either found, or not found. 1 or 0. With more modern search tools (Elasticsearch being the most popular), each result gets a score, based on the location of the substring, accuracy, and a few other parameters."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"To add to that, it's possible to put weights on those scores. Say you search for a song by both track name and artist. The term 'young' can find Young Folks by Peter, Bjorn and John, and it can also find Heart of Gold by Neil Young. However, when looking for songs, it makes sense to give more weight to the name of the song than to the artist (and of course, vice-versa when you're looking for artists)."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Showing results"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Here's when the fun starts! 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/0861dca6.c826c269.js b/assets/js/0861dca6.c826c269.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..db4a73d6db2 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/0861dca6.c826c269.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[66966],{977462:(e,t,s)=>{s.r(t),s.d(t,{assets:()=>h,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>n,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>c});var a=s(785893),i=s(511151);const n={},r="Full Text Searches",o={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/full-text-searches",title:"Full Text Searches",description:"- Ignoring \"stop words\" such as \"a\", 'the', 'and'",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/full-text-searches.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/full-text-searches",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/full-text-searches",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/full-text-searches.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"ELK/EFK Stack /Elastic Stack / ElasticSearch",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/elk-efk-stack-elastic-stack-elasticsearch"},next:{title:"Getting Started",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started"}},h={},c=[{value:"Entity vs. attribute",id:"entity-vs-attribute",level:2},{value:"Document-based search solutions",id:"document-based-search-solutions",level:2},{value:"Faceted Search",id:"faceted-search",level:2},{value:"Omni Search",id:"omni-search",level:2},{value:"Searchable entities",id:"searchable-entities",level:3},{value:"Searchable attributes",id:"searchable-attributes",level:3},{value:"Search behavior",id:"search-behavior",level:3},{value:"Substring location",id:"substring-location",level:3},{value:"Strict vs. fuzzy search",id:"strict-vs-fuzzy-search",level:2},{value:"Start of search",id:"start-of-search",level:2},{value:"Debounce",id:"debounce",level:2},{value:"capitalization",id:"capitalization",level:2},{value:"Scores and weights",id:"scores-and-weights",level:2},{value:"Zero Click Search",id:"zero-click-search",level:2},{value:"Transformers",id:"transformers",level:2},{value:"Tools",id:"tools",level:2}];function l(e){const t={a:"a",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,a.jsxs)(a.Fragment,{children:[(0,a.jsx)(t.h1,{id:"full-text-searches",children:"Full Text Searches"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Ignoring \"stop words\" such as \"a\", 'the', 'and'"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Stemming words, so that 'pony' and 'ponies' are considered similar"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Weighting words absed on different criteria such as how frequently they appear in the text, or the importance of the fields, such as the title or keywords, that they appear in."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"entity-vs-attribute",children:"Entity vs. attribute"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"In search, an entity iswhat you search for, and an attribute iswhat you search it by. This can get confusing, as a search term can be both simultaneously. Sticking with the previous example, you can look for the Song entity by the attributes 'name' and 'artist'. But you can also look for the Artist entity by the attributes 'artist name' and 'songs'."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Typically, an entity will correspond to a table in your database, and the attributes will correspond with the fields of that table."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"document-based-search-solutions",children:"Document-based search solutions"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Elastic"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Solr"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"vespa"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"faceted-search",children:"Faceted Search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Faceted search is a technique that involves augmenting traditional search techniques with a faceted navigation system, allowing users to narrow down search results by applying multiple filters based on ",(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_classification",children:"faceted classification"})," of the items.A faceted classification system classifies each information element along multiple explicit dimensions, called facets, enabling the classifications to be accessed and ordered in multiple ways rather than in a single, pre-determined, ",(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)",children:"taxonomic"})," order."]}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Facets correspond to properties of the information elements. They are often derived by analysis of the text of an item using ",(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_extraction",children:"entity extraction"})," techniques or from pre-existing fields in a database such as author, descriptor, language, and format. Thus, existing web-pages, product descriptions or online collections of articles can be augmented with navigational facets."]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.img,{alt:"image",src:s(690238).Z+"",width:"830",height:"934"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_search",children:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_search"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.enterprisedb.com/postgres-tutorials/how-implement-faceted-search-django-and-postgresql",children:"https://www.enterprisedb.com/postgres-tutorials/how-implement-faceted-search-django-and-postgresql"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://django-haystack.readthedocs.io/en/v2.4.1/faceting.html",children:"https://django-haystack.readthedocs.io/en/v2.4.1/faceting.html"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"omni-search",children:"Omni Search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"searchable-entities",children:"Searchable entities"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The first thing you need in order to build your omni-search, is to map the entities users might be searching for. Remember: it's not what they search it by - just what they'd like to find."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"You might not be sure what's considered 'an entity'. For example, on Google Drive, you can search for PDFs, Sheets, or Docs. Are these different entities? While there's a technical discussion I won't get into, as a rule of thumb, if all candidates share the same attributes (e.g. doc name, creator, date...) - then it can be considered the same entity with a 'type' attribute."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"searchable-attributes",children:"Searchable attributes"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Once you've selected the entities to be searched, let's select the attributes that the users can search by. Don't be tempted to use all available attributes - this will slow performance and produce bad results. Instead, only use the attributes your users are likely to use. If you're not sure, guess, and then go back after the release and see what your users have tried searching by."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Example: on Spotify, each artist has an 'about' attribute, which you can see after you've clicked on the artist (all the way on the bottom). However, if you tried copy-pasting that 'about' text to the omni-search, you won't find the artist, because Spotify doesn't search artists by the 'about' attribute, which makes sense: it's unlikely anyone will try searching by it, in any reasonable use-case."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"search-behavior",children:"Search behavior"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"There are a few other parameters you need to define in your search:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"substring-location",children:"Substring location"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's take The Chainsmokers. Which of these search terms do you think should find them: 'the chain', 'chain', or 'smokers'?"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"If you guessed all three, then you're right. But that's not always the case. Let's try to look for the Medium publicationNoteworthy.You'll find it if you search for 'notew', but not if you look for 'worthy'."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"This has a lot to do with how the data is being indexed, and there are three main options to choose from:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"start of string (e.g. 'the chain')"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"start of each word (e.g. 'chains')"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"all substrings (e.g. 'smokers', or 'ainsmoke')"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Again, more is not always better. Pick the one most suited to what your users are likely to search."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"strict-vs-fuzzy-search",children:"Strict vs. fuzzy search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Users make mistakes. They might type in \"the chansmokers\", leaving out the 'i', either due to a typo or miss-spelling. A fuzzy search will catch that. Too fuzzy of a search will also catch a lot of garbage results."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"start-of-search",children:"Start of search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Most searches don't show results until you type in at least 2--3 letters."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"debounce",children:"Debounce"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We type quickly. You don't want each keystroke to start a new search, because that would seem jumpy to the user. You commonly wait 0.1s or so after the keystroke (don't hold me to that number), to make sure the user stopped typing."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"capitalization",children:"capitalization"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Not much to say about this. 99% of searches should be caseinsensitive."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"scores-and-weights",children:"Scores and weights"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"This part is a bit complicated, and can fill an entire post on its own, but I'll try to explain the gist of it:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"In very simple searches, the search term is either found, or not found. 1 or 0. With more modern search tools (Elasticsearch being the most popular), each result gets a score, based on the location of the substring, accuracy, and a few other parameters."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"To add to that, it's possible to put weights on those scores. Say you search for a song by both track name and artist. The term 'young' can find Young Folks by Peter, Bjorn and John, and it can also find Heart of Gold by Neil Young. However, when looking for songs, it makes sense to give more weight to the name of the song than to the artist (and of course, vice-versa when you're looking for artists)."}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Showing results"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Here's when the fun starts! Results can be shown in 3 basic formats:"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"quick preview - a popup showing around 10 top results"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"result summary - a full page showing the main results for each entity"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"all results - all of the results of a specific entity"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://uxdesign.cc/designing-an-omni-search-29c6cb6ec3f7",children:"https://uxdesign.cc/designing-an-omni-search-29c6cb6ec3f7"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"zero-click-search",children:"Zero Click Search"}),"\n",(0,a.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Direct answers in the search results, and users doesn't have to click further links"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"transformers",children:"Transformers"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.img,{alt:"image",src:s(11827).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"442"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.img,{alt:"image",src:s(475252).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"606"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.img,{alt:"image",src:s(95220).Z+"",width:"1099",height:"641"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack",children:"https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack"})}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"tools",children:"Tools"}),"\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,a.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.algolia.com",children:"https://www.algolia.com"})})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:t}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return t?(0,a.jsx)(t,{...e,children:(0,a.jsx)(l,{...e})}):l(e)}},690238:(e,t,s)=>{s.d(t,{Z:()=>a});const a=s.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Full-Text-Searches-image1-ec62ac189f2caf965f4b96183fd77888.jpg"},11827:(e,t,s)=>{s.d(t,{Z:()=>a});const a=s.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Full-Text-Searches-image2-d8638bcd1b62e0f92bc9eb8a6716edfc.jpg"},475252:(e,t,s)=>{s.d(t,{Z:()=>a});const a=s.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Full-Text-Searches-image3-6a61f73f1f5b0e701b9eeb2f2cb60a33.jpg"},95220:(e,t,s)=>{s.d(t,{Z:()=>a});const a=s.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Full-Text-Searches-image4-71e9428ce91116414ed4ce121d6c23ea.jpg"},511151:(e,t,s)=>{s.d(t,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>r});var a=s(667294);const i={},n=a.createContext(i);function r(e){const t=a.useContext(n);return a.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(t):{...t,...e}}),[t,e])}function o(e){let t;return t=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:r(e.components),a.createElement(n.Provider,{value:t},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/1d89c0ed.cb54bf75.js b/assets/js/1d89c0ed.cb54bf75.js deleted file mode 100644 index 08d194e9d0c..00000000000 --- a/assets/js/1d89c0ed.cb54bf75.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[47502],{747443:(e,r,t)=>{t.r(r),t.d(r,{assets:()=>d,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>u,frontMatter:()=>a,metadata:()=>i,toc:()=>c});var s=t(785893),n=t(511151);const a={},o="Stored Procedure",i={id:"languages/sql/stored-procedure",title:"Stored Procedure",description:"A stored procedure (also termed proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP) is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database management system(RDBMS). Such procedures are stored in the database data dictionary.",source:"@site/docs/languages/sql/stored-procedure.md",sourceDirName:"languages/sql",slug:"/languages/sql/stored-procedure",permalink:"/languages/sql/stored-procedure",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/languages/sql/stored-procedure.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732812944,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 28, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"SQL Views",permalink:"/languages/sql/sql-views"},next:{title:"Types",permalink:"/languages/sql/types"}},d={},c=[{value:"Advantages of using stored procedures",id:"advantages-of-using-stored-procedures",level:2},{value:"Types of stored procedures",id:"types-of-stored-procedures",level:2},{value:"Differences",id:"differences",level:2},{value:"Stored Procedures",id:"stored-procedures",level:3},{value:"Functions",id:"functions",level:3},{value:"Access",id:"access",level:2},{value:"Queries",id:"queries",level:2},{value:"Creating a Stored Procedure",id:"creating-a-stored-procedure",level:3},{value:"Calling a Stored Procedure",id:"calling-a-stored-procedure",level:3}];function l(e){const r={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,n.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(r.h1,{id:"stored-procedure",children:"Stored Procedure"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.p,{children:["A ",(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"stored procedure"})," (also termed ",(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP"}),") is a ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine",children:"subroutine"})," available to applications that access a ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system",children:"relational database management system"}),"(RDBMS). Such procedures are stored in the database ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary",children:"data dictionary"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.p,{children:["Uses for stored procedures include ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_validation",children:"data-validation"}),"(integrated into the database) or ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control",children:"access-control"})," mechanisms. Furthermore, stored procedures can consolidate and centralize logic that was originally implemented in applications. To save time and memory, extensive or complex processing that requires execution of several ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL",children:"SQL"})," statements can be saved into stored procedures, and all applications call the procedures. One can use nested stored procedures by executing one stored procedure from within another."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.p,{children:["Stored procedures may return ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Result_set",children:"result sets"}),", i.e., the results of aSELECTstatement. Such result sets can be processed using ",(0,s.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor_(databases)",children:"cursors"}),", by other stored procedures, by associating a result-set locator, or by applications. Stored procedures may also contain declared variables for processing data and cursors that allow it to loop through multiple rows in a table. Stored-procedure flow-control statements typically includeIF,WHILE,LOOP,REPEAT, andCASEstatements, and more. Stored procedures can receive variables, return results or modify variables and return them, depending on how and where the variable is declared."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(r.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(r.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name\nAS\nsql_statement\nGO;\n\nEXEC procedure_name;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(r.h2,{id:"advantages-of-using-stored-procedures",children:"Advantages of using stored procedures"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"A stored procedure allows modular programming -"})," You can create the procedure once, store it in the database, and call it any number of times in your program."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"A stored procedure allows faster execution -"})," If the operation requires a large amount of SQL code that is performed repetitively, stored procedures can be faster. They are parsed and optimized when they are first executed, and a compiled version of the stored procedure remains in a memory cache for later use. This means the stored procedure does not need to be reparsed and reoptimized with each use, resulting in much faster execution times."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"A stored procedure can reduce network traffic -"})," An operation requiring hundreds of lines of Transact-SQL code can be performed through a single statement that executes the code in a procedure, rather than by sending hundreds of lines of code over the network."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"Stored procedures provide better security to your data -"})," Users can be granted permission to execute a stored procedure even if they do not have permission to execute the procedure's statements directly."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(r.h2,{id:"types-of-stored-procedures",children:"Types of stored procedures"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(r.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"System-stored procedures"})," are stored in the master database and these start with asp_prefix. 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Such procedures are stored in the database data dictionary.",source:"@site/docs/languages/sql/stored-procedure.md",sourceDirName:"languages/sql",slug:"/languages/sql/stored-procedure",permalink:"/languages/sql/stored-procedure",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/languages/sql/stored-procedure.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"SQL Views",permalink:"/languages/sql/sql-views"},next:{title:"Types",permalink:"/languages/sql/types"}},i={},l=[{value:"Advantages of using stored procedures",id:"advantages-of-using-stored-procedures",level:2},{value:"Types of stored procedures",id:"types-of-stored-procedures",level:2},{value:"Differences",id:"differences",level:2},{value:"Stored Procedures",id:"stored-procedures",level:3},{value:"Functions",id:"functions",level:3},{value:"Access",id:"access",level:2},{value:"Queries",id:"queries",level:2},{value:"Stored Procedure - CopyUsersLogInBatches",id:"stored-procedure---copyusersloginbatches",level:3},{value:"Stored Procedure - DeleteUsersLogInBatches",id:"stored-procedure---deleteusersloginbatches",level:3},{value:"Stored Procedure with Progress and Total Rows Deleted - DeleteOldSessionsInBatches",id:"stored-procedure-with-progress-and-total-rows-deleted---deleteoldsessionsinbatches",level:3},{value:"Stored Procedure - DeleteContentRevisionsEfficiently",id:"stored-procedure---deletecontentrevisionsefficiently",level:3},{value:"Calling a Stored Procedure",id:"calling-a-stored-procedure",level:3},{value:"Stored Procedure with Progress Output",id:"stored-procedure-with-progress-output",level:3}];function c(e){const r={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,n.jsxs)(n.Fragment,{children:[(0,n.jsx)(r.h1,{id:"stored-procedure",children:"Stored Procedure"}),"\n",(0,n.jsxs)(r.p,{children:["A ",(0,n.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"stored procedure"})," (also termed ",(0,n.jsx)(r.strong,{children:"proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP"}),") is a ",(0,n.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine",children:"subroutine"})," available to applications that access a ",(0,n.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system",children:"relational database management system"}),"(RDBMS). Such procedures are stored in the database ",(0,n.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary",children:"data dictionary"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,n.jsxs)(r.p,{children:["Uses for stored procedures include ",(0,n.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_validation",children:"data-validation"}),"(integrated into the database) or ",(0,n.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control",children:"access-control"})," mechanisms. Furthermore, stored procedures can consolidate and centralize logic that was originally implemented in applications. To save time and memory, extensive or complex processing that requires execution of several ",(0,n.jsx)(r.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL",children:"SQL"})," statements can be saved into stored procedures, and all applications call the procedures. 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It is based on the ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_relevance_model",children:"probabilistic retrieval framework"})," developed in the 1970s and 1980s by ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Robertson",children:"Stephen E. Robertson"}),", ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones",children:"Karen Sp\xe4rck Jones"}),", and others."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:['The name of the actual ranking function is BM25. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/44cd3922.fa0eba1e.js b/assets/js/44cd3922.fa0eba1e.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7e579c857e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/44cd3922.fa0eba1e.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[76420],{775727:(e,i,n)=>{n.r(i),n.d(i,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>s,default:()=>l,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>h});var t=n(785893),a=n(511151);const r={},s="Information Retrieval",o={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval",title:"Information Retrieval",description:"Link Analysis and Web Search",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Getting Started",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started"},next:{title:"Internal Working",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/internal-working"}},c={},h=[{value:"Link Analysis and Web Search",id:"link-analysis-and-web-search",level:2},{value:"tf-idf (term frequency - inverse document frequency)",id:"tf-idf-term-frequency---inverse-document-frequency",level:2},{value:"Term frequency",id:"term-frequency",level:2},{value:"Inverse document frequency",id:"inverse-document-frequency",level:2},{value:"References",id:"references",level:2},{value:"Okapi BM25",id:"okapi-bm25",level:2},{value:"Knowledge graph, Keyword Search",id:"knowledge-graph-keyword-search",level:2},{value:"Solr",id:"solr",level:3},{value:"Neural Search",id:"neural-search",level:2},{value:"What can it do?",id:"what-can-it-do",level:3},{value:"Think outside the (search)box",id:"think-outside-the-searchbox",level:3}];function d(e){const i={a:"a",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,t.jsxs)(t.Fragment,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(i.h1,{id:"information-retrieval",children:"Information Retrieval"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"link-analysis-and-web-search",children:"Link Analysis and Web Search"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:'Talks about "How Google Search indexes pages"'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"tf-idf-term-frequency---inverse-document-frequency",children:"tf-idf (term frequency - inverse document frequency)"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:["In ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval",children:"information retrieval"}),", tf-id for TFIDF, short for term frequency - inverse document frequency, is a numerical statistic that is intended to reflect how important a word is to a ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document",children:"document"})," in a collection or ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus",children:"corpus"}),". It is often used as a ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighting_factor",children:"weighting factor"})," in searches of information retrieval, ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_mining",children:"text mining"}),", and ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_modeling",children:"user modeling"}),". The tf--idf value increases ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)",children:"proportionally"})," to the number of times a word appears in the document and is offset by the number of documents in the corpus that contain the word, which helps to adjust for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. Tf--idf is one of the most popular term-weighting schemes today; 83% of text-based recommender systems in digital libraries use tf-idf."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:["Variations of the tf-idf weighting scheme are often used by ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine",children:"search engines"})," as a central tool in scoring and ranking a document's ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)",children:"relevance"})," given a user ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval",children:"query"}),". tf-idf can be successfully used for ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-words",children:"stop-words"})," filtering in various subject fields, including ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_summarization",children:"text summarization"})," and classification."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:["One of the simplest ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_function",children:"ranking functions"})," is computed by summing the tf--idf for each query term; many more sophisticated ranking functions are variants of this simple model."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"term-frequency",children:"Term frequency"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:['Suppose we have a set of English text documents and wish to rank which document is most relevant to the query, "the brown cow". A simple way to start out is by eliminating documents that do not contain all three words "the", "brown", and "cow", but this still leaves many documents. To further distinguish them, we might count the number of times each term occurs in each document; the number of times a term occurs in a document is called itsterm frequency. However, in the case where the length of documents varies greatly, adjustments are often made (see definition below). The first form of term weighting is due to ',(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Peter_Luhn",children:"Hans Peter Luhn"}),"(1957) which may be summarized as:"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"The weight of a term that occurs in a document is simply proportional to the term frequency."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"inverse-document-frequency",children:"Inverse document frequency"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:'Because the term "the" is so common, term frequency will tend to incorrectly emphasize documents which happen to use the word "the" more frequently, without giving enough weight to the more meaningful terms "brown" and "cow". The term "the" is not a good keyword to distinguish relevant and non-relevant documents and terms, unlike the less-common words "brown" and "cow". Hence aninverse document frequencyfactor is incorporated which diminishes the weight of terms that occur very frequently in the document set and increases the weight of terms that occur rarely.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones",children:"Karen Sp\xe4rck Jones"}),"(1972) conceived a statistical interpretation of term specificity called Inverse Document Frequency (idf), which became a cornerstone of term weighting:"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"The specificity of a term can be quantified as an inverse function of the number of documents in which it occurs."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:"Just the idea that you can enter in a query and then you could turn that query into a vector and then you have all of your documents also modeled as vectors and then you have a mathematical relationship that you can define between your search query and each of those documents. You can model them in space and then find how the query differs from all of those documents in space and then you have a ranking."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf",children:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"okapi-bm25",children:"Okapi BM25"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:["In ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval",children:"information retrieval"}),", Okapi BM25(BM stands for Best Matching) is a ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_function",children:"ranking function"})," used by ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine",children:"search engines"})," to rank matching documents according to their ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)",children:"relevance"})," to a given search query. It is based on the ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_relevance_model",children:"probabilistic retrieval framework"})," developed in the 1970s and 1980s by ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Robertson",children:"Stephen E. Robertson"}),", ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones",children:"Karen Sp\xe4rck Jones"}),", and others."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:['The name of the actual ranking function is BM25. To set the right context, however, it is usually referred to as "Okapi BM25", since the Okapi information retrieval system, implemented at ',(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London",children:"London"}),"'s ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University,_London",children:"City University"})," in the 1980s and 1990s, was the first system to implement this function."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.p,{children:["BM25 and its newer variants, e.g. BM25F (a version of BM25 that can take document structure and anchor text into account), represent state-of-the-art ",(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF-IDF",children:"TF-IDF"}),"-like retrieval functions used in document retrieval."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(795634).Z+"",width:"1328",height:"690"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"knowledge-graph-keyword-search",children:"Knowledge graph, Keyword Search"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Inverted Index -> Term / Document"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.li,{children:["Embeddings","\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Word / Phrase embeddings"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Sentence embeddings"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Paragraph embeddings"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Document embeddings"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(801117).Z+"",width:"1089",height:"637"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(788612).Z+"",width:"1323",height:"747"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"One hot encoding"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(248398).Z+"",width:"1305",height:"737"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(446208).Z+"",width:"1329",height:"504"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Dimensionality reduction"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Vector similarity scoring"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h3,{id:"solr",children:"Solr"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ol,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Streaming expressions"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"Vectors fields/functions in solr"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(291539).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"618"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(497715).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"573"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(882069).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"619"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(580707).Z+"",width:"1099",height:"534"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(639332).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"615"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.img,{alt:"image",src:n(592583).Z+"",width:"1100",height:"559"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrORpCkuK3g",children:"Thought Vectors, Knowledge Graphs, and Curious Death(?) of Keyword Search"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h2,{id:"neural-search",children:"Neural Search"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:"The core idea of neural search is to leverage state-of-the-art deep neural networks to build every component of a search system. 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Neural search systems enable what traditional search can't: multi/cross-modal data retrieval."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.h3,{id:"think-outside-the-searchbox",children:"Think outside the (search)box"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:"Many neural search-powered applications do not have a search box:"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(i.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"A question-answering chatbot can be powered by neural search: by first indexing all hard-coded QA pairs and then semantically mapping user dialog to those pairs."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"A smart speaker can be powered by neural search: by applying STT (speech-to-text) and semantically mapping text to internal commands."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.li,{children:"A recommendation system can be powered by neural search: by embedding user-item information into vectors and finding top-K nearest neighbours of a user/item."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:"Neural search creates a new way to comprehend the world. It is creating new doors that lead to new businesses."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(i.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(i.a,{href:"https://github.com/jina-ai/jina/blob/master/.github/2.0/neural-search",children:"https://github.com/jina-ai/jina/blob/master/.github/2.0/neural-search"})})]})}function l(e={}){const{wrapper:i}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return i?(0,t.jsx)(i,{...e,children:(0,t.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},795634:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image1-eddc0221bad070198a08b1ad3d8dc225.jpg"},639332:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image10-53ed379908c0b5ce523202431a51b44e.jpg"},592583:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image11-50917a148d3edae28c69e0dc38b481d1.jpg"},801117:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image2-a6573161eabfa95cf28ae2b2510e56a3.jpg"},788612:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image3-97f5fd598d3b35452961fdc352189e0d.jpg"},248398:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image4-5ec3cfa9b6da0d79739907f25f1bbc52.jpg"},446208:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image5-094c636241c2ac624407dfc68a2df001.jpg"},291539:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image6-872ede0cf53b40cd69d53a42d2ac534f.jpg"},497715:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image7-0f6de28b21282ab03965548e09d1d8d6.jpg"},882069:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image8-de3447c8f1e8c47270d3eecf3ead1a12.jpg"},580707:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>t});const t=n.p+"assets/images/Technologies-Elasticsearch-Information-Retrieval-image9-8ab0ba584a648f0779618e606fc655dc.jpg"},511151:(e,i,n)=>{n.d(i,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>s});var t=n(667294);const a={},r=t.createContext(a);function s(e){const i=t.useContext(r);return t.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(i):{...i,...e}}),[i,e])}function o(e){let i;return i=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:s(e.components),t.createElement(r.Provider,{value:i},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/603a23e5.b81cb4bd.js b/assets/js/603a23e5.b81cb4bd.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..660723d70eb --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/603a23e5.b81cb4bd.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[57290],{669521:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>o,contentTitle:()=>l,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>d});var s=t(785893),a=t(511151);const i={},l="DML - Data Manipulation Language",r={id:"languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language",title:"DML - Data Manipulation Language",description:"DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands need to be commited/rolled back",source:"@site/docs/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language.md",sourceDirName:"languages/sql",slug:"/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language",permalink:"/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Truncate vs Delete",permalink:"/languages/sql/ddl-data-definition-language/truncate-delete"},next:{title:"DQL - Data Query Language",permalink:"/languages/sql/dql-data-query-language/"}},o={},d=[{value:"DML",id:"dml",level:2},{value:"DELETE",id:"delete",level:3},{value:"INSERT INTO",id:"insert-into",level:3},{value:"Bulk Insert / Extended Inserts",id:"bulk-insert--extended-inserts",level:3},{value:"Insert vs Insert Ignore",id:"insert-vs-insert-ignore",level:3},{value:"Load",id:"load",level:3},{value:"UPDATE",id:"update",level:3},{value:"UPSERT",id:"upsert",level:3},{value:"Explain",id:"explain",level:2},{value:"Output",id:"output",level:3},{value:"Extra",id:"extra",level:4},{value:"Explain Analyze",id:"explain-analyze",level:3},{value:"Lock Tables",id:"lock-tables",level:2}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"dml---data-manipulation-language",children:"DML - Data Manipulation Language"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_dml_statements.htm",children:"need to be"})," ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"commited/rolled back"})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"-- online query without locking the tables during update\nSET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dml",children:"DML"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Insert"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Update"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Delete"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Merge"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Call"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Explain Plain"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Lock Table"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"delete",children:"DELETE"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"DELETE statements are used to remove rows from a table."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column = some_value;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Always better to use between than comparison operator, so that lock is not taken on whole table, but only range locks are taken."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"-- good\nDELETE FROM orders WHERE order_id betwen 0 and 100;\n\n-- bad\nDELETE FROM orders WHERE order_id < 100;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"insert-into",children:"INSERT INTO"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"INSERT INTO table_name\nVALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)\nor\nINSERT INTO table_name\n(column1, column2, column3,...)\nVALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)\n\nINSERT INTO table_name (column_1, column_2, column_3) VALUES (value_1, 'value_2', value_3);\nINSERT statements are used to add a new row to a table.\n\nINSERT INTO cron_migrate_data (`table_name`, `start_date`, `end_date`, `s3_file_path`) VALUES ('equifax_raw_response', '2019-10-01 00:00:00', '2019-10-31 23:59:59', 's3-ap-south-1://stashfin-migration-data/rds/');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bulk-insert--extended-inserts",children:"Bulk Insert / Extended Inserts"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"INSERT IGNORE INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nVALUES ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test4'), ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test5'), ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test7');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"insert-vs-insert-ignore",children:"Insert vs Insert Ignore"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"# avg - 0.074 sec\n# gives error\nINSERT INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nVALUES ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test');\n\n# avg - 0.400 sec\n# is 5.4 times slower\n# gives warning\nINSERT IGNORE INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nVALUES ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Insert ingore consumes autoincrement id and can put holes in between rows"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5655396/why-insert-ignore-increments-the-auto-increment-primary-key",children:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5655396/why-insert-ignore-increments-the-auto-increment-primary-key"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.percona.com/blog/2011/11/29/avoiding-auto-increment-holes-on-innodb-with-insert-ignore/",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"https://www.percona.com/blog/2011/11/29/avoiding-auto-increment-holes-on-innodb-with-insert-ignore/"})})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 0"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-auto-increment-handling.html",children:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-auto-increment-handling.html"})}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Alternatives"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"INSERT INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nSELECT '2322675', 'test3', 'test2', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test3'\nFROM DUAL\nWHERE NOT EXISTS(\n SELECT 1\n FROM userDeviceApps\n WHERE hash_key = '2322675,test3'\n)\nLIMIT 1;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://ypereirareis.github.io/blog/2016/03/22/mysql-insert-ignore-alternatives",children:"https://ypereirareis.github.io/blog/2016/03/22/mysql-insert-ignore-alternatives"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"load",children:"Load"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"LOAD DATA INFILE 'st_bank_model_features_dedupe.csv'\nINTO TABLE st_bank_model_features_dedupe\nFIELDS TERMINATED BY ','\nENCLOSED BY '\"'\nLINES TERMINATED BY '\\n'\nIGNORE 1 ROWS\nSET create_date = STR_TO_DATE(@create_date, '%d/%m/%Y %H:%i');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"update",children:"UPDATE"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"UPDATE table_name\nSET some_column = some_value\nWHERE some_column = some_value;\n-- UPDATE statments allow you to edit rows in a table.\n\nUPDATE`table_name`\n SET`field_name` =replace(same_field_name, 'unwanted_text', 'wanted_text')\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"upsert",children:"UPSERT"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"An upsert is a smart operation which turns into INSERT or UPDATE whichever is applicable. Also, it is an atomic transaction, means complete in a single step. Let's understand -- If a record is new, then UPSERT triggers an INSERT. But, if it already exists, then UPSERT performs an UPDATE."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"MySQL provides the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE option to INSERT, which accomplishes this behavior. However, there are other statements like INSERT IGNORE or REPLACE, which can also fulfill this objective."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"We can imitate MySQL UPSERT in one of these three ways:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert/#upsert-using-insert",children:"UPSERT using INSERT IGNORE"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When we use INSERT IGNORE for adding a record, it gets through even if there are errors in performing INSERT. So, if the target table already has a row with a matching UNIQUE or PRIMARY key, then INSERT REPLACE would suppress all possible errors."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Moreover, it skips the INSERT operation altogether. Such kind of statement is useful when we need to add a large number of records in one go. And, the table may already have a part of that data inside."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert/#upsert-using-replace",children:"UPSERT using REPLACE"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There come situations when we have to replace some rows even if INSERT could fail due to duplicate values of the primary key field. Hence, we should use the REPLACE statement for such cases."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, if we opt to use REPLACE, then it could result in one of the following outcomes:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If we don't face any error, then REPLACE would behave as regular INSERT command."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If a duplicate record exists, then REPLACE would first delete it and perform the INSERT subsequently."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.strong,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert/#upsert-using-update",children:"UPSERT using INSERT with ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE"})," (UPSERT)"]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It is non-destructive, means it doesn't have to drop the duplicate row. Instead, it issues an UPDATE whenever it finds a matching record having the same UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY value."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert",children:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.javatpoint.com/mysql-upsert",children:"https://www.javatpoint.com/mysql-upsert"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"explain",children:"Explain"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain.html",children:"EXPLAIN"})," works with ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/select.html",children:"SELECT"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/delete.html",children:"DELETE"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/insert.html",children:"INSERT"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/replace.html",children:"REPLACE"}),", and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/update.html",children:"UPDATE"})," statements."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"EXPLAIN EXTENDED"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The indexes it's considering using."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The order in which it plans to join tables."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The indexes it actually used."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"How many rows will be accessed."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Whether it used a filesort."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"output",children:"Output"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Possible keys:"})," shows the keys that can be used by MySQL to find rows from the table, if this is NULL it indicates no useful indexes could be applied."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Key:"})," indicates the actual index that MySQL used."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Rows:"})," shows the number of records that were examined to produce the output. This is especially relevant during joins."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Key_len:"})," longest length of the key that was used (aka which parts of the composite index are being used) use this to tell how many columns were used from it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Ref:"})," which columns, or constants are compared to the index in order to select rows."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"extra",children:"Extra"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What you would like to see in Extra:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using index - MySQL was able to use a covering index"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Distinct - MySQL stops searching after it found the first matching row"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using index condition"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What you don't want to see in Extra:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using file sort - as said extra sorting was required"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using temporary - a temp table was needed"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using join buffer - tables processed in large batches of rows, instead of index lookups"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using where - after fetching rows from storage engine, extra filtering needs to happen for each row. However it's OK if a very small number of rows were returned."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.sitepoint.com/using-explain-to-write-better-mysql-queries",children:"https://www.sitepoint.com/using-explain-to-write-better-mysql-queries"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"explain-analyze",children:"Explain Analyze"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In MySQL 8.0.18,\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"\xa0was introduced, a new concept built on top of the regular\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN"}),"\xa0query plan inspection tool. In addition to the query plan and estimated costs, which a normal\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN"}),"\xa0will print,\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"\xa0also prints the\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"actual"}),"\xa0costs of individual iterators in the execution plan."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Warning"})," - ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"\xa0actually runs the query, so if you don\u2019t want to run the query against your live database, do not use\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://planetscale.com/blog/how-read-mysql-explains",children:"How to read MySQL EXPLAINs"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"lock-tables",children:"Lock Tables"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"START TRANSACTION;\nlock table bureau_account_list WRITE;\ndelete from bureau_account_list where id = 0;\nALTER TABLE bureau_account_list\nCHANGE COLUMN id id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ;\n\nALTER TABLE bureau_account_list AUTO_INCREMENT = 400000000;\n\nALTER TABLE sttash_website_LIVE.bureau_account_list\nCHANGE COLUMN create_date create_date DATETIME NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ;\n\nUNLOCK TABLES;\n\nCOMMIT;\n"})})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},511151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>r,a:()=>l});var s=t(667294);const a={},i=s.createContext(a);function l(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function r(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:l(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/603a23e5.ffac33cc.js b/assets/js/603a23e5.ffac33cc.js deleted file mode 100644 index 4f22ad7e719..00000000000 --- a/assets/js/603a23e5.ffac33cc.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[57290],{669521:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>d,contentTitle:()=>l,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>o});var s=t(785893),a=t(511151);const i={},l="DML - Data Manipulation Language",r={id:"languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language",title:"DML - Data Manipulation Language",description:"DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands need to be commited/rolled back",source:"@site/docs/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language.md",sourceDirName:"languages/sql",slug:"/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language",permalink:"/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/languages/sql/dml-data-manipulation-language.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1721657871,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jul 22, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Truncate vs Delete",permalink:"/languages/sql/ddl-data-definition-language/truncate-delete"},next:{title:"DQL - Data Query Language",permalink:"/languages/sql/dql-data-query-language/"}},d={},o=[{value:"DML",id:"dml",level:2},{value:"DELETE",id:"delete",level:3},{value:"INSERT INTO",id:"insert-into",level:3},{value:"Bulk Insert / Extended Inserts",id:"bulk-insert--extended-inserts",level:3},{value:"Insert vs Insert Ignore",id:"insert-vs-insert-ignore",level:3},{value:"Load",id:"load",level:3},{value:"UPDATE",id:"update",level:3},{value:"UPSERT",id:"upsert",level:3},{value:"Explain",id:"explain",level:2},{value:"Output",id:"output",level:3},{value:"Extra",id:"extra",level:4},{value:"Explain Analyze",id:"explain-analyze",level:3},{value:"Lock Tables",id:"lock-tables",level:2}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"dml---data-manipulation-language",children:"DML - Data Manipulation Language"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_dml_statements.htm",children:"need to be"})," ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"commited/rolled back"})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"-- online query without locking the tables during update\nSET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dml",children:"DML"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Insert"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Update"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Delete"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Merge"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Call"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Explain Plain"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Lock Table"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"delete",children:"DELETE"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"DELETE statements are used to remove rows from a table."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column = some_value;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"insert-into",children:"INSERT INTO"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"INSERT INTO table_name\nVALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)\nor\nINSERT INTO table_name\n(column1, column2, column3,...)\nVALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)\n\nINSERT INTO table_name (column_1, column_2, column_3) VALUES (value_1, 'value_2', value_3);\nINSERT statements are used to add a new row to a table.\n\nINSERT INTO cron_migrate_data (`table_name`, `start_date`, `end_date`, `s3_file_path`) VALUES ('equifax_raw_response', '2019-10-01 00:00:00', '2019-10-31 23:59:59', 's3-ap-south-1://stashfin-migration-data/rds/');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bulk-insert--extended-inserts",children:"Bulk Insert / Extended Inserts"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"INSERT IGNORE INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nVALUES ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test4'), ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test5'), ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test7');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"insert-vs-insert-ignore",children:"Insert vs Insert Ignore"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"# avg - 0.074 sec\n# gives error\nINSERT INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nVALUES ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test');\n\n# avg - 0.400 sec\n# is 5.4 times slower\n# gives warning\nINSERT IGNORE INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nVALUES ('2322675', 'test', 'test', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Insert ingore consumes autoincrement id and can put holes in between rows"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5655396/why-insert-ignore-increments-the-auto-increment-primary-key",children:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5655396/why-insert-ignore-increments-the-auto-increment-primary-key"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.percona.com/blog/2011/11/29/avoiding-auto-increment-holes-on-innodb-with-insert-ignore/",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"https://www.percona.com/blog/2011/11/29/avoiding-auto-increment-holes-on-innodb-with-insert-ignore/"})})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 0"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-auto-increment-handling.html",children:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-auto-increment-handling.html"})}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Alternatives"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"INSERT INTO userDeviceApps (`customer_id`, `app_name`, `package_name`, `version_name`, `version_code`,\n`installation_date`, `last_used_date`, `create_date`, `device_id`, `hash_key`)\nSELECT '2322675', 'test3', 'test2', '0.0.0', '0',\n'0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2021-01-06 18:13:15', 'xxx', '2322675,test3'\nFROM DUAL\nWHERE NOT EXISTS(\n SELECT 1\n FROM userDeviceApps\n WHERE hash_key = '2322675,test3'\n)\nLIMIT 1;\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://ypereirareis.github.io/blog/2016/03/22/mysql-insert-ignore-alternatives",children:"https://ypereirareis.github.io/blog/2016/03/22/mysql-insert-ignore-alternatives"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"load",children:"Load"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"LOAD DATA INFILE 'st_bank_model_features_dedupe.csv'\nINTO TABLE st_bank_model_features_dedupe\nFIELDS TERMINATED BY ','\nENCLOSED BY '\"'\nLINES TERMINATED BY '\\n'\nIGNORE 1 ROWS\nSET create_date = STR_TO_DATE(@create_date, '%d/%m/%Y %H:%i');\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"update",children:"UPDATE"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"UPDATE table_name\nSET some_column = some_value\nWHERE some_column = some_value;\n-- UPDATE statments allow you to edit rows in a table.\n\nUPDATE`table_name`\n SET`field_name` =replace(same_field_name, 'unwanted_text', 'wanted_text')\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"upsert",children:"UPSERT"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"An upsert is a smart operation which turns into INSERT or UPDATE whichever is applicable. Also, it is an atomic transaction, means complete in a single step. Let's understand -- If a record is new, then UPSERT triggers an INSERT. But, if it already exists, then UPSERT performs an UPDATE."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"MySQL provides the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE option to INSERT, which accomplishes this behavior. However, there are other statements like INSERT IGNORE or REPLACE, which can also fulfill this objective."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"We can imitate MySQL UPSERT in one of these three ways:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert/#upsert-using-insert",children:"UPSERT using INSERT IGNORE"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When we use INSERT IGNORE for adding a record, it gets through even if there are errors in performing INSERT. So, if the target table already has a row with a matching UNIQUE or PRIMARY key, then INSERT REPLACE would suppress all possible errors."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Moreover, it skips the INSERT operation altogether. Such kind of statement is useful when we need to add a large number of records in one go. And, the table may already have a part of that data inside."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert/#upsert-using-replace",children:"UPSERT using REPLACE"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There come situations when we have to replace some rows even if INSERT could fail due to duplicate values of the primary key field. Hence, we should use the REPLACE statement for such cases."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, if we opt to use REPLACE, then it could result in one of the following outcomes:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If we don't face any error, then REPLACE would behave as regular INSERT command."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If a duplicate record exists, then REPLACE would first delete it and perform the INSERT subsequently."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.strong,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert/#upsert-using-update",children:"UPSERT using INSERT with ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE"})," (UPSERT)"]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It is non-destructive, means it doesn't have to drop the duplicate row. Instead, it issues an UPDATE whenever it finds a matching record having the same UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY value."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert",children:"https://www.techbeamers.com/mysql-upsert"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.javatpoint.com/mysql-upsert",children:"https://www.javatpoint.com/mysql-upsert"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"explain",children:"Explain"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain.html",children:"EXPLAIN"})," works with ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/select.html",children:"SELECT"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/delete.html",children:"DELETE"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/insert.html",children:"INSERT"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/replace.html",children:"REPLACE"}),", and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/update.html",children:"UPDATE"})," statements."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"EXPLAIN EXTENDED"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The indexes it's considering using."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The order in which it plans to join tables."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The indexes it actually used."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"How many rows will be accessed."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Whether it used a filesort."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"output",children:"Output"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Possible keys:"})," shows the keys that can be used by MySQL to find rows from the table, if this is NULL it indicates no useful indexes could be applied."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Key:"})," indicates the actual index that MySQL used."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Rows:"})," shows the number of records that were examined to produce the output. This is especially relevant during joins."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Key_len:"})," longest length of the key that was used (aka which parts of the composite index are being used) use this to tell how many columns were used from it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Ref:"})," which columns, or constants are compared to the index in order to select rows."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"extra",children:"Extra"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What you would like to see in Extra:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using index - MySQL was able to use a covering index"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Distinct - MySQL stops searching after it found the first matching row"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using index condition"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What you don't want to see in Extra:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using file sort - as said extra sorting was required"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using temporary - a temp table was needed"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using join buffer - tables processed in large batches of rows, instead of index lookups"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Using where - after fetching rows from storage engine, extra filtering needs to happen for each row. However it's OK if a very small number of rows were returned."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.sitepoint.com/using-explain-to-write-better-mysql-queries",children:"https://www.sitepoint.com/using-explain-to-write-better-mysql-queries"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"explain-analyze",children:"Explain Analyze"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In MySQL 8.0.18,\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"\xa0was introduced, a new concept built on top of the regular\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN"}),"\xa0query plan inspection tool. In addition to the query plan and estimated costs, which a normal\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN"}),"\xa0will print,\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"\xa0also prints the\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"actual"}),"\xa0costs of individual iterators in the execution plan."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Warning"})," - ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"\xa0actually runs the query, so if you don\u2019t want to run the query against your live database, do not use\xa0",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"EXPLAIN ANALYZE"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://planetscale.com/blog/how-read-mysql-explains",children:"How to read MySQL EXPLAINs"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"lock-tables",children:"Lock Tables"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"START TRANSACTION;\nlock table bureau_account_list WRITE;\ndelete from bureau_account_list where id = 0;\nALTER TABLE bureau_account_list\nCHANGE COLUMN id id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ;\n\nALTER TABLE bureau_account_list AUTO_INCREMENT = 400000000;\n\nALTER TABLE sttash_website_LIVE.bureau_account_list\nCHANGE COLUMN create_date create_date DATETIME NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ;\n\nUNLOCK TABLES;\n\nCOMMIT;\n"})})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},511151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>r,a:()=>l});var s=t(667294);const a={},i=s.createContext(a);function l(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function r(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:l(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/683f939a.fbb9bcd1.js b/assets/js/683f939a.62ea60bb.js similarity index 64% rename from assets/js/683f939a.fbb9bcd1.js rename to assets/js/683f939a.62ea60bb.js index 0913abc1f04..5b9b233a540 100644 --- a/assets/js/683f939a.fbb9bcd1.js +++ b/assets/js/683f939a.62ea60bb.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[55650],{470831:(e,n,s)=>{s.r(n),s.d(n,{assets:()=>a,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>l,toc:()=>c});var t=s(785893),i=s(511151);const o={},r="Optimizing Locking Operations",l={id:"databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations",title:"Optimizing Locking Operations",description:"- 8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations",source:"@site/docs/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations.md",sourceDirName:"databases/sql-databases/mysql",slug:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations",permalink:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1723484180,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Aug 12, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"MySQLDump",permalink:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/mysqldump"},next:{title:"Others",permalink:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/others"}},a={},c=[{value:"Gap Locking",id:"gap-locking",level:2},{value:"Different Locks",id:"different-locks",level:2},{value:"Row Locks",id:"row-locks",level:3},{value:"Range Locks",id:"range-locks",level:3},{value:"Gap Locks",id:"gap-locks",level:3},{value:"Index Locks",id:"index-locks",level:3},{value:"Table Locks",id:"table-locks",level:3},{value:"Intention Locks",id:"intention-locks",level:3},{value:"Insert intention lock",id:"insert-intention-lock",level:3},{value:"why is insert intention lock shared?",id:"why-is-insert-intention-lock-shared",level:4},{value:"Auto-inc lock",id:"auto-inc-lock",level:3},{value:"Deadlock",id:"deadlock",level:3},{value:"Key Differences between Range and Gap Locks",id:"key-differences-between-range-and-gap-locks",level:3},{value:"Locking Focus",id:"locking-focus",level:4},{value:"Use Case",id:"use-case",level:4},{value:"Lock Errors",id:"lock-errors",level:2},{value:"Waiting for metadata lock",id:"waiting-for-metadata-lock",level:3},{value:"Links",id:"links",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,t.jsxs)(t.Fragment,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"optimizing-locking-operations",children:"Optimizing Locking Operations"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.2 Table Locking Issues"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.3 Concurrent Inserts"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.4 Metadata Locking"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.5 External Locking"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Internal locking"})," is performed within the MySQL server itself to manage contention for table contents by multiple threads. This type of locking is internal because it is performed entirely by the server and involves no other programs."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"External locking"})," occurs when the server and other programs lock ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/myisam-storage-engine.html",children:"MyISAM"})," table files to coordinate among themselves which program can access the tables at which time.\n8.11.1 Internal Locking Methods"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["MySQL uses ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_row_lock",children:(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"row-level locking"})})," for InnoDB tables to support simultaneous write access by multiple sessions, making them suitable for multi-user, highly concurrent, and OLTP applications."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["To avoid ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_deadlock",children:"deadlocks"})," when performing multiple concurrent write operations on a single InnoDB table, acquire necessary locks at the start of the transaction by issuing a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE statement for each group of rows expected to be modified, even if the data change statements come later in the transaction. If transactions modify or lock more than one table, issue the applicable statements in the same order within each transaction. Deadlocks affect performance rather than representing a serious error, because InnoDB automatically ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_deadlock_detection",children:"detects"})," deadlock conditions and rolls back one of the affected transactions."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On high concurrency systems, ",(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"deadlock detection can cause a slowdown when numerous threads wait for the same lock."})," At times, it may be ",(0,t.jsxs)(n.strong,{children:["more efficient to disable deadlock detection and rely on the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-parameters.html#sysvar_innodb_lock_wait_timeout",children:"innodb_lock_wait_timeout"})," setting for transaction rollback"]})," when a deadlock occurs. Deadlock detection can be disabled using the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-parameters.html#sysvar_innodb_deadlock_detect",children:"innodb_deadlock_detect"})," configuration option."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Advantages of row-level locking:"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fewer lock conflicts when different sessions access different rows."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fewer changes for rollbacks."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Possible to lock a single row for a long time."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["MySQL uses ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_table_lock",children:(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"table-level locking"})})," for MyISAM, MEMORY, and MERGE tables"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"gap-locking",children:"Gap Locking"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A gap lock is a lock on a gap between index records, or a lock on the gap before the first or after the last index record."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A lock on a gap between index records, or a lock on the gap before the first or after the last index record. For example, SELECT c1 FROM t WHERE c1 BETWEEN 10 and 20 FOR UPDATE; prevents other transactions from inserting a value of 15 into the column t.c1, whether or not there was already any such value in the column, because the gaps between all existing values in the range are locked. Contrast with record lock and next-key lock."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Gap locks are part of the tradeoff between performance and concurrency, and are used in some transaction isolation levels and not others."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/glossary.html#glos_gap_lock",children:"Gap Lock"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32498437/deadlock-in-mysql-due-to-insert-by-multiple-threads",children:"Deadlock in MySQL due to Insert by multiple threads"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://thushw.blogspot.com/2010/11/mysql-deadlocks-with-concurrent-inserts.html",children:"mysql deadlocks with concurrent inserts"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It is possible to cause deadlocks in mysql (Innodb) on concurrent insert statements, without there being any transactions in progress. Deadlocks are possible even when the inserts don't collide on any key."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The deadlocks occur due to gap locking done by mysql. There are several reasons for gap locking, and in this particular case, it has to do with preserving a unique key constraint on an index. The situation presents itself to us this way: There is a unique key constraint on a column and we are doing an insert. Mysql has to make sure that the lock it takes is sufficient to prevent another concurrent insert from adding a record with the same key, thus breaking the unique key constraint."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:'Mysql innodb engine performs row locking on inserts. If column A has a unique key constraint, and we are adding the value "bbb" for column A in an insert statement, mysql needs to lock any gap in the index between the two current records where "bbb" will be inserted at.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/innodb-locks-set.html",children:"Innodb locks set"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"different-locks",children:"Different Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Shared Lock (S Lock) -"})," It allows multiple transactions to read a resource simultaneously but not modify it. Other transactions can also acquire a shared lock on the same resource."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Exclusive Lock (X Lock) -"})," It allows a transaction to both read and modify a resource. No other transaction can acquire any type of lock on the same resource while an exclusive lock is held."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Update Lock (U Lock) -"})," It is used to prevent a deadlock scenario when a transaction intends to update a resource."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Schema Lock -"})," It is used to protect the structure of database objects."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Bulk Update Lock (BU Lock) -"})," It is used during bulk insert operations to improve performance by reducing the number of locks required."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Key-Range Lock -"})," It is used in indexed data to prevent phantom reads (inserting new rows into a range that a transaction has already read)."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Row-Level Lock -"})," It locks a specific row in a table, allowing other rows to be accessed concurrently."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Page-Level Lock -"})," It locks a specific page (a fixed-size block of data) in the database."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Table-Level Lock -"})," It locks an entire table. This is simple to implement but can reduce concurrency significantly."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"Types of database locks",src:s(766191).Z+"",width:"1538",height:"2000"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"row-locks",children:"Row Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["InnoDB uses row-level locking for ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," operations. This means that all rows that match the condition ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"id < 391919930"})," will be locked until the transaction is complete. Row locks prevent other transactions from modifying or deleting these rows until the current transaction is finished."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"range-locks",children:"Range Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A range lock is a type of lock that InnoDB uses to lock a range of index entries. It is more commonly associated with preventing other transactions from inserting, updating, or deleting rows within a specific range that matches the condition of a query. Range locks are part of the mechanism InnoDB uses to implement the REPEATABLE READ isolation level."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id BETWEEN 100 AND 200 FOR UPDATE;\n"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this case, InnoDB locks all rows where ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"order_id"})," is between 100 and 200, including any potential gaps within this range."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"gap-locks",children:"Gap Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Depending on the isolation level of your transaction, InnoDB might use gap locks to prevent other transactions from inserting new rows into the gaps covered by the index range of the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," statement. Gap locks are particularly relevant in ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"REPEATABLE READ"})," or higher isolation levels."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"DELETE FROM orders WHERE order_id < 100;\n"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Here, InnoDB locks the gaps between existing rows where ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"order_id"})," is less than 100 to prevent new rows from being inserted into these gaps, which would affect the results of this ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," operation."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"index-locks",children:"Index Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"InnoDB locks the index entries for the rows being deleted. This prevents other transactions from modifying the indexes until the transaction is complete."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"table-locks",children:"Table Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["While InnoDB primarily uses row-level locking, there can also be implicit table-level locks that prevent schema changes to the table while the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," operation is in progress."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"intention-locks",children:"Intention Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:'During SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, a shared intention lock ("IS") allows access by multiple threads to work on the same table, but blocks exclusive table locks.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:'\ufeff\ufeffDuring ALTER TABLE or DROP TABLE, an exclusive intention lock ("IX") blocks other table locks, either shared or exclusive. So no one else can query, and no one can run their own ALTER/DROP TABLE.'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"insert-intention-lock",children:"Insert intention lock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffA special kind of gap lock, requested before a client tries to insert a row."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffInsert locks are shared, not exclusive\u2014multiple clients can acquire insert locks on the same gap."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffBut insert locks conflict with other exclusive locks."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"why-is-insert-intention-lock-shared",children:"why is insert intention lock shared?"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffMultiple clients prepare to insert into the same gap."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffThey may be inserting different rows within the same gap, so they don't conflict with each other."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffBut the insert intention lock blocks other clients from requesting exclusive locks on the same gap."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"auto-inc-lock",children:"Auto-inc lock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffA table lock, used when a client requests the next unique id for a given table."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffEnsures that each id is given to one client."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffBrief\u2014it is released as soon as the id is generated, instead of lasting to the end of the transaction like other locks."}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:['\ufeff\ufeffBecause the lock is so brief, neither client can "',(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"undo"}),'"\u2014 i.e. return their id to the stack for someone else to use.']}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"deadlock",children:"Deadlock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffWhen two or more concurrent clients wait for each other to release their locks, but since they are both waiting, they will never give up the lock they have."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffIn other words, a catch-22 of lock-waits."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:'\ufeff\ufeffMany people use the term "deadlock" incorrectly\u2014 when they are describing a simple one-way lock wait.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Resolving deadlocks - MySQL detects cycles in lock waits, and kills one of the transactions immediately."}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["avoiding deadlocks","\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffEach client locks everything they need in one atomic request."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffAll clients request locks in the same order."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"key-differences-between-range-and-gap-locks",children:"Key Differences between Range and Gap Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"locking-focus",children:"Locking Focus"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Range Lock"}),": Locks both existing index entries and the gaps between them."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Gap Lock"}),": Locks only the gaps between existing index entries."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"use-case",children:"Use Case"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Range Lock"}),": Ensures that the range of index entries remains consistent, used in scenarios where the exact range of rows needs to be locked."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Gap Lock"}),": Ensures that no new rows can be inserted into the gaps, used to prevent phantom reads and ensure repeatable reads."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"lock-errors",children:"Lock Errors"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"waiting-for-metadata-lock",children:"Waiting for metadata lock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/pitfalls-metadata-locking-during-ddl-execution-pranav-pandey/",children:"Pitfalls of Metadata Locking During DDL Execution in Production"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/performance-schema-metadata-locks-table.html",children:"MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 29.12.13.3 The metadata_locks Table"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"links",children:"Links"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqWQH-WWFBE&ab_channel=Percona",children:"Overview of Different ALTER Algorithms and Its Locking Scenarios in MySQL - Sri Sakthivel M.D. - YouTube"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/innodb-locking-explained-with-stick-figures/54574903",children:"InnoDB Locking Explained with Stick Figures | PPT"})}),"\n"]})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,t.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,t.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},766191:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>t});const t=s.p+"assets/images/Pasted image 20240626161909-339cecf7806da77f7b2406e87478a6b6.png"},511151:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>r});var t=s(667294);const i={},o=t.createContext(i);function r(e){const n=t.useContext(o);return t.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function l(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:r(e.components),t.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[55650],{470831:(e,n,s)=>{s.r(n),s.d(n,{assets:()=>a,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>l,toc:()=>c});var t=s(785893),i=s(511151);const o={},r="Optimizing Locking Operations",l={id:"databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations",title:"Optimizing Locking Operations",description:"- 8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations",source:"@site/docs/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations.md",sourceDirName:"databases/sql-databases/mysql",slug:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations",permalink:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/databases/sql-databases/mysql/optimizing-locking-operations.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"MySQLDump",permalink:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/mysqldump"},next:{title:"Others",permalink:"/databases/sql-databases/mysql/others"}},a={},c=[{value:"Gap Locking",id:"gap-locking",level:2},{value:"Different Locks",id:"different-locks",level:2},{value:"Row Locks",id:"row-locks",level:3},{value:"Range Locks",id:"range-locks",level:3},{value:"Gap Locks",id:"gap-locks",level:3},{value:"Index Locks",id:"index-locks",level:3},{value:"Table Locks",id:"table-locks",level:3},{value:"Intention Locks",id:"intention-locks",level:3},{value:"Insert intention lock",id:"insert-intention-lock",level:3},{value:"why is insert intention lock shared?",id:"why-is-insert-intention-lock-shared",level:4},{value:"Auto-inc lock",id:"auto-inc-lock",level:3},{value:"Deadlock",id:"deadlock",level:3},{value:"Key Differences between Range and Gap Locks",id:"key-differences-between-range-and-gap-locks",level:3},{value:"Locking Focus",id:"locking-focus",level:4},{value:"Use Case",id:"use-case",level:4},{value:"Lock Errors",id:"lock-errors",level:2},{value:"Waiting for metadata lock",id:"waiting-for-metadata-lock",level:3},{value:"Links",id:"links",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,t.jsxs)(t.Fragment,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"optimizing-locking-operations",children:"Optimizing Locking Operations"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.2 Table Locking Issues"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.3 Concurrent Inserts"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.4 Metadata Locking"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"8.11.5 External Locking"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Internal locking"})," is performed within the MySQL server itself to manage contention for table contents by multiple threads. This type of locking is internal because it is performed entirely by the server and involves no other programs."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"External locking"})," occurs when the server and other programs lock ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/myisam-storage-engine.html",children:"MyISAM"})," table files to coordinate among themselves which program can access the tables at which time.\n8.11.1 Internal Locking Methods"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["MySQL uses ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_row_lock",children:(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"row-level locking"})})," for InnoDB tables to support simultaneous write access by multiple sessions, making them suitable for multi-user, highly concurrent, and OLTP applications."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["To avoid ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_deadlock",children:"deadlocks"})," when performing multiple concurrent write operations on a single InnoDB table, acquire necessary locks at the start of the transaction by issuing a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE statement for each group of rows expected to be modified, even if the data change statements come later in the transaction. If transactions modify or lock more than one table, issue the applicable statements in the same order within each transaction. Deadlocks affect performance rather than representing a serious error, because InnoDB automatically ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_deadlock_detection",children:"detects"})," deadlock conditions and rolls back one of the affected transactions."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On high concurrency systems, ",(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"deadlock detection can cause a slowdown when numerous threads wait for the same lock."})," At times, it may be ",(0,t.jsxs)(n.strong,{children:["more efficient to disable deadlock detection and rely on the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-parameters.html#sysvar_innodb_lock_wait_timeout",children:"innodb_lock_wait_timeout"})," setting for transaction rollback"]})," when a deadlock occurs. Deadlock detection can be disabled using the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-parameters.html#sysvar_innodb_deadlock_detect",children:"innodb_deadlock_detect"})," configuration option."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Advantages of row-level locking:"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fewer lock conflicts when different sessions access different rows."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fewer changes for rollbacks."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Possible to lock a single row for a long time."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["MySQL uses ",(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html#glos_table_lock",children:(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"table-level locking"})})," for MyISAM, MEMORY, and MERGE tables"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"gap-locking",children:"Gap Locking"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A gap lock is a lock on a gap between index records, or a lock on the gap before the first or after the last index record."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A lock on a gap between index records, or a lock on the gap before the first or after the last index record. For example, SELECT c1 FROM t WHERE c1 BETWEEN 10 and 20 FOR UPDATE; prevents other transactions from inserting a value of 15 into the column t.c1, whether or not there was already any such value in the column, because the gaps between all existing values in the range are locked. Contrast with record lock and next-key lock."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Gap locks are part of the tradeoff between performance and concurrency, and are used in some transaction isolation levels and not others."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/glossary.html#glos_gap_lock",children:"Gap Lock"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32498437/deadlock-in-mysql-due-to-insert-by-multiple-threads",children:"Deadlock in MySQL due to Insert by multiple threads"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://thushw.blogspot.com/2010/11/mysql-deadlocks-with-concurrent-inserts.html",children:"mysql deadlocks with concurrent inserts"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It is possible to cause deadlocks in mysql (Innodb) on concurrent insert statements, without there being any transactions in progress. Deadlocks are possible even when the inserts don't collide on any key."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The deadlocks occur due to gap locking done by mysql. There are several reasons for gap locking, and in this particular case, it has to do with preserving a unique key constraint on an index. The situation presents itself to us this way: There is a unique key constraint on a column and we are doing an insert. Mysql has to make sure that the lock it takes is sufficient to prevent another concurrent insert from adding a record with the same key, thus breaking the unique key constraint."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:'Mysql innodb engine performs row locking on inserts. If column A has a unique key constraint, and we are adding the value "bbb" for column A in an insert statement, mysql needs to lock any gap in the index between the two current records where "bbb" will be inserted at.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/innodb-locks-set.html",children:"Innodb locks set"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"different-locks",children:"Different Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Shared Lock (S Lock) -"})," It allows multiple transactions to read a resource simultaneously but not modify it. Other transactions can also acquire a shared lock on the same resource."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Exclusive Lock (X Lock) -"})," It allows a transaction to both read and modify a resource. No other transaction can acquire any type of lock on the same resource while an exclusive lock is held."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Update Lock (U Lock) -"})," It is used to prevent a deadlock scenario when a transaction intends to update a resource."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Schema Lock -"})," It is used to protect the structure of database objects."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Bulk Update Lock (BU Lock) -"})," It is used during bulk insert operations to improve performance by reducing the number of locks required."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Key-Range Lock -"})," It is used in indexed data to prevent phantom reads (inserting new rows into a range that a transaction has already read)."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Row-Level Lock -"})," It locks a specific row in a table, allowing other rows to be accessed concurrently."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Page-Level Lock -"})," It locks a specific page (a fixed-size block of data) in the database."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Table-Level Lock -"})," It locks an entire table. This is simple to implement but can reduce concurrency significantly."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"Types of database locks",src:s(766191).Z+"",width:"1538",height:"2000"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"row-locks",children:"Row Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["InnoDB uses row-level locking for ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," operations. This means that all rows that match the condition ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"id < 391919930"})," will be locked until the transaction is complete. Row locks prevent other transactions from modifying or deleting these rows until the current transaction is finished."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"range-locks",children:"Range Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A range lock is a type of lock that InnoDB uses to lock a range of index entries. It is more commonly associated with preventing other transactions from inserting, updating, or deleting rows within a specific range that matches the condition of a query. Range locks are part of the mechanism InnoDB uses to implement the REPEATABLE READ isolation level."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id BETWEEN 100 AND 200 FOR UPDATE;\n"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this case, InnoDB locks all rows where ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"order_id"})," is between 100 and 200, including any potential gaps within this range."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"gap-locks",children:"Gap Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Depending on the isolation level of your transaction, InnoDB might use gap locks to prevent other transactions from inserting new rows into the gaps covered by the index range of the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," statement. Gap locks are particularly relevant in ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"REPEATABLE READ"})," or higher isolation levels."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"DELETE FROM orders WHERE order_id < 100;\n"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Here, InnoDB locks the gaps between existing rows where ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"order_id"})," is less than 100 to prevent new rows from being inserted into these gaps, which would affect the results of this ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," operation."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Therefore it's better to use between for ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," to make operation non-locking"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"DELETE FROM orders WHERE order_id betwen 0 and 100;\n"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"index-locks",children:"Index Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:"InnoDB locks the index entries for the rows being deleted. This prevents other transactions from modifying the indexes until the transaction is complete."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"table-locks",children:"Table Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["While InnoDB primarily uses row-level locking, there can also be implicit table-level locks that prevent schema changes to the table while the ",(0,t.jsx)(n.code,{children:"DELETE"})," operation is in progress."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"intention-locks",children:"Intention Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:'During SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, a shared intention lock ("IS") allows access by multiple threads to work on the same table, but blocks exclusive table locks.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:'\ufeff\ufeffDuring ALTER TABLE or DROP TABLE, an exclusive intention lock ("IX") blocks other table locks, either shared or exclusive. So no one else can query, and no one can run their own ALTER/DROP TABLE.'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"insert-intention-lock",children:"Insert intention lock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffA special kind of gap lock, requested before a client tries to insert a row."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffInsert locks are shared, not exclusive\u2014multiple clients can acquire insert locks on the same gap."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffBut insert locks conflict with other exclusive locks."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"why-is-insert-intention-lock-shared",children:"why is insert intention lock shared?"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffMultiple clients prepare to insert into the same gap."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffThey may be inserting different rows within the same gap, so they don't conflict with each other."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffBut the insert intention lock blocks other clients from requesting exclusive locks on the same gap."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"auto-inc-lock",children:"Auto-inc lock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffA table lock, used when a client requests the next unique id for a given table."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffEnsures that each id is given to one client."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffBrief\u2014it is released as soon as the id is generated, instead of lasting to the end of the transaction like other locks."}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:['\ufeff\ufeffBecause the lock is so brief, neither client can "',(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"undo"}),'"\u2014 i.e. return their id to the stack for someone else to use.']}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"deadlock",children:"Deadlock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffWhen two or more concurrent clients wait for each other to release their locks, but since they are both waiting, they will never give up the lock they have."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffIn other words, a catch-22 of lock-waits."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:'\ufeff\ufeffMany people use the term "deadlock" incorrectly\u2014 when they are describing a simple one-way lock wait.'}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Resolving deadlocks - MySQL detects cycles in lock waits, and kills one of the transactions immediately."}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["avoiding deadlocks","\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffEach client locks everything they need in one atomic request."}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:"\ufeff\ufeffAll clients request locks in the same order."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"key-differences-between-range-and-gap-locks",children:"Key Differences between Range and Gap Locks"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"locking-focus",children:"Locking Focus"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Range Lock"}),": Locks both existing index entries and the gaps between them."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Gap Lock"}),": Locks only the gaps between existing index entries."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"use-case",children:"Use Case"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Range Lock"}),": Ensures that the range of index entries remains consistent, used in scenarios where the exact range of rows needs to be locked."]}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,t.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Gap Lock"}),": Ensures that no new rows can be inserted into the gaps, used to prevent phantom reads and ensure repeatable reads."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"lock-errors",children:"Lock Errors"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"waiting-for-metadata-lock",children:"Waiting for metadata lock"}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/pitfalls-metadata-locking-during-ddl-execution-pranav-pandey/",children:"Pitfalls of Metadata Locking During DDL Execution in Production"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/performance-schema-metadata-locks-table.html",children:"MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 29.12.13.3 The metadata_locks Table"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"links",children:"Links"}),"\n",(0,t.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqWQH-WWFBE&ab_channel=Percona",children:"Overview of Different ALTER Algorithms and Its Locking Scenarios in MySQL - Sri Sakthivel M.D. - YouTube"})}),"\n",(0,t.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,t.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/innodb-locking-explained-with-stick-figures/54574903",children:"InnoDB Locking Explained with Stick Figures | PPT"})}),"\n"]})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,t.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,t.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},766191:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>t});const t=s.p+"assets/images/Pasted image 20240626161909-339cecf7806da77f7b2406e87478a6b6.png"},511151:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>r});var t=s(667294);const i={},o=t.createContext(i);function r(e){const n=t.useContext(o);return t.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function l(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:r(e.components),t.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/8355551c.a550112c.js b/assets/js/8355551c.a550112c.js deleted file mode 100644 index 8afcaff7a85..00000000000 --- a/assets/js/8355551c.a550112c.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[56526],{284600:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>l,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>d});var s=t(785893),a=t(511151);const r={},i="Analysis and Analyzers",o={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers",title:"Analysis and Analyzers",description:"Analysisis aprocess that consists of the following:",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1701793554,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Dec 5, 2023",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Elasticsearch",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/"},next:{title:"Architecture",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/architecture"}},l={},d=[{value:"Character filters",id:"character-filters",level:2},{value:"Tokenizer",id:"tokenizer",level:2},{value:"Token filters",id:"token-filters",level:2},{value:"Standard analyzer",id:"standard-analyzer",level:2},{value:"Simple analyzer",id:"simple-analyzer",level:2},{value:"Whitespace analyzer",id:"whitespace-analyzer",level:2},{value:"Language analyzers",id:"language-analyzers",level:2},{value:"Text Embeddings",id:"text-embeddings",level:2},{value:"Word Embeddings",id:"word-embeddings",level:3},{value:"Sentence Embeddings",id:"sentence-embeddings",level:3}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",li:"li",p:"p",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"analysis-and-analyzers",children:"Analysis and Analyzers"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Analysisis aprocess that consists of the following:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"First, tokenizing a block of text into individualtermssuitable for use in an inverted index,"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:'Then normalizing these terms into a standard form to improve their "searchability," orrecall'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This job isperformed by analyzers. Ananalyzeris really just a wrapper that combines three functions into asingle package:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"character-filters",children:"Character filters"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"First, the string is passed through anycharacter filtersin turn. Their job is to tidy up the string before tokenization. A character filter could be used to strip out HTML, or to convert&characters to the wordand."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tokenizer",children:"Tokenizer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Next, the string is tokenized into individual terms by atokenizer. A simple tokenizer might split the text into terms whenever it encounters whitespace or punctuation."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"token-filters",children:"Token filters"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Last, each term is passed through anytoken filtersin turn, which can change terms (for example, lowercasingQuick), remove terms (for example, stopwords such asa, and, the) or add terms (for example, synonyms likejumpandleap)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"standard-analyzer",children:"Standard analyzer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The standard analyzeris the default analyzer that Elasticsearch uses. It is the best general choice for analyzing text that may be in any language. It splits the text onword boundaries, asdefined by the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/",children:"Unicode Consortium"}),", and removes most punctuation. Finally, it lowercases all terms. It would produce"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"set, the, shape, to, semi, transparent, by, calling, set_trans, 5"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"simple-analyzer",children:"Simple analyzer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The simple analyzer splitsthe text on anything that isn't a letter, and lowercases the terms. It would produce"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"set, the, shape, to, semi, transparent, by, calling, set, trans"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"whitespace-analyzer",children:"Whitespace analyzer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The whitespace analyzer splitsthe text on whitespace. It doesn't lowercase. It would produce"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Set, the, shape, to, semi-transparent, by, calling, set_trans(5)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"language-analyzers",children:"Language analyzers"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Language-specific analyzersare available for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/2.4/analysis-lang-analyzer.html",children:"many languages"}),". They are able to take the peculiarities of the specified language into account. For instance, theenglishanalyzer comes with a set of Englishstopwords (common words likeandorthethat don't have much impact on relevance), which it removes. This analyzer also is able tostemEnglishwords because it understands the rules of English grammar."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Theenglishanalyzer would produce the following:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"set, shape, semi, transpar, call, set_tran, 5"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Note howtransparent, calling, andset_transhave been stemmed to their root form."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/guide/current/analysis-intro.html",children:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/guide/current/analysis-intro.html"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"text-embeddings",children:"Text Embeddings"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Encodes words and sentences as numeric vectors. These vector representations are designed to capture the linguistic content of the text, and can be used to assess similarity between a query and a document."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"word-embeddings",children:"Word Embeddings"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:'A word embedding model represents a word as a dense numeric vector. These vectors aim to capture semantic properties of the word - words whose vectors are close together should be similar in terms of semantic meaning. In a good embedding, directions in the vector space are tied to different aspects of the word\'s meaning. As an example, the vector for "Canada" might be close to "France" in one direction, and close to "Toronto" in another.'}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmXkCCa4eVA",children:"Word Embeddings - EXPLAINED! - YouTube"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The NLP and search communities have been interested in vector representations of words for quite some time. There was a resurgence of interest in word embeddings in the past few years, when many traditional tasks were being revisited using neural networks. Some successful word embedding algorithms were developed, including ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5021-distributed-representations-of-words-and-phrases-and-their-compositionality.pdf",children:"word2vec"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://nlp.stanford.edu/pubs/glove.pdf",children:"GloVe"}),". These approaches make use of large text collections, and examine the context each word appears in to determine its vector representation:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The word2vec Skip-gram model trains a neural network to predict the context words around a word in a sentence. The internal weights of the network give the word embeddings."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In GloVe, the similarity of words depends on how frequently they appear with other context words. The algorithm trains a simple linear model on word co-occurrence counts."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"sentence-embeddings",children:"Sentence Embeddings"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Researchers have started to focus on embedding techniques that represent not only words, but longer sections of text. Most current approaches are based on complex neural network architectures, and sometimes incorporate labelled data during training to aid in capturing semantic information."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Once trained, the models are able to take a sentence and produce a vector for each word in context, as well as a vector for the entire sentence. Similarly to word embedding, pre-trained versions of many models are available, allowing users to skip the expensive training process. While the training process can be very resource-intensive, invoking the model is much more lightweight - sentence embedding models are typically fast enough to be used as part of real-time applications."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Some common sentence embedding techniques include ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02364",children:"InferSent"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11175",children:"Universal Sentence Encoder"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05365",children:"ELMo"}),", and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805",children:"BERT"}),". Improving word and sentence embeddings is an active area of research, and it's likely that additional strong models will be introduced."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/blog/text-similarity-search-with-vectors-in-elasticsearch",children:"https://www.elastic.co/blog/text-similarity-search-with-vectors-in-elasticsearch"})})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},511151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>i});var s=t(667294);const a={},r=s.createContext(a);function i(e){const n=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function o(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:i(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/8355551c.a66d859d.js b/assets/js/8355551c.a66d859d.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..661183c14b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/8355551c.a66d859d.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[56526],{284600:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>l,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>d});var s=t(785893),a=t(511151);const r={},i="Analysis and Analyzers",o={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers",title:"Analysis and Analyzers",description:"Analysis is a process that consists of the following:",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Elasticsearch",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/"},next:{title:"Architecture",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/architecture"}},l={},d=[{value:"Character filters",id:"character-filters",level:2},{value:"Tokenizer",id:"tokenizer",level:2},{value:"Token filters",id:"token-filters",level:2},{value:"Standard analyzer",id:"standard-analyzer",level:2},{value:"Simple analyzer",id:"simple-analyzer",level:2},{value:"Whitespace analyzer",id:"whitespace-analyzer",level:2},{value:"Language analyzers",id:"language-analyzers",level:2},{value:"Text Embeddings",id:"text-embeddings",level:2},{value:"Word Embeddings",id:"word-embeddings",level:3},{value:"Sentence Embeddings",id:"sentence-embeddings",level:3}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",li:"li",p:"p",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"analysis-and-analyzers",children:"Analysis and Analyzers"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Analysis is a process that consists of the following:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"First, tokenizing a block of text into individualtermssuitable for use in an inverted index,"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:'Then normalizing these terms into a standard form to improve their "searchability," orrecall'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This job is performed by analyzers. Ananalyzer is really just a wrapper that combines three functions into a single package:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"character-filters",children:"Character filters"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"First, the string is passed through any character filters in turn. Their job is to tidy up the string before tokenization. A character filter could be used to strip out HTML, or to convert & characters to the word and."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tokenizer",children:"Tokenizer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Next, the string is tokenized into individual terms by a tokenizer. A simple tokenizer might split the text into terms whenever it encounters whitespace or punctuation."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"token-filters",children:"Token filters"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Last, each term is passed through any token filters in turn, which can change terms (for example, lowercasing Quick), remove terms (for example, stop words such as a, and, the) or add terms (for example, synonyms like jump and leap)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"standard-analyzer",children:"Standard analyzer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The standard analyzer is the default analyzer that Elasticsearch uses. It is the best general choice for analyzing text that may be in any language. It splits the text on word boundaries, as defined by the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/",children:"Unicode Consortium"}),", and removes most punctuation. Finally, it lowercases all terms. It would produce"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"set, the, shape, to, semi, transparent, by, calling, set_trans, 5"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"simple-analyzer",children:"Simple analyzer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The simple analyzer splits the text on anything that isn't a letter, and lowercases the terms. It would produce"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"set, the, shape, to, semi, transparent, by, calling, set, trans"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"whitespace-analyzer",children:"Whitespace analyzer"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The whitespace analyzer splitsthe text on whitespace. It doesn't lowercase. It would produce"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Set, the, shape, to, semi-transparent, by, calling, set_trans(5)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"language-analyzers",children:"Language analyzers"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Language-specific analyzers are available for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/2.4/analysis-lang-analyzer.html",children:"many languages"}),". They are able to take the peculiarities of the specified language into account. For instance, the english analyzer comes with a set of English stop words (common words like and or the that don't have much impact on relevance), which it removes. This analyzer also is able to stem English words because it understands the rules of English grammar."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The english analyzer would produce the following:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"set, shape, semi, transpar, call, set_tran, 5"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Note how transparent, calling, and set_trans have been stemmed to their root form."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/guide/current/analysis-intro.html",children:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/guide/current/analysis-intro.html"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"text-embeddings",children:"Text Embeddings"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Encodes words and sentences as numeric vectors. These vector representations are designed to capture the linguistic content of the text, and can be used to assess similarity between a query and a document."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"word-embeddings",children:"Word Embeddings"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:'A word embedding model represents a word as a dense numeric vector. These vectors aim to capture semantic properties of the word - words whose vectors are close together should be similar in terms of semantic meaning. In a good embedding, directions in the vector space are tied to different aspects of the word\'s meaning. As an example, the vector for "Canada" might be close to "France" in one direction, and close to "Toronto" in another.'}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmXkCCa4eVA",children:"Word Embeddings - EXPLAINED! - YouTube"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The NLP and search communities have been interested in vector representations of words for quite some time. There was a resurgence of interest in word embeddings in the past few years, when many traditional tasks were being revisited using neural networks. Some successful word embedding algorithms were developed, including ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5021-distributed-representations-of-words-and-phrases-and-their-compositionality.pdf",children:"word2vec"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://nlp.stanford.edu/pubs/glove.pdf",children:"GloVe"}),". These approaches make use of large text collections, and examine the context each word appears in to determine its vector representation:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The word2vec Skip-gram model trains a neural network to predict the context words around a word in a sentence. The internal weights of the network give the word embeddings."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In GloVe, the similarity of words depends on how frequently they appear with other context words. The algorithm trains a simple linear model on word co-occurrence counts."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"sentence-embeddings",children:"Sentence Embeddings"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Researchers have started to focus on embedding techniques that represent not only words, but longer sections of text. Most current approaches are based on complex neural network architectures, and sometimes incorporate labelled data during training to aid in capturing semantic information."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Once trained, the models are able to take a sentence and produce a vector for each word in context, as well as a vector for the entire sentence. Similarly to word embedding, pre-trained versions of many models are available, allowing users to skip the expensive training process. While the training process can be very resource-intensive, invoking the model is much more lightweight - sentence embedding models are typically fast enough to be used as part of real-time applications."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Some common sentence embedding techniques include ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02364",children:"InferSent"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11175",children:"Universal Sentence Encoder"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05365",children:"ELMo"}),", and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805",children:"BERT"}),". Improving word and sentence embeddings is an active area of research, and it's likely that additional strong models will be introduced."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/blog/text-similarity-search-with-vectors-in-elasticsearch",children:"https://www.elastic.co/blog/text-similarity-search-with-vectors-in-elasticsearch"})})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},511151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>i});var s=t(667294);const a={},r=s.createContext(a);function i(e){const n=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function o(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:i(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/935f2afb.b9411c7f.js 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One use for this command is when a disk cannot be unmounted because (unspecified) files are in use. The listing of open files can be consulted (suitably filtered if necessary) to identify the process that is using the files."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"see open ports"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"sudo lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN\nsudo lsof -i:22 #see a specific port such as 22\nlsof -a -i -s TCP:SYN_RECV\n[lsof - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"count",children:"Count"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"ls -l | wc -l (Count number of files in a directory)\nfind . -type f | wc -l (Count number of files in a directory recursively)\nwc - l file.txt (lines)\nwc -w file.txt (words)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"head-show-the-top-2-lines-in-the-file",children:"Head (Show the top 2 lines in the file)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ head -n 2 adult.data"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tail-show-the-last-lines-in-the-file",children:"Tail (Show the last lines in the file)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ tail -n 10 adult.data"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"hexdump",children:"Hexdump"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"$ cat test.txt\nhi\n\n$ hexdump test.txt\n0000000 68 69\n\nHere 68 is 'h' in ASCII and 69 is 'i' in ASCII\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"source",children:"Source"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://ss64.com/bash/source.html",children:"source"})," is a bash shell built-in command that executes the content of the file passed as argument, ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"in the current shell"})}),". It has a synonym in.(period)."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"source ~/.bash_profile"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:". ~/.bash_profile"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"make",children:"Make"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bitbake",children:"BitBake"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["BitBakeis a ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)",children:"make"}),"-like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_tool",children:"build tool"})," with the special focus of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distributions",children:"distributions"})," and packages for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linux",children:"embedded Linux"}),(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compilation",children:"cross compilation"}),", although it is not limited to that. It is inspired by ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(software)",children:"Portage"}),", which is the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_system",children:"package management system"})," used by the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux",children:"Gentoo Linux"})," distribution. BitBake existed for some time in the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEmbedded",children:"OpenEmbedded"})," project until it was separated out into a standalone, maintained, distribution-independent tool. BitBake is co-maintained by the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yocto_Project",children:"Yocto Project"})," and the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEmbedded",children:"OpenEmbedded"})," project"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitBake",children:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitBake"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"add-new-user",children:"Add new user"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"useradd username"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"change-current-user",children:"Change current user"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"su username\nsudo -u telegraf /bin/bash\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"see-current-user",children:"See current user"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"whoami"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"seq-command",children:"Seq command"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"print sequences of number"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seq [-w] [-f format] [-s string] [-t string] [first [incr]] last"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"netstat-command-list-open-ports",children:"Netstat command (list open ports)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"netstat -a #list all network ports\nnetstat -at #list all TCP Ports\nnetstat -s #show statistics for all ports\nnetstat -atn # For tcp\nnetstat -aun # For udp\nnetstat -atun # For both\nnetstat -an | grep :9105 | grep -v TIME_WAIT | wc -l\nnetstat -an | grep :9105 | grep ESTABLISHED | wc -l\nsudo netstat -planet | grep 1883 | wc -l\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"nslookup-command",children:"nslookup command"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A network utility program used to obtain information about internet servers"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"nslookup -query=mx google.com #Query Mail Exchanger Record\nnslookup -type=ns google.com #Query Name Server\nnslookup -type=any google.com #Query DNS Record\nnslookup -type=soa google.com #Query Start of Authority\nnslookup kafka0.abc.com\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dig-command",children:"dig command"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A dig is a tool for querying DNS nameservers for information about host addresses, mail exchanges, nameservers and related information"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"dig google.com +nocomments #turn off comment lines\ndig google.com +noauthority #turn off authority section\ndig google.com +noall #disable all section at once\ndig +trace www.google.com\ndig @8.8.8.8 +trace github.com\ndig @ns-421.awsdns-52.com github.com\ndig -x 172.217.167.132 #will do a reverse lookup, doesn't always work -- it depends on there being an accurate PTR record\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"uptime",children:"uptime"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"show how long system has been running"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The uptime utility displays the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users, and the load average of the system over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"w",children:"w"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Combination of uptime and who commands given one immediately after the other, in that order"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"sort",children:"sort"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Unix Sort uses an External R-Way merge sorting algorithm. It divides the input up into smaller portions (that fit into memory) and then merges each portion together at the end."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sort -t $'n' -g -o sorted_large.txt 1.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"alias-alias_command_name",children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"alias "})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Return the full command for the passed alias_command_name"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"alias dc='docker-compose'"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"paste",children:"paste"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ln-create-links",children:"ln (Create links)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"make links"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"ln test.txt link.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The ln utility creates a new directory entry (linked file) which has the same modes as the original file. It is useful for maintaining multiple copies of a file in many places at once without using up storage for the copies; instead, a link points to the original copy. There are two types of links; hard links and symbolic links. How a link points to a file is one of the differences between a hard and symbolic link."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"ln -s /bin/zsh /usr/local/bin/zsh # create a symbolic link\n\nln -s /path/to/original /path/to/link\n\nln -s myfile.txt my-soft-link\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"hard-vs-symbolic-links",children:"hard vs symbolic links"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Underneath the file system, files are represented by inodes."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A file in the file system is basically a link to an inode."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A hard link, then, just creates another file with a link to the same underlying inode."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When you delete a file, it removes one link to the underlying inode. The inode is only deleted (or deletable/over-writable) when all links to the inode have been deleted."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A symbolic link is a link to another name in the file system."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Once a hard link has been made the link is to the inode. Deleting, renaming, or moving the original file will not affect the hard link as it links to the underlying inode. Any changes to the data on the inode is reflected in all files that refer to that inode."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Note: Hard links are only valid within the same File System. Symbolic links can span file systems as they are simply the name of another file."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"find",children:"find"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'find . -name "zookeeper*"\n\n# ignore case\nfind . -iname "ipify*"\n\n# find and delete\nfind . -name "*.pyc" -type f\nfind . -name "*.pyc" -type f -delete\n\nfind . -type f -mtime +30 -exec -f {} \\;\n\n# find and replace in shole directory except \'config.yaml\'\nfind ./ ! -name \'config.yaml\' -type f -exec sed -i "s~${ecr_name}.*$~${ecr_name}\\\\/${app_name}\\\\/${env_name}:${app_name}-${env_name}-${timestamp}-${build_no}~" {} \\;\n\nfind -E . -regex \'.*hello[^/]*\' -type f\nfind AI -regex \'.*/[^a-zA-Z].*\'\nfind . -regex \'.*/[^a-zA-Z0-9.].*\' -not -path "*/node_modules/*" -not -path "*/.git/*"\n\nfind . -type f -name \'*outline.md\' -not -path "*/node_modules/*" -not -path "*/.git/*" -exec sh -c \'mv "$1" "${1%/*}/index.md"\' sh {} \\;\n\n# rename file, replace - with -\n# brew install rename\nfind . -name "*---*" -exec rename \'s/---/-/\' {} ";"\nfind . -name "*,*" -exec rename \'s/,//\' {} ";"\n\nfind . -name \'*\' -exec rename x {} +\n\n# rename file extension recursively\nfind content -type f -name \'*\' -print0 | xargs -0 rename \'s/$/x/\'\n\n# rename all files and folders to lowercase\nfind . -name "*" -type f -depth -not -path "*/node_modules/*" -not -path "*/.git/*" | xargs -n 1 rename -f \'s/(.*)\\/([^\\/]*)/$1\\/\\L$2/\' {} \\;\n\n# rename dslr photos to it\'s created date with appended original name\nfor f in *.*; do echo mv -n "$f" "$(stat -f\'%SB\' -t "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S" "$f")_${f%.*}.${f##*.}"; done\n\n# final command to rename DSLR photos\nfor f in *.*; do eval "mv -n \\"$f\\" \\"\\$(stat -f \'%SB\' -t \\"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S\\" \\"$f\\")_${f%.*}.${f##*.}\\""; done\n\n# rename dslr photos to it\'s created date without appended original name\nfor f in *.*; do echo mv -n "$f" "$(stat -f\'%SB\' -t "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S%fff" "$f").${f##*.}"; done\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"hostname",children:"hostname"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"hostname -- set or print name of current host system\nhostname -i #server\nhostname #mac\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"environments",children:"environments"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"printenv | less #print all loaded environment variables\necho $ #print value for environment variable\necho $? #print last call execution return value\nenv #print all environments loaded in current session\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tr-translate-characters",children:"tr (translate characters)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"cat domains.txt | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]\ncat linux.txt | tr [a-z] [A-Z]\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.tecmint.com/tr-command-examples-in-linux",children:"https://www.tecmint.com/tr-command-examples-in-linux"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tcpdump-wireshark",children:"tcpdump (wireshark)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sudo tcpdump -i any port 9101 -w tcpdump"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"killall",children:"killall"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"kill processes by name"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The killall utility kills processes selected by name, as opposed to the selection by pid as done by kill(1). By default, it will send a TERM signal to all processes with a real UID identical to the caller of killall that match the name procname. The super-user is allowed to kill any process."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The program gets sent a SIGTERM signal. kill -9 sends a SIGKILL signal"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"CTRL-C"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The program gets sent a SIGINT signal. By default that stops the program immediately, but the program can choose to ignore the signal or do something else before quitting"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Is it possible for a program to ignore a SIGKILL signal"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Programs can't ignore SIGKILL."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"killall kubectl\nkillall -v kubectl\n\n# forcefully terminate all running processes except login shell, init, and kernel-specific processes.\nkillall5 -9\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"log-parsing-commands",children:"Log parsing commands"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"grep",children:"Grep"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'# Search a file for keywords\ngrep \'keyword\' "file"\n\n# Grep regex\nls | grep "metrics-[^su]"\nls | grep "metrics-[^su]" | xargs rm -f\n\n# This prints 10 lines of trailing context after matching lines\ngrep -i -A 10 "my_regex" /var/log/syslog\n\n# If you need to print 10 lines of leading context before matching lines,\ngrep -i -B 10 "my_regex" /var/log/syslog\n\n# And if you need to print 10 lines of leading and trailing output context.\ngrep -i -C 10 "my_regex" /var/log/syslog\n\n# Common Flags\n-c: print a count of matching lines rather than the lines themselves\n-h: do not print the names of files when searching multiple files\n-i: ignore case (e.g., treat "Regression" and "regression" as matches)\n-l: print the names of files that contain matches, not the matches\n-n: print line numbers for matching lines\n-v: invert the match, i.e., only show lines that don\'t match\n grep -v "172.18.0.1"\n-E \'abc|*de\': or with regex\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"cut",children:"cut"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"cut out selected portions of each line of a file"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Can use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"awk"})," instead of cut for better results"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"sed",children:"sed"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"sed -i '' 's+telegraf:.*+telegraf:x:0:0::/etc/telegraf:/bin/false+g' passwd #on macos\nsed -i 's+telegraf:.*+telegraf:x:0:0::/etc/telegraf:/bin/false+g' passwd #on unix\n\nfind ./ ! -name 'config.yaml' -type f -exec sed -i \"s~${ecr_name}.*$~${ecr_name}\\\\/${app_name}\\\\/${env_name}:${app_name}-${env_name}-${timestamp}-${build_no}~\" {} \\;\n\nfind ./ ! -name 'config.yaml' -type f -exec sed -i \"s~\n331916247734.dkr.ecr.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/loan-tape-etl/prod:loan-tape-etl-prod-2020-08-07-20-10\n$~331916247734.dkr.ecr.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/loan-tape-etl/prod:loan-tape-etl-prod-test~\" {} \\;\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"finding-duplicates-with-uniq",children:"Finding duplicates with uniq"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"With the uniq command you can find adjacent repeated lines in a file. uniq takes several flags, the more useful ones being:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"uniq -c: which adds the repetition count to each line;"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"uniq -d: which only outputs duplicate lines; And"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"uniq -u: which only outputs unique lines."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, uniq is not a smart command. Repeated lines will not be detected if they are not adjacent. Which means that you first need the sort the file. This command counts the number of duplicated lines in adult.csv."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sort adult.csv | uniq -d | wc -l"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"23"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"and shows that there are 23 duplicates. The next command takes the output of all lines with added repetition counts, sorts in reverse and outputs the first 3 duplicates:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"sort adult.csv | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 3\n3 25, Private, 195994, 1st-4th, 2, Never-married, ...\n2 90, Private, 52386, Some-college, 10, Never-married, ...\n2 49, Self-emp-not-inc, 43479, Some-college, 10, Married-civ-spouse, ...\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"Log Parsing Commands",src:s(829466).Z+"",width:"1557",height:"2048"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"openssl",children:"openssl"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'openssl rand -hex 16\nopenssl rand -hex 32\nopenssl rand -base64 32 #base64 encoded password generation\nopenssl base64 -in samhi.log -out samhi1_64.log\n\n# creating a self-signed certificate\nopenssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -nodes -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=example.com" -days 365\n\nopenssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048\n\nopenssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -sha256 -subj "/CN=sampleissuer.local" -days 1024 -out ca.crt -extensions v3_ca -config openssl-with-ca.cnf\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"encrypt-decrypt-a-file-or-folder",children:"Encrypt decrypt a file or folder"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# encrypt a folder\ntar czvf folder.tar.gz /path/to/folder\nopenssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in folder.tar.gz -out folder.tar.gz.enc\nrm -rf folder.tar.gz\nrm -rf /path/to/folder\n\n# decrypt a folder\nopenssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in folder.tar.gz.enc -out folder.tar.gz\ntar xzvf folder.tar.gz\nrm -rf folder.tar.gz.enc\nrm -rf folder.tar.gz\n\n\nalias folder_encrypt='tar czvf test_folder.tar.gz test_folder && openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in test_folder.tar.gz -out test_folder.tar.gz.enc && rm -rf test_folder.tar.gz && rm -rf test_folder'\n\nalias folder_decrypt='openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in test_folder.tar.gz.enc -out test_folder.tar.gz && tar xzvf test_folder.tar.gz && rm -rf test_folder.tar.gz.enc && rm -rf test_folder.tar.gz'\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"public-private-key-pair",children:"public private key pair"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can generate a public-private keypair with thegenrsacontext (the last number is the keylength in bits):"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"openssl genrsa -out key.pem 2048\n\n# To extract the public part, use the rsa context:\nopenssl rsa -in keypair.pem -out publickey.crt -pubout\nopenssl rsa -in key.pem -out key.pub -pubout\n\n# Finally, convert the original keypair to PKCS#8 format with the pkcs8 context:\nopenssl pkcs8 -topk8 -inform PEM -outform PEM -nocrypt -in keypair.pem -out pkcs8.key\n\n# Encrypt and Decrypt a file (using public key to encrypt)\necho --pass-- > pass.txt\nopenssl rsautl -in pass.txt -out pass.enc -pubin -inkey key.pub -encrypt\nopenssl rsautl -in pass.enc -out pass.dec -inkey key.pem -decrypt\ncat pass.dec\n\n# Compress, Encrypt, Decyrpt, Uncompress a file (using password in pass.txt)\necho content > file.txt # overwrite file with content\necho content >> file.txt # append content to file.txt\ngzip file.txt\nopenssl bf -in file.txt.gz -out file.enc -pass file:pass.txt -e\nopenssl bf -in file.enc -out file.dec.gz -pass file:pass.dec -d\ngzip -d file.dec.gz\ncat file.dec\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ts",children:"ts"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"openssl-ts, ts - Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The ts command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (TSA) client and server application as specified in RFC 3161 (Time-Stamp Protocol, TSP). A TSA can be part of a PKI deployment and its role is to provide long term proof of the existence of a certain datum before a particular time."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["A convenient tool is the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"ts (timestamp)"})," tool which is available on many systems. If the trace output is piped to this command each line is prefixed with a timestamp."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ps",children:"ps"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"report a snapshot of the current processes."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# get minor page fault, major page fault\nps -eo min_flt,maj_flt,cmd\n\nps -eaf\n\nps aux / auxf (tree view)\nps aux --sort=-%mem\n - The a option tells ps the display the processes of all users, with except those processes that not associated with a terminal and processes of group leaders.\n - The u stands for a user-oriented format which provides detailed information about the processes.\n - The x option will case ps to list the processes without a controlling terminal. Those are mainly processes that are started on boot time and running in the background.\n\n - PID - The process ID. In most situations when running the ps command the most important information the user is looking for is the process PID. Knowing the PID allows you to kill a malfunctioning process.\n - TTY - The name of the controlling terminal for the process.\n - TIME - The cumulative CPU time of the process, shown in minutes and seconds.\n - CMD - The name of the command that was used to start the process.\n - USER - The user who runs the process.\n - %CPU - The process cpu utilization.\n - %MEM - The percentage of the process\u2019s resident set size to the physical memory on the machine.\n - VSZ - Virtual memory size of the process in KiB.\n - RSS - The size of the physical memory that the process is using.\n - STAT - The the process state code, which can be Z (zombie), S (sleeping), R(running) ..etc\n - START - The time when the command started.\n\nps $$\nOutput the shell that is running\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linuxize.com/post/ps-command-in-linux",children:"https://linuxize.com/post/ps-command-in-linux"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tree",children:"tree"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"list contents of directories in a tree-like format"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"tree -L 2"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"usrbintime",children:"/usr/bin/time"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"run programs and summarize system resource usage"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"time",children:"time"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Shell command for given shell statistics"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"real"}),": The actual time spent in running the process from start to finish, as if it was measured by a human with a stopwatch"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"user"}),": The cumulative time spent by all the CPUs during the computation"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"sys"}),": The cumulative time spent by all the CPUs during system-related tasks such as memory allocation."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"compression",children:"Compression"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"tar -czvf all.tar.gz error.log.* (gzip all files together in a directory)\ntar -xzvf all.tar.gz -C /tmp (unzip all files to particular location)\n\ntar -xzvf all.tar.gz (unzip all files at current location)\ntar -c -xvf all.tar.gz\ntar -xvf all.tar.xz (unzip xz files)\ngzip -d .gz #unzip gz file\n\n!tar --exclude='*.csv' --exclude='__pycache__' --exclude='.ipynb_checkpoints' --exclude='*.json' --exclude='*.xml' --exclude='*.pdf' --exclude='*.pkl' -zcvf backup.tar.gz *\n!find . -name \"*.ipynb\" -o -name \"*.py\" | tar -zcvf backup.tar.gz -T -\n\n!find . -name \"*.ipynb\" -o -name \"*.py\" | tar -zcvf backup-ipynb-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tar.gz -T -\ntar -zcvf backup-ipynb-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tar.gz folder_to_zip\n\ntar -zcf backup-ipynb-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tar.gz folder_to_zip # no output - without v\n\nbrew install rar\n unrar x.rar\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"df---report-file-system-disk-space-usage",children:"df - report file system disk space usage"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There might come a situation while using Linux when you want to know the amount of space consumed by a particular file system on your LINUX system or how much space is available on a particular file system."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"df -h, --human-readable"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"du-disk-usage---estimate-file-space-usage",children:"du (disk usage) - estimate file space usage"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The du command can be used to track the files and directories which are consuming excessive amount of space on hard disk drive."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"du -h, --human-readable\n\n# depth = 1\ndu -h -d 1\n\nTo list the largest directories from the current directory in human readable format, with retricting number of rows\ndu -sh * | sort -hr | head -n10\n\ndu -sh file_path\nExplanation\n - du (disc usage) command estimates file_path space usage\n - The options -sh are (from man du):\n-s, --summarize\n display only a total for each argument\n\n-h, --human-readable\n print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)\n\nTo check more than one directory and see the total, use du -sch:\n-c, --total\n produce a grand total\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"lsblk",children:"lsblk"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The\xa0",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"lsblk"}),"\xa0command, short for \u201clist block devices,\u201d is a powerful tool that provides detailed information about block devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and other storage-related devices."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"lsblk -a # To display empty block devices as well.\nlsblk -t # tree view\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/lsblk-command-in-linux-with-examples/",children:"How to List All Block Devices in Linux | lsblk Command - GeeksforGeeks"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html",children:"lsblk(8) - Linux manual page"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"netcat-nc",children:"NetCat (NC)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The nc (or netcat) utility is used for just about anything under the sun involving TCP or UDP. It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning, and deal with both IPv4 and IPv6. Unlike telnet(1), nc scripts nicely, and separates error messages onto standard error instead of sending them to standard output, as telnet(1) does with some."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Common uses include:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"simple TCP proxies"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"shell-script based HTTP clients and servers"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"network daemon testing"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"a SOCKS or HTTP ProxyCommand for ssh(1)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nc -l 8000 -u"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"strace",children:"strace"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"trace system calls and signals"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the simplest casestraceruns the specifiedcommanduntil it exits. It intercepts and records the system calls which are called by a process and the signals which are received by a process. The name of each system call, its arguments and its return value are printed on standard error or to the file specified with the-ooption."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"straceis a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool. System administrators, diagnosticians and trouble-shooters will find it invaluable for solving problems with programs for which the source is not readily available since they do not need to be recompiled in order to trace them. Students, hackers and the overly-curious will find that a great deal can be learned about a system and its system calls by tracing even ordinary programs. And programmers will find that since system calls and signals are events that happen at the user/kernel interface, a close examination of this boundary is very useful for bug isolation, sanity checking and attempting to capture race conditions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"MacOS - dtrace"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/strace",children:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/strace"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://8thlight.com/blog/colin-jones/2015/11/06/dtrace-even-better-than-strace-for-osx.html",children:"https://8thlight.com/blog/colin-jones/2015/11/06/dtrace-even-better-than-strace-for-osx.html"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"nicerenice",children:"nice/renice"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"While the nice command lets you execute a program/process with modified scheduling priority, the renice command allows you to change the scheduling priority of an already running process. Following is the generic syntax forboth these commands:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"renice [-n] priority [[-p] pid ...] [[-g] pgrp ...] [[-u] user ...]"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"nice",children:"Nice"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least favorable to the process)."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"renice",children:"Renice"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running processes. The following who parameters are interpreted as process ID's, process group ID's, or user names. Renice'ing a process group causes all processes in the process group to have their scheduling priority altered. Renice'ing a user causes all processes owned by the user to have their scheduling priority altered. By default, the processes to be affected are specified by their process ID's."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-nice-command",children:"https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-nice-command"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsF8R6DBxSg",children:"how greedy are your processes? | Linux niceness - YouTube"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"nohup",children:"nohup"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The nohup utility invokes utility with its arguments and at this time sets the signal SIGHUP to be ignored. If the standard output is a terminal, the standard output is appended to the file nohup.out in the current directory. If standard error is a terminal, it is directed to the same place as the standard output."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you use the nohup command, you can continue processing even if you log out of the terminal."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nohup jupyter notebook &"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"screen",children:"Screen"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"screen --version\n\nsudo apt install screen\n\n# Starting Named Session\nscreen -S session_name\n\nCtrl+a\xa0d\n\n# To resume your screen session\nscreen -r\n\n# To attach to specific session\nscreen -r session_name\n\n# list the current running screen sessions\nscreen -ls\n\n# delete the screen session\nscreen -X -S quit\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-use-linux-screen/",children:"How To Use Linux Screen | Linuxize"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"sample",children:"sample"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Profile a process during a time interval"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"sample is a command-line tool for gathering data about the running behavior of a process. It suspends the process at specified intervals (by default, every 1 millisecond), records the call stacks of all threads in the process at that time, then resumes the process. The analysis done by sample is called ``sampling'' because it only checks the state of the program at the sampling points. The analysis may miss execution of some functions that are not executing during one of the samples, but sample still provides useful data about commonly executing functions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"At the end of the sampling duration, sample produces a report showing which functions were executing during the sampling. The data is condensed into a call tree, showing the functions seen on the stack and how they were called. (This tree is a subset of the actual call tree for the execution, since some functions may not have been executing during any of the sampling events.) The tree is displayed textually, with called functions indented one level to the right of the callee."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the call tree, if a function calls more than one function then a vertical line is printed to visually connect those separate children functions, making it easier to see which functions are at the same level. The characters used to draw those lines, such as + | : ! are arbitrary and have no specific meaning."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"others",children:"Others"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'1. !! / sudo !! (repeat last command with sudo)\n2. pwd (Print working Directory)\n3. xrandr -o normal (Screen rotation)\n4. sudo shred -n 1 -v -z /dev/sd (format full hard disk, first write random bits, than with zeros, to every address)\n5. bash install-missing.sh (running set of bash commands from a file)\n6. wc "file" //count number of lines/words/characters in file\n7. banner #prints a banner for \n8 file [path] #to check the type of file\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"taskset",children:"taskset"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:'tasksetis used to set or retrieve the CPU affinity of a running process given its PID or to launch a new COMMAND with a given CPU affinity. CPU affinity is a scheduler property that "bonds" a process to a given set of CPUs on the system. The Linux scheduler will honor the given CPU affinity and the process will not run on any other CPUs. Note that the Linux scheduler also supports natural CPU affinity: the scheduler attempts to keep processes on the same CPU as long as practical for performance reasons. Therefore, forcing a specific CPU affinity is useful only in certain applications.'}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The CPU affinity is represented as a bitmask, with the lowest order bit corresponding to the first logical CPU and the highest order bit corresponding to the last logical CPU. Not all CPUs may exist on a given system but a mask may specify more CPUs than are present. A retrieved mask will reflect only the bits that correspond to CPUs physically on the system. If an invalid mask is given (i.e., one that corresponds to no valid CPUs on the current system) an error is returned. The masks are typically given in hexadecimal. For example,"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/taskset",children:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/taskset"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.to/awwsmm/101-bash-commands-and-tips-for-beginners-to-experts-30je",children:"https://dev.to/awwsmm/101-bash-commands-and-tips-for-beginners-to-experts-30je"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.toptal.com/linux/tips-and-practices",children:"https://www.toptal.com/linux/tips-and-practices"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-linux-commands-handbook",children:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-linux-commands-handbook"})})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,i.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,i.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},829466:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>i});const i=s.p+"assets/images/Pasted image 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pair",id:"public-private-key-pair",level:3},{value:"ts",id:"ts",level:3},{value:"ps",id:"ps",level:3},{value:"tree",id:"tree",level:3},{value:"/usr/bin/time",id:"usrbintime",level:3},{value:"time",id:"time",level:3},{value:"Compression",id:"compression",level:3},{value:"df - report file system disk space usage",id:"df---report-file-system-disk-space-usage",level:3},{value:"du (disk usage) - estimate file space usage",id:"du-disk-usage---estimate-file-space-usage",level:3},{value:"lsblk",id:"lsblk",level:3},{value:"NetCat (NC)",id:"netcat-nc",level:2},{value:"strace",id:"strace",level:2},{value:"nice/renice",id:"nicerenice",level:2},{value:"Nice",id:"nice",level:3},{value:"Renice",id:"renice",level:3},{value:"nohup",id:"nohup",level:2},{value:"Screen",id:"screen",level:3},{value:"sample",id:"sample",level:2},{value:"Others",id:"others",level:2},{value:"taskset",id:"taskset",level:2},{value:"References",id:"references",level:2}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"1-linux-general--unix--linux-commands",children:"(1) Linux General / Unix / Linux Commands"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"display",children:"Display"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'cat "file" //display a file\nless "file" //display a file a page at a time\nhead "file" //display the first few lines of a file\ntail "file" //display the last few lines of a file\n tail -F #to follow log-rotated files\nhead\nless ( spacebar - forward, b - backward, q - quit)\n\n# Copy / Move\ncp "file1" "file2" //copy file1 and call it file2\nmv "file1" "file2" //move or rename file1 to file2\n\n# move all types of files from all directory to single directory\nmv **/*.jpg media/\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"ssh-to-server",children:"ssh to server"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'chmod 400 devec2.pem\nssh -i devec2.pem ec2-user@18.237.184.186\n\nssh ubuntu@energy.abc.com (simple ssh)\n\nssh -L 8889:localhost:8888 ubuntu@bepemis.abc.com (port forwarding from server to local)\n\nssh -L 27017:localhost:27017 -i strawhat-core-key ubuntu@3.108.70.26\n\nssh -i private.pem ubuntu@energy.abc.com (using key)\n\nssh -i id_rsa ubuntu@openvpn.abc.com\n\n# Other\nssh-add\nssh-copy-id\nssh-keygen\nssh-keyscan\nssh-old\nsshd\nssh-agent\nssh-import-id\n\n# SSH KeyGen\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "deepaksood619@gmail.com"\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "deepak.sood@opstree.com"\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "deepak.sood@stashfin.com"\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "deepak.sood@careers360.in"\n\nssh-keygen -R energy.abc.com # reset the saved key of server\n\nssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521 -C "deepaksood619@gmail.com"\n\nssh config (man ssh_config - OpenSSH SSH client configuration files)\n Add all the details for a server ssh to ~/.ssh/config file\n Host dev\n HostName dev.abc.com\n Port 1234\n User ubuntu\n ForwardAgent yes\n IdentityFile ~/.ssh/dev.key\n LocalForward 8888 0.0.0.0:8888\n\n Host git-codecommit.*.amazonaws.com\n User XXXAU2R6AAK3AIIGFXXX\n IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa\n\n Without LocalForward ssh - ssh dev\n For using LocalForward ssh - ssh -f -N dev\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"having-different-ssh-keys-for-different-github-accounts",children:"Having different ssh keys for different github accounts"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521 -C "deepaksood619@gmail.com"\n\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "personal_email@example.com" -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa_personal\n\nssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "work_email@example.com" -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa_work\n\nvim ~/.ssh/config\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-text",metastring:'title="~/.ssh/config"',children:"# Default SSH key\nHost github.com\n User git\n IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa\n\n# Personal GitHub account\nHost github-personal\n HostName github.com\n User git\n IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_personal\n\n# Work GitHub account\nHost github-work\n HostName github.com\n User git\n IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_work\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# test the ssh connection\nssh -T git@github.com\nssh -T git@github-personal\nssh -T git@github-work\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# These will use the specified keys for the respective aliases.\ngit clone git@github.com:username/repository.git\ngit clone git@github-personal:username/repository.git\ngit clone 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# for recursive copying a directory\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"scp-to-server-copy-a-file-from-local-to-server-from-local-machine",children:"SCP to server (Copy a file from local to server, from local machine)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"scp /local/dir/ username@remoteHost:/remote/dir/file.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"scp-directory-use--r-option",children:"SCP directory (use -r option)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"scp -r ubuntu@energy.example.com:/home/ubuntu/sources/example/media /home/ubuntu/sources/example/media"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"directory-and-user-permissions",children:"Directory and user permissions"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# Change current directory permissions for user\nchown -R test:test .\n\n# Change current file permission\nsudo chmod +r /var/log/electric_meter.log\n\n# Give sudo access to user\nsudo usermod -a -G adm 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If the file already exists, it gets overwritten."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"command >> output.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The standard output stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, the new data will get appended to the end of the file."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"command 2> output.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The standard error stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, it gets overwritten."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"command 2>> output.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The standard error stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. 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One use for this command is when a disk cannot be unmounted because (unspecified) files are in use. The listing of open files can be consulted (suitably filtered if necessary) to identify the process that is using the files."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"see open ports"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"sudo lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN\nsudo lsof -i:22 #see a specific port such as 22\nlsof -a -i -s TCP:SYN_RECV\n[lsof - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"count",children:"Count"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"ls -l | wc -l (Count number of files in a directory)\nfind . -type f | wc -l (Count number of files in a directory recursively)\nwc - l file.txt (lines)\nwc -w file.txt (words)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"head-show-the-top-2-lines-in-the-file",children:"Head (Show the top 2 lines in the file)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ head -n 2 adult.data"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tail-show-the-last-lines-in-the-file",children:"Tail (Show the last lines in the file)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ tail -n 10 adult.data"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"hexdump",children:"Hexdump"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"$ cat test.txt\nhi\n\n$ hexdump test.txt\n0000000 68 69\n\nHere 68 is 'h' in ASCII and 69 is 'i' in ASCII\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"source",children:"Source"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"http://ss64.com/bash/source.html",children:"source"})," is a bash shell built-in command that executes the content of the file passed as argument, ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"in the current shell"})}),". It has a synonym in.(period)."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"source ~/.bash_profile"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:". ~/.bash_profile"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"make",children:"Make"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bitbake",children:"BitBake"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["BitBakeis a ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)",children:"make"}),"-like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_tool",children:"build tool"})," with the special focus of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distributions",children:"distributions"})," and packages for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linux",children:"embedded Linux"}),(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compilation",children:"cross compilation"}),", although it is not limited to that. It is inspired by ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(software)",children:"Portage"}),", which is the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_system",children:"package management system"})," used by the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux",children:"Gentoo Linux"})," distribution. BitBake existed for some time in the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEmbedded",children:"OpenEmbedded"})," project until it was separated out into a standalone, maintained, distribution-independent tool. BitBake is co-maintained by the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yocto_Project",children:"Yocto Project"})," and the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEmbedded",children:"OpenEmbedded"})," project"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitBake",children:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitBake"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"add-new-user",children:"Add new user"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"useradd username"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"change-current-user",children:"Change current user"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"su username\nsudo -u telegraf /bin/bash\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"see-current-user",children:"See current user"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"whoami"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"seq-command",children:"Seq command"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"print sequences of number"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seq [-w] [-f format] [-s string] [-t string] [first [incr]] last"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"netstat-command-list-open-ports",children:"Netstat command (list open ports)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"netstat -a #list all network ports\nnetstat -at #list all TCP Ports\nnetstat -s #show statistics for all ports\nnetstat -atn # For tcp\nnetstat -aun # For udp\nnetstat -atun # For both\nnetstat -an | grep :9105 | grep -v TIME_WAIT | wc -l\nnetstat -an | grep :9105 | grep ESTABLISHED | wc -l\nsudo netstat -planet | grep 1883 | wc -l\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"nslookup-command",children:"nslookup command"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A network utility program used to obtain information about internet servers"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"nslookup -query=mx google.com #Query Mail Exchanger Record\nnslookup -type=ns google.com #Query Name Server\nnslookup -type=any google.com #Query DNS Record\nnslookup -type=soa google.com #Query Start of Authority\nnslookup kafka0.abc.com\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dig-command",children:"dig command"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A dig is a tool for querying DNS nameservers for information about host addresses, mail exchanges, nameservers and related information"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"dig google.com +nocomments #turn off comment lines\ndig google.com +noauthority #turn off authority section\ndig google.com +noall #disable all section at once\ndig +trace www.google.com\ndig @8.8.8.8 +trace github.com\ndig @ns-421.awsdns-52.com github.com\ndig -x 172.217.167.132 #will do a reverse lookup, doesn't always work -- it depends on there being an accurate PTR record\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"uptime",children:"uptime"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"show how long system has been running"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The uptime utility displays the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users, and the load average of the system over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"w",children:"w"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Combination of uptime and who commands given one immediately after the other, in that order"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"sort",children:"sort"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Unix Sort uses an External R-Way merge sorting algorithm. It divides the input up into smaller portions (that fit into memory) and then merges each portion together at the end."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sort -t $'n' -g -o sorted_large.txt 1.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"alias-alias_command_name",children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"alias "})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Return the full command for the passed alias_command_name"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"alias dc='docker-compose'"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"paste",children:"paste"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ln-create-links",children:"ln (Create links)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"make links"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"ln test.txt link.txt"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The ln utility creates a new directory entry (linked file) which has the same modes as the original file. It is useful for maintaining multiple copies of a file in many places at once without using up storage for the copies; instead, a link points to the original copy. There are two types of links; hard links and symbolic links. How a link points to a file is one of the differences between a hard and symbolic link."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"ln -s /bin/zsh /usr/local/bin/zsh # create a symbolic link\n\nln -s /path/to/original /path/to/link\n\nln -s myfile.txt my-soft-link\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"hard-vs-symbolic-links",children:"hard vs symbolic links"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Underneath the file system, files are represented by inodes."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A file in the file system is basically a link to an inode."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A hard link, then, just creates another file with a link to the same underlying inode."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When you delete a file, it removes one link to the underlying inode. The inode is only deleted (or deletable/over-writable) when all links to the inode have been deleted."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A symbolic link is a link to another name in the file system."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Once a hard link has been made the link is to the inode. Deleting, renaming, or moving the original file will not affect the hard link as it links to the underlying inode. Any changes to the data on the inode is reflected in all files that refer to that inode."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Note: Hard links are only valid within the same File System. Symbolic links can span file systems as they are simply the name of another file."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"find",children:"find"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'find . -name "zookeeper*"\n\n# ignore case\nfind . -iname "ipify*"\n\n# find and delete\nfind . -name "*.pyc" -type f\nfind . -name "*.pyc" -type f -delete\n\nfind . -type f -mtime +30 -exec -f {} \\;\n\n# find and replace in shole directory except \'config.yaml\'\nfind ./ ! -name \'config.yaml\' -type f -exec sed -i "s~${ecr_name}.*$~${ecr_name}\\\\/${app_name}\\\\/${env_name}:${app_name}-${env_name}-${timestamp}-${build_no}~" {} \\;\n\nfind -E . -regex \'.*hello[^/]*\' -type f\nfind AI -regex \'.*/[^a-zA-Z].*\'\nfind . -regex \'.*/[^a-zA-Z0-9.].*\' -not -path "*/node_modules/*" -not -path "*/.git/*"\n\nfind . -type f -name \'*outline.md\' -not -path "*/node_modules/*" -not -path "*/.git/*" -exec sh -c \'mv "$1" "${1%/*}/index.md"\' sh {} \\;\n\n# rename file, replace - with -\n# brew install rename\nfind . -name "*---*" -exec rename \'s/---/-/\' {} ";"\nfind . -name "*,*" -exec rename \'s/,//\' {} ";"\n\nfind . -name \'*\' -exec rename x {} +\n\n# rename file extension recursively\nfind content -type f -name \'*\' -print0 | xargs -0 rename \'s/$/x/\'\n\n# rename all files and folders to lowercase\nfind . -name "*" -type f -depth -not -path "*/node_modules/*" -not -path "*/.git/*" | xargs -n 1 rename -f \'s/(.*)\\/([^\\/]*)/$1\\/\\L$2/\' {} \\;\n\n# rename dslr photos to it\'s created date with appended original name\nfor f in *.*; do echo mv -n "$f" "$(stat -f\'%SB\' -t "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S" "$f")_${f%.*}.${f##*.}"; done\n\n# final command to rename DSLR photos\nfor f in *.*; do eval "mv -n \\"$f\\" \\"\\$(stat -f \'%SB\' -t \\"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S\\" \\"$f\\")_${f%.*}.${f##*.}\\""; done\n\n# rename dslr photos to it\'s created date without appended original name\nfor f in *.*; do echo mv -n "$f" "$(stat -f\'%SB\' -t "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S%fff" "$f").${f##*.}"; done\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"hostname",children:"hostname"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"hostname -- set or print name of current host system\nhostname -i #server\nhostname #mac\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"environments",children:"environments"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"printenv | less #print all loaded environment variables\necho $ #print value for environment variable\necho $? #print last call execution return value\nenv #print all environments loaded in current session\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tr-translate-characters",children:"tr (translate characters)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"cat domains.txt | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]\ncat linux.txt | tr [a-z] [A-Z]\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.tecmint.com/tr-command-examples-in-linux",children:"https://www.tecmint.com/tr-command-examples-in-linux"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tcpdump-wireshark",children:"tcpdump (wireshark)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sudo tcpdump -i any port 9101 -w tcpdump"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"killall",children:"killall"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"kill processes by name"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The killall utility kills processes selected by name, as opposed to the selection by pid as done by kill(1). By default, it will send a TERM signal to all processes with a real UID identical to the caller of killall that match the name procname. The super-user is allowed to kill any process."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"The program gets sent a SIGTERM signal. kill -9 sends a SIGKILL signal"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"CTRL-C"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The program gets sent a SIGINT signal. By default that stops the program immediately, but the program can choose to ignore the signal or do something else before quitting"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Is it possible for a program to ignore a SIGKILL signal"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Programs can't ignore SIGKILL."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"killall kubectl\nkillall -v kubectl\n\n# forcefully terminate all running processes except login shell, init, and kernel-specific processes.\nkillall5 -9\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"log-parsing-commands",children:"Log parsing commands"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"grep",children:"Grep"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'# Search a file for keywords\ngrep \'keyword\' "file"\n\n# Grep regex\nls | grep "metrics-[^su]"\nls | grep "metrics-[^su]" | xargs rm -f\n\n# This prints 10 lines of trailing context after matching lines\ngrep -i -A 10 "my_regex" /var/log/syslog\n\n# If you need to print 10 lines of leading context before matching lines,\ngrep -i -B 10 "my_regex" /var/log/syslog\n\n# And if you need to print 10 lines of leading and trailing output context.\ngrep -i -C 10 "my_regex" /var/log/syslog\n\n# Common Flags\n-c: print a count of matching lines rather than the lines themselves\n-h: do not print the names of files when searching multiple files\n-i: ignore case (e.g., treat "Regression" and "regression" as matches)\n-l: print the names of files that contain matches, not the matches\n-n: print line numbers for matching lines\n-v: invert the match, i.e., only show lines that don\'t match\n grep -v "172.18.0.1"\n-E \'abc|*de\': or with regex\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"cut",children:"cut"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"cut out selected portions of each line of a file"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Can use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"awk"})," instead of cut for better results"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"sed",children:"sed"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"sed -i '' 's+telegraf:.*+telegraf:x:0:0::/etc/telegraf:/bin/false+g' passwd #on macos\nsed -i 's+telegraf:.*+telegraf:x:0:0::/etc/telegraf:/bin/false+g' passwd #on unix\n\nfind ./ ! -name 'config.yaml' -type f -exec sed -i \"s~${ecr_name}.*$~${ecr_name}\\\\/${app_name}\\\\/${env_name}:${app_name}-${env_name}-${timestamp}-${build_no}~\" {} \\;\n\nfind ./ ! -name 'config.yaml' -type f -exec sed -i \"s~\n331916247734.dkr.ecr.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/loan-tape-etl/prod:loan-tape-etl-prod-2020-08-07-20-10\n$~331916247734.dkr.ecr.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/loan-tape-etl/prod:loan-tape-etl-prod-test~\" {} \\;\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"finding-duplicates-with-uniq",children:"Finding duplicates with uniq"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"With the uniq command you can find adjacent repeated lines in a file. uniq takes several flags, the more useful ones being:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"uniq -c: which adds the repetition count to each line;"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"uniq -d: which only outputs duplicate lines; And"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"uniq -u: which only outputs unique lines."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, uniq is not a smart command. Repeated lines will not be detected if they are not adjacent. Which means that you first need the sort the file. This command counts the number of duplicated lines in adult.csv."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sort adult.csv | uniq -d | wc -l"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"23"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"and shows that there are 23 duplicates. The next command takes the output of all lines with added repetition counts, sorts in reverse and outputs the first 3 duplicates:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"sort adult.csv | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 3\n3 25, Private, 195994, 1st-4th, 2, Never-married, ...\n2 90, Private, 52386, Some-college, 10, Never-married, ...\n2 49, Self-emp-not-inc, 43479, Some-college, 10, Married-civ-spouse, ...\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"Log Parsing Commands",src:s(829466).Z+"",width:"1557",height:"2048"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"openssl",children:"openssl"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'openssl rand -hex 16\nopenssl rand -hex 32\nopenssl rand -base64 32 #base64 encoded password generation\nopenssl base64 -in samhi.log -out samhi1_64.log\n\n# creating a self-signed certificate\nopenssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -nodes -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=example.com" -days 365\n\nopenssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048\n\nopenssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -sha256 -subj "/CN=sampleissuer.local" -days 1024 -out ca.crt -extensions v3_ca -config openssl-with-ca.cnf\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"encrypt-decrypt-a-file-or-folder",children:"Encrypt decrypt a file or folder"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# encrypt a folder\ntar czvf folder.tar.gz /path/to/folder\nopenssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in folder.tar.gz -out folder.tar.gz.enc\nrm -rf folder.tar.gz\nrm -rf /path/to/folder\n\n# decrypt a folder\nopenssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in folder.tar.gz.enc -out folder.tar.gz\ntar xzvf folder.tar.gz\nrm -rf folder.tar.gz.enc\nrm -rf folder.tar.gz\n\n\nalias folder_encrypt='tar czvf test_folder.tar.gz test_folder && openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in test_folder.tar.gz -out test_folder.tar.gz.enc && rm -rf test_folder.tar.gz && rm -rf test_folder'\n\nalias folder_decrypt='openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in test_folder.tar.gz.enc -out test_folder.tar.gz && tar xzvf test_folder.tar.gz && rm -rf test_folder.tar.gz.enc && rm -rf test_folder.tar.gz'\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"public-private-key-pair",children:"public private key pair"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can generate a public-private keypair with thegenrsacontext (the last number is the keylength in bits):"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"openssl genrsa -out key.pem 2048\n\n# To extract the public part, use the rsa context:\nopenssl rsa -in keypair.pem -out publickey.crt -pubout\nopenssl rsa -in key.pem -out key.pub -pubout\n\n# Finally, convert the original keypair to PKCS#8 format with the pkcs8 context:\nopenssl pkcs8 -topk8 -inform PEM -outform PEM -nocrypt -in keypair.pem -out pkcs8.key\n\n# Encrypt and Decrypt a file (using public key to encrypt)\necho --pass-- > pass.txt\nopenssl rsautl -in pass.txt -out pass.enc -pubin -inkey key.pub -encrypt\nopenssl rsautl -in pass.enc -out pass.dec -inkey key.pem -decrypt\ncat pass.dec\n\n# Compress, Encrypt, Decyrpt, Uncompress a file (using password in pass.txt)\necho content > file.txt # overwrite file with content\necho content >> file.txt # append content to file.txt\ngzip file.txt\nopenssl bf -in file.txt.gz -out file.enc -pass file:pass.txt -e\nopenssl bf -in file.enc -out file.dec.gz -pass file:pass.dec -d\ngzip -d file.dec.gz\ncat file.dec\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ts",children:"ts"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"openssl-ts, ts - Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The ts command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (TSA) client and server application as specified in RFC 3161 (Time-Stamp Protocol, TSP). A TSA can be part of a PKI deployment and its role is to provide long term proof of the existence of a certain datum before a particular time."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["A convenient tool is the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"ts (timestamp)"})," tool which is available on many systems. If the trace output is piped to this command each line is prefixed with a timestamp."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ps",children:"ps"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"report a snapshot of the current processes."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"# get minor page fault, major page fault\nps -eo min_flt,maj_flt,cmd\n\nps -eaf\n\nps aux / auxf (tree view)\nps aux --sort=-%mem\n - The a option tells ps the display the processes of all users, with except those processes that not associated with a terminal and processes of group leaders.\n - The u stands for a user-oriented format which provides detailed information about the processes.\n - The x option will case ps to list the processes without a controlling terminal. Those are mainly processes that are started on boot time and running in the background.\n\n - PID - The process ID. In most situations when running the ps command the most important information the user is looking for is the process PID. Knowing the PID allows you to kill a malfunctioning process.\n - TTY - The name of the controlling terminal for the process.\n - TIME - The cumulative CPU time of the process, shown in minutes and seconds.\n - CMD - The name of the command that was used to start the process.\n - USER - The user who runs the process.\n - %CPU - The process cpu utilization.\n - %MEM - The percentage of the process\u2019s resident set size to the physical memory on the machine.\n - VSZ - Virtual memory size of the process in KiB.\n - RSS - The size of the physical memory that the process is using.\n - STAT - The the process state code, which can be Z (zombie), S (sleeping), R(running) ..etc\n - START - The time when the command started.\n\nps $$\nOutput the shell that is running\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linuxize.com/post/ps-command-in-linux",children:"https://linuxize.com/post/ps-command-in-linux"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"tree",children:"tree"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"list contents of directories in a tree-like format"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"tree -L 2"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"usrbintime",children:"/usr/bin/time"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"run programs and summarize system resource usage"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"time",children:"time"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Shell command for given shell statistics"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"real"}),": The actual time spent in running the process from start to finish, as if it was measured by a human with a stopwatch"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"user"}),": The cumulative time spent by all the CPUs during the computation"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"sys"}),": The cumulative time spent by all the CPUs during system-related tasks such as memory allocation."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"compression",children:"Compression"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"tar -czvf all.tar.gz error.log.* (gzip all files together in a directory)\ntar -xzvf all.tar.gz -C /tmp (unzip all files to particular location)\n\ntar -xzvf all.tar.gz (unzip all files at current location)\ntar -c -xvf all.tar.gz\ntar -xvf all.tar.xz (unzip xz files)\ngzip -d .gz #unzip gz file\n\n!tar --exclude='*.csv' --exclude='__pycache__' --exclude='.ipynb_checkpoints' --exclude='*.json' --exclude='*.xml' --exclude='*.pdf' --exclude='*.pkl' -zcvf backup.tar.gz *\n!find . -name \"*.ipynb\" -o -name \"*.py\" | tar -zcvf backup.tar.gz -T -\n\n!find . -name \"*.ipynb\" -o -name \"*.py\" | tar -zcvf backup-ipynb-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tar.gz -T -\ntar -zcvf backup-ipynb-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tar.gz folder_to_zip\n\ntar -zcf backup-ipynb-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tar.gz folder_to_zip # no output - without v\n\nbrew install rar\n unrar x.rar\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"df---report-file-system-disk-space-usage",children:"df - report file system disk space usage"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There might come a situation while using Linux when you want to know the amount of space consumed by a particular file system on your LINUX system or how much space is available on a particular file system."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"df -h, --human-readable"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"du-disk-usage---estimate-file-space-usage",children:"du (disk usage) - estimate file space usage"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The du command can be used to track the files and directories which are consuming excessive amount of space on hard disk drive."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"du -h, --human-readable\n\n# depth = 1\ndu -h -d 1\n\nTo list the largest directories from the current directory in human readable format, with retricting number of rows\ndu -sh * | sort -hr | head -n10\n\ndu -sh file_path\nExplanation\n - du (disc usage) command estimates file_path space usage\n - The options -sh are (from man du):\n-s, --summarize\n display only a total for each argument\n\n-h, --human-readable\n print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)\n\nTo check more than one directory and see the total, use du -sch:\n-c, --total\n produce a grand total\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"lsblk",children:"lsblk"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The\xa0",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"lsblk"}),"\xa0command, short for \u201clist block devices,\u201d is a powerful tool that provides detailed information about block devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and other storage-related devices."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"lsblk -a # To display empty block devices as well.\nlsblk -t # tree view\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/lsblk-command-in-linux-with-examples/",children:"How to List All Block Devices in Linux | lsblk Command - GeeksforGeeks"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html",children:"lsblk(8) - Linux manual page"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"netcat-nc",children:"NetCat (NC)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The nc (or netcat) utility is used for just about anything under the sun involving TCP or UDP. It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning, and deal with both IPv4 and IPv6. Unlike telnet(1), nc scripts nicely, and separates error messages onto standard error instead of sending them to standard output, as telnet(1) does with some."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Common uses include:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"simple TCP proxies"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"shell-script based HTTP clients and servers"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"network daemon testing"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"a SOCKS or HTTP ProxyCommand for ssh(1)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nc -l 8000 -u"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"strace",children:"strace"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"trace system calls and signals"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the simplest casestraceruns the specifiedcommanduntil it exits. It intercepts and records the system calls which are called by a process and the signals which are received by a process. The name of each system call, its arguments and its return value are printed on standard error or to the file specified with the-ooption."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"straceis a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool. System administrators, diagnosticians and trouble-shooters will find it invaluable for solving problems with programs for which the source is not readily available since they do not need to be recompiled in order to trace them. Students, hackers and the overly-curious will find that a great deal can be learned about a system and its system calls by tracing even ordinary programs. And programmers will find that since system calls and signals are events that happen at the user/kernel interface, a close examination of this boundary is very useful for bug isolation, sanity checking and attempting to capture race conditions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"MacOS - dtrace"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/strace",children:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/strace"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://8thlight.com/blog/colin-jones/2015/11/06/dtrace-even-better-than-strace-for-osx.html",children:"https://8thlight.com/blog/colin-jones/2015/11/06/dtrace-even-better-than-strace-for-osx.html"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"nicerenice",children:"nice/renice"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"While the nice command lets you execute a program/process with modified scheduling priority, the renice command allows you to change the scheduling priority of an already running process. Following is the generic syntax forboth these commands:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"renice [-n] priority [[-p] pid ...] [[-g] pgrp ...] [[-u] user ...]"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"nice",children:"Nice"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least favorable to the process)."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"renice",children:"Renice"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running processes. The following who parameters are interpreted as process ID's, process group ID's, or user names. Renice'ing a process group causes all processes in the process group to have their scheduling priority altered. Renice'ing a user causes all processes owned by the user to have their scheduling priority altered. By default, the processes to be affected are specified by their process ID's."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-nice-command",children:"https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-nice-command"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsF8R6DBxSg",children:"how greedy are your processes? | Linux niceness - YouTube"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"nohup",children:"nohup"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The nohup utility invokes utility with its arguments and at this time sets the signal SIGHUP to be ignored. If the standard output is a terminal, the standard output is appended to the file nohup.out in the current directory. If standard error is a terminal, it is directed to the same place as the standard output."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you use the nohup command, you can continue processing even if you log out of the terminal."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nohup jupyter notebook &"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"screen",children:"Screen"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"screen --version\n\nsudo apt install screen\n\n# Starting Named Session\nscreen -S session_name\n\nCtrl+a\xa0d\n\n# To resume your screen session\nscreen -r\n\n# To attach to specific session\nscreen -r session_name\n\n# attach to an already attached session (detach from old terminal and attach to new terminal)\nscreen -r -d 30608\n\n# scroll in a session\nctrl + A > ESC > up and down to scroll\n\n# list the current running screen sessions\nscreen -ls\n\n# delete the screen session\nscreen -X -S quit\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-use-linux-screen/",children:"How To Use Linux Screen | Linuxize"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"sample",children:"sample"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Profile a process during a time interval"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"sample is a command-line tool for gathering data about the running behavior of a process. It suspends the process at specified intervals (by default, every 1 millisecond), records the call stacks of all threads in the process at that time, then resumes the process. The analysis done by sample is called ``sampling'' because it only checks the state of the program at the sampling points. The analysis may miss execution of some functions that are not executing during one of the samples, but sample still provides useful data about commonly executing functions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"At the end of the sampling duration, sample produces a report showing which functions were executing during the sampling. The data is condensed into a call tree, showing the functions seen on the stack and how they were called. (This tree is a subset of the actual call tree for the execution, since some functions may not have been executing during any of the sampling events.) The tree is displayed textually, with called functions indented one level to the right of the callee."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the call tree, if a function calls more than one function then a vertical line is printed to visually connect those separate children functions, making it easier to see which functions are at the same level. The characters used to draw those lines, such as + | : ! are arbitrary and have no specific meaning."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"others",children:"Others"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:'1. !! / sudo !! (repeat last command with sudo)\n2. pwd (Print working Directory)\n3. xrandr -o normal (Screen rotation)\n4. sudo shred -n 1 -v -z /dev/sd (format full hard disk, first write random bits, than with zeros, to every address)\n5. bash install-missing.sh (running set of bash commands from a file)\n6. wc "file" //count number of lines/words/characters in file\n7. banner #prints a banner for \n8 file [path] #to check the type of file\n'})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"taskset",children:"taskset"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:'tasksetis used to set or retrieve the CPU affinity of a running process given its PID or to launch a new COMMAND with a given CPU affinity. CPU affinity is a scheduler property that "bonds" a process to a given set of CPUs on the system. The Linux scheduler will honor the given CPU affinity and the process will not run on any other CPUs. Note that the Linux scheduler also supports natural CPU affinity: the scheduler attempts to keep processes on the same CPU as long as practical for performance reasons. Therefore, forcing a specific CPU affinity is useful only in certain applications.'}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The CPU affinity is represented as a bitmask, with the lowest order bit corresponding to the first logical CPU and the highest order bit corresponding to the last logical CPU. Not all CPUs may exist on a given system but a mask may specify more CPUs than are present. A retrieved mask will reflect only the bits that correspond to CPUs physically on the system. If an invalid mask is given (i.e., one that corresponds to no valid CPUs on the current system) an error is returned. The masks are typically given in hexadecimal. For example,"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/taskset",children:"https://linux.die.net/man/1/taskset"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dev.to/awwsmm/101-bash-commands-and-tips-for-beginners-to-experts-30je",children:"https://dev.to/awwsmm/101-bash-commands-and-tips-for-beginners-to-experts-30je"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.toptal.com/linux/tips-and-practices",children:"https://www.toptal.com/linux/tips-and-practices"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-linux-commands-handbook",children:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-linux-commands-handbook"})})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,i.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,i.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},829466:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>i});const i=s.p+"assets/images/Pasted image 20240620022249-82573284c9bee20723c9e3ff2504fc46.png"},511151:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>a});var i=s(667294);const t={},r=i.createContext(t);function a(e){const n=i.useContext(r);return i.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function l(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(t):e.components||t:a(e.components),i.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/bb1c90a8.6112917e.js b/assets/js/bb1c90a8.6112917e.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..027f956b0e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/bb1c90a8.6112917e.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[94511],{593184:(e,t,n)=>{n.r(t),n.d(t,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>a,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>l,toc:()=>d});var s=n(785893),i=n(511151);const r={},a="Getting Started",l={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started",title:"Getting Started",description:"Points",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/getting-started.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Full Text Searches",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/full-text-searches"},next:{title:"Information Retrieval",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval"}},c={},d=[{value:"Points",id:"points",level:2},{value:"Java API",id:"java-api",level:2},{value:"Node client",id:"node-client",level:4},{value:"Transport client",id:"transport-client",level:4},{value:"Document Oriented",id:"document-oriented",level:2},{value:"JSON",id:"json",level:2},{value:"Documents",id:"documents",level:2},{value:"Index",id:"index",level:2},{value:"Index (noun)",id:"index-noun",level:3},{value:"Index (verb)",id:"index-verb",level:3},{value:"Inverted index",id:"inverted-index",level:3},{value:"Query",id:"query",level:2},{value:"Leaf query clauses",id:"leaf-query-clauses",level:2},{value:"Compound query clauses",id:"compound-query-clauses",level:2},{value:"Relevance Score",id:"relevance-score",level:2},{value:"Distributed Nature",id:"distributed-nature",level:2},{value:"Search",id:"search",level:2},{value:"Exact Values vs Full Text",id:"exact-values-vs-full-text",level:2}];function o(e){const t={a:"a",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.h1,{id:"getting-started",children:"Getting Started"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"points",children:"Points"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Uses Optimisitic Concurrency Control"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Used by Elasticsearch, this approach assumes that conflicts are unlikely to happen and doesn't block operations from being attempted. 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These queries can be used by themselves."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"compound-query-clauses",children:"Compound query clauses"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Compound query clauses wrap other leaforcompound queries and are used to combine multiple queries in a logical fashion (such as the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl-bool-query.html",children:"bool"})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl-dis-max-query.html",children:"dis_max"})," query), or to alter their behaviour (such as the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl-constant-score-query.html",children:"constant_score"})," query)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"relevance-score",children:"Relevance Score"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:'By default, Elasticsearch sortsmatching results by their relevance score, that is, by how well each document matches the query. 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Here are some of the operations happening automatically under the hood:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Partitioning your documents into different containersorshards, which can be stored on a single node or on multiple nodes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Balancing these shards across the nodes in your cluster to spread the indexing and search load"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Duplicating each shard to provide redundant copies of your data, to prevent data loss in case of hardware failure"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Routing requests from any node in the cluster to the nodes that hold the data you're interested in"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Seamlessly integrating new nodes as your cluster grows or redistributing shards to recover from node loss"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"search",children:"Search"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["A ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"search"})," can be any of the following:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"A structured query on concrete fieldslikegenderorage, sorted by a field likejoin_date, similar to the type of query that you could construct in SQL"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["A full-text query, which finds all documents matching the search keywords, and returns them sorted by ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"relevance"})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"A combination of the two"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Mapping -"})," How the data in each field is interpreted"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Analysis -"})," How full text is processed to make it searchable"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Query DSL -"})," The flexible, powerful query language used by Elasticsearch"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"exact-values-vs-full-text",children:"Exact Values vs Full Text"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Data in Elasticsearch can be broadly divided into two types: exact values and full text."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Exact values"}),"are exactly what they sound like.Examples are a date or a user ID, but can also include exact strings such as a username or an email address. The exact valueFoois not the same as the exact valuefoo. The exact value2014is not the same as the exact value2014-09-15."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Full text"}),", on the other hand, refersto textual data - usually written in some human language\u2009---\u2009like the text of a tweet or the body of an email."]})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:t}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return t?(0,s.jsx)(t,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},511151:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>a});var s=n(667294);const i={},r=s.createContext(i);function a(e){const t=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(t):{...t,...e}}),[t,e])}function l(e){let t;return t=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:a(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:t},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/c2f7a6ea.3039f89a.js b/assets/js/c2f7a6ea.3039f89a.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..07aeca3001a --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/c2f7a6ea.3039f89a.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[85430],{604465:(e,s,t)=>{t.r(s),t.d(s,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>d});var n=t(785893),r=t(511151);const i={},o="Internal Working",a={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/internal-working",title:"Internal Working",description:"Here is the sequence of steps necessary to successfully create, index, or delete a document on both the primary and any replica shards:",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/internal-working.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/internal-working",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/internal-working",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/internal-working.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Information Retrieval",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/information-retrieval"},next:{title:"Others",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/others"}},c={},d=[{value:"Links",id:"links",level:2}];function l(e){const s={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",ul:"ul",...(0,r.a)(),...e.components};return(0,n.jsxs)(n.Fragment,{children:[(0,n.jsx)(s.h1,{id:"internal-working",children:"Internal Working"}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(s.p,{children:"Here is the sequence of steps necessary to successfully create, index, or delete a document on both the primary and any replica shards:"}),"\n",(0,n.jsxs)(s.ol,{children:["\n",(0,n.jsx)(s.li,{children:"The client sends a create, index, or delete request to Node 1."}),"\n",(0,n.jsxs)(s.li,{children:["The node uses the document's ",(0,n.jsx)(s.code,{children:"_id"})," to determine that the document belongs to shard0. 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You can even set up tasks to run automatically."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Query Monitor"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When things are running slowly and you're not sure what to blame, ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://wordpress.org/plugins/query-monitor/",children:"Query Monitor"})," lets you see what queries are taking too long to execute, as well as show you PHP warnings and errors."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://themeisle.com/blog/wordpress-version-control",children:"https://themeisle.com/blog/wordpress-version-control"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://kinsta.com/blog/wordpress-version-control",children:"https://kinsta.com/blog/wordpress-version-control"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://wppusher.com/",children:"WP Pusher"}),"-- lets you deploy themes and plugins from any Git repository. 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Actions Hook"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Actions Hook are triggered by particular events that take place in WordPress such as changing themes, publishing a post, or displaying an administration screen. It is a custom ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.bestinterviewquestion.com/core-php-interview-questions",children:"PHP"})," function defined in your plugin and hooked, i.e., set to respond, to some of these events."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Actions often do one or more of the following things"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Modify database data"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Send an email message"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Modify the generated administration screen or front end page sent to a user web browser"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Here are some Actions Functions listed"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"has_action()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"do_action()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"add_action()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"remove_action()"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"2-filters-hook",children:"2. 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You can even set up tasks to run automatically."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Query Monitor"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When things are running slowly and you're not sure what to blame, ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://wordpress.org/plugins/query-monitor/",children:"Query Monitor"})," lets you see what queries are taking too long to execute, as well as show you PHP warnings and errors."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://themeisle.com/blog/wordpress-version-control",children:"https://themeisle.com/blog/wordpress-version-control"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://kinsta.com/blog/wordpress-version-control",children:"https://kinsta.com/blog/wordpress-version-control"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://wppusher.com/",children:"WP Pusher"}),"-- lets you deploy themes and plugins from any Git repository. Note that this one focuses specifically on themes and plugins."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://wordpress.org/plugins/revisr/",children:"Revisr"}),"-- offers a much more comprehensive approach to using Git with WordPress. You can track your entire site, including your database, in a Git repository. You can also commit changes from inside your WordPress dashboard, revert files, and push/pull changes to a remote repository (like Bitbucket or GitHub)."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://versionpress.com/",children:"VersionPress"}),' is an open source project that aims to "bring the full power of Git to WordPress" by version-controlling both your site\'s files and database. Though it also relies on Git, VersionPress gets its own section because it does things a little differently than the methods above.']}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"commands",children:"Commands"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-sql",children:"drop database wordpress;\n\ncreate database wordpress;\n\nselect * from wordpress.wp_options;\n\nupdate wp_options set option_value='http://localhost:8080' where option_name='siteurl';\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-yaml",children:"services:\nwordpress:\nimage: wordpress\nrestart: always\n\nports:\n- 8083:80\n\nenvironment:\nWORDPRESS_DB_HOST: db\nWORDPRESS_DB_USER: exampleuser\nWORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: examplepass\nWORDPRESS_DB_NAME: exampledb\n\nvolumes:\n- wordpress:/var/www/html\n\ndb:\nimage: mysql:5.7\nrestart: always\n\nenvironment:\nMYSQL_DATABASE: exampledb\nMYSQL_USER: exampleuser\nMYSQL_PASSWORD: examplepass\nMYSQL_RANDOM_ROOT_PASSWORD: '1'\n\nvolumes:\n- db:/var/lib/mysql\n\nvolumes:\nwordpress:\ndb:\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"config",children:"Config"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://wordpress.org/support/article/editing-wp-config-php",children:"https://wordpress.org/support/article/editing-wp-config-php"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"questions",children:"Questions"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"What is the latest version of wordpress?"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Why WordPress Is So Popular?","\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Simplicity and Flexibility"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In-corporate with publishing tools"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"User Management"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Media Management"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Full Standards Compliance"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Ease Theme System"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Extend with Plugins"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Built-in Comments"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Search Engine Optimized & Multilingual"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Open Source"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"What are WordPress hooks?"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It is provided by WordPress to allow your plugin to ' hook into' the whole WordPress; that is, to call functions in the plugin at particular times according to your need and thereby set your plugin in motion."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are two kinds of hooks:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Actions hook"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Filters hook"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What are the difference between action hook and filter hook in WordPress?"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"1-actions-hook",children:"1. Actions Hook"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Actions Hook are triggered by particular events that take place in WordPress such as changing themes, publishing a post, or displaying an administration screen. It is a custom ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.bestinterviewquestion.com/core-php-interview-questions",children:"PHP"})," function defined in your plugin and hooked, i.e., set to respond, to some of these events."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Actions often do one or more of the following things"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Modify database data"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Send an email message"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Modify the generated administration screen or front end page sent to a user web browser"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Here are some Actions Functions listed"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"has_action()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"do_action()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"add_action()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"remove_action()"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"2-filters-hook",children:"2. Filters Hook"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Filters Hook are functions that WordPress passes data through, at certain points in execution, just before taking some action with the data. It sits between the database and the browser and between the browser and the database; all most all input and output in WordPress pass through at least one filter hook."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The necessary steps to add your filters to WordPress are listed:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Create the PHP function that filters the data"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Hook to the screen in WordPress, by calling add_filter()"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Put your PHP function in a plugin file and activate it."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Here are some Filters Functions listed"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"has_filter()"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"doing_filter()"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"add_filter()"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"remove_filter() etc"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"How many default tables are in WordPress?"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are altogether 12 tables by default in WordPress."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_options"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_users"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_links"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_commentmeta"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_term_relationships"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_postmeta"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_posts"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_termmeta"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_term_taxonomy"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_usermeta"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_terms"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"wp_comments"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"How many types of users Role in WordPress? Explain"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"We can make many types of user types of role."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Administrator Role"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Author Role"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Editor Role"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Subscriber Role"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Contributor Role"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What is plugin? list some important WordPress plugin?"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"WordPress plugins are a type of apps that allows you to add more functionality and features to your WordPress website just like the same way as apps do for your smartphone. Plugins allow you to create any type of the site with WordPress, not just blogs. Nowadays plugins are very popular."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are lots of plugins are available that listed below"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Yoast SEO Plugin (This plugins are used for SEO purpose.)"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Contact Form 7 (This plugins is used to make web forms with any code)"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Sitemap & URLs Plugins"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"All In One WP Security & Firewall etc"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Advantages of WordPress Plugins"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Helps in SEO"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Ease Of Use and Quick Installation Process"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It helps in to Keep Secure"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Strong Community Support"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Helps to use advanced features of WordPress"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"What are the difference between post and page in WordPress?"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In WordPress, Posts is a dynamic entity that has a published or updated date and is displayed on the blog page."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example: news, events etc"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Pages do not have published or updated date. Hence there are useful for the static and timeless type of content."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:'Example, the "About Us" or "Contact Us"'}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The difference between pages and posts is that the WordPress page is a static entity and post is a dynamic entity."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"What is Category in WordPress?"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:'A category is one of the predefined taxonomies in WordPress, and it is used to sort and group content into different sections. In new WordPress installation, "Uncategorized" is the default category. We can change the default category from Settings -> Writing screen. In WordPress post can be filed under many categories and can have both tags and categories.'}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"What is Tag in WordPress? Explain"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A tag is one of the pre-defined taxonomy in WordPress. You can add tags to posts along with categories in WordPress. Tags are smaller in scope and focused on specific topics."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"What are the difference between Tag & Category in WordPress?"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"image",src:s(970689).Z+"",width:"645",height:"314"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In WordPress categories are hierarchical which means terms can have a relationship with each other like child and parent."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example: You could have a Category called India, and under India, you could have categories called Delhi, Haryana, and U.P. Categories means for broad grouping of posts."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"But Tags are NOT hierarchical which means no relationship between them. Tags means to describe specific details posts."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Where do I insert Google Analytics code in WordPress?"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"While there are different ways to add Google Analytics your WordPress site, here are the 3 most common ones:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Through MonsterInsights"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"By inserting plugins for Headers and Footers"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"By installing Google Analytics in the WordPress Theme"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"others",children:"Others"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.wpbeginner.com/wp-themes/how-to-use-multiple-themes-for-pages-in-wordpress",children:"https://www.wpbeginner.com/wp-themes/how-to-use-multiple-themes-for-pages-in-wordpress"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.toptal.com/wordpress/tips-and-practices",children:"https://www.toptal.com/wordpress/tips-and-practices"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.toptal.com/wordpress/interview-questions",children:"https://www.toptal.com/wordpress/interview-questions"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-create-an-ecommere-website-using-woocomerce",children:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-create-an-ecommere-website-using-woocomerce"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/easily-create-a-website-using-elementor-and-wordpress",children:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/easily-create-a-website-using-elementor-and-wordpress"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.toptal.com/wordpress/power-of-wordpress-hooks-actions-and-filters",children:"Harness WordPress: Hooks, Actions and Filters | Toptal"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-ultimate-guide-to-high-performance-wordpress/",children:"The Ultimate Guide to High Performance WordPress"})}),"\n"]})]})}function c(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,r.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,r.jsx)(h,{...e})}):h(e)}},970689:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>r});const r=s.p+"assets/images/Wordpress-image1-9e0b8f097f7b4a1a222616ca99b2a22a.jpg"},511151:(e,n,s)=>{s.d(n,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>o});var r=s(667294);const i={},t=r.createContext(i);function o(e){const n=r.useContext(t);return r.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function l(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:o(e.components),r.createElement(t.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/d98ddacb.15f2787a.js b/assets/js/d98ddacb.15f2787a.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..09e8b99c072 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/d98ddacb.15f2787a.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkdeep_notes=self.webpackChunkdeep_notes||[]).push([[46668],{620372:(e,t,a)=>{a.r(t),a.d(t,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>d});var n=a(785893),s=a(511151);const r={},i="Architecture",o={id:"technologies/elasticsearch/architecture",title:"Architecture",description:"Cluster and Node",source:"@site/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/architecture.md",sourceDirName:"technologies/elasticsearch",slug:"/technologies/elasticsearch/architecture",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/architecture",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/deepaksood619/deepaksood619.github.io/tree/master/docs/technologies/elasticsearch/architecture.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1732901510,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 29, 2024",frontMatter:{},sidebar:"tutorialSidebar",previous:{title:"Analysis and Analyzers",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/analysis-and-analyzers"},next:{title:"Commands",permalink:"/technologies/elasticsearch/commands"}},c={},d=[{value:"Cluster and Node",id:"cluster-and-node",level:2},{value:"Index",id:"index",level:2},{value:"Document",id:"document",level:2},{value:"Document Metadata",id:"document-metadata",level:2}];function l(e){const t={a:"a",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",li:"li",p:"p",ul:"ul",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,n.jsxs)(n.Fragment,{children:[(0,n.jsx)(t.h1,{id:"architecture",children:"Architecture"}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"cluster-and-node",children:"Cluster and Node"}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"A node is a running instance of Elasticsearch, while a cluster consists of one or more nodes with the same cluster.name that are working together to share their data and workload. As nodes are added to or removed from the cluster, the cluster reorganizes itself to spread the data evenly."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"One node in the cluster is elected to be the masternode, which is in charge of managing cluster-wide changes like creating or deleting an index, or adding or removing a node from the cluster. The master node does not need to be involved in document-level changes or searches, which means that having just one master node will not become a bottleneck as traffic grows. Any node can become the master. Our example cluster has only one node, so it performs the master role."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"As users, we can talk to any node in the cluster, including the master node. Every node knows where each document lives and can forward our request directly to the nodes that hold the data we are interested in. Whichever node we talk to manages the process of gathering the response from the node or nodes holding the data and returning the final response to the client. It is all managed transparently by Elasticsearch."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"index",children:"Index"}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"To add data to Elasticsearch, we need an index - a place to store related data.In reality, an index is just alogical namespace that points to one or more physical shards."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"A shard is a low-level worker unit that holds just a slice of all the data in the index. A shard is a single instance of Lucene, and is a complete search engine in its own right. Our documents are stored and indexed in shards, but our applications don't talk to them directly. Instead, they talk to an index."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Shards are how Elasticsearch distributes data around your cluster. Think of shards as containers for data. Documents are stored in shards, and shards are allocated to nodes in your cluster. As your cluster grows or shrinks, Elasticsearch will automatically migrate shards between nodes so that the cluster remains balanced."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"A shard can be either a primary shard or a replica shard. Each document in your index belongs to a single primary shard, so the number of primary shards that you have determines the maximum amount of data that your index can hold."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"A replica shard is just a copy of a primary shard.Replicas are used to provide redundant copies of your data to protect against hardware failure, and to serve read requests like searching or retrieving a document."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The number of primary shards in an index is fixed at the time that an index is created, but the number of replica shards can be changed at any time."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,n.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/blog/implementing-hot-warm-cold-in-elasticsearch-with-index-lifecycle-management",children:"Implementing Hot-Warm-Cold in Elasticsearch with Index Lifecycle Management | Elastic Blog"})}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,n.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/set-up-lifecycle-policy.html",children:"Configure a lifecycle policy | Elasticsearch Guide [8.14] | Elastic"})}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,n.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://opster.com/guides/elasticsearch/data-architecture/index-lifecycle-policy-management/",children:"Elasticsearch Index Lifecycle Policy and Management - Important Tips"})}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"document",children:"Document"}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Most entities or objects in most applications can be serialized into a JSON object, with keys and values. A key is the name of a field or property, and a value can be a string, a number, a Boolean, another object, an array of values, or some other specialized type such as a string representing a date or an object representing a geolocation."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Often, we use the terms object and document interchangeably. However, there is a distinction.An object is just a JSON object - similar to what is known as a hash, hashmap, dictionary, or associative array. Objects may contain other objects. In Elasticsearch, the term document has a specific meaning. 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As nodes are added to or removed from the cluster, the cluster reorganizes itself to spread the data evenly."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"One node in the cluster is elected to be themasternode, whichis in charge of managing cluster-wide changes like creating or deleting an index, or adding or removing a node from the cluster. The master node does not need to be involved in document-level changes or searches, which means that having just one master node will not become a bottleneck as traffic grows. Any node can become the master. Our example cluster has only one node, so it performs the master role."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"As users, we can talk toany node in the cluster, including the master node. Every node knows where each document lives and can forward our request directly to the nodes that hold the data we are interested in. 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Documents are stored in shards, and shards are allocated to nodes in your cluster. As your cluster grows or shrinks, Elasticsearch will automatically migrate shards between nodes so that the cluster remains balanced."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"A shard can be either a primary shard or a replica shard. Each document in your index belongs to a single primary shard, so the number of primary shards that you have determines the maximum amount of data that your index can hold."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"A replica shard is just a copy of a primary shard.Replicas are used to provide redundant copies of your data to protect against hardware failure, and to serve read requests like searching or retrieving a document."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The number of primary shards in an index is fixed at the time that an index is created, but the number of replica shards can be changed at any time."}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,n.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/blog/implementing-hot-warm-cold-in-elasticsearch-with-index-lifecycle-management",children:"Implementing Hot-Warm-Cold in Elasticsearch with Index Lifecycle Management | Elastic Blog"})}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,n.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/set-up-lifecycle-policy.html",children:"Configure a lifecycle policy | Elasticsearch Guide [8.14] | Elastic"})}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,n.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://opster.com/guides/elasticsearch/data-architecture/index-lifecycle-policy-management/",children:"Elasticsearch Index Lifecycle Policy and Management - Important Tips"})}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"document",children:"Document"}),"\n",(0,n.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Most entities or objects in most applications can be serialized into a JSON object, with keys and values. 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