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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="Die Verbalpartikel des Irischen">
<title>verbal particles</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 id="oben"><span class="red">Caibidil a Trí: The verb (an Briathar)</span></h1>
<h2> <i><span class="red">The verbal particles
(na Míreanna Briathartha)</span></i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td> <a href="#neg">The negative particles</a> <br>
<a href="#frag">The interrogative particles</a> <br>
<a href="#verg">The past particles</a> <br>
<a href="#per">The perfect particles</a>
<br><a href="#rel">The relative particle</a>
<br>
<a href="#konj">The subjunctive particle</a> <br>
<a href="#go">The conjunctions go, sula, mura, ach a</a>
<br>
<a href="#ca">The interrogatory adverb cá</a> </td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<p>Verbal particles come <b>directly </b> <i>in front</i> of the verb. They do
not occur in this form in German or English. They lead to initial mutations
in the verbs (<a href="lenition.htm">lenition</a> or <a href="eklipse.htm">eclipsis</a>).
<br>
In the indicative <b>preterite</b> there are modified forms with the <b>suffix
-r</b> (with the exception of the direct relative particle) <br>
The <i>irregular verbs</i> <a href="bi.htm">bí</a>, <a href="abair.htm">abair</a>,
<a href="dean.htm">déan</a>, <a href="faigh.htm">faigh</a>, <a href="feic.htm">feic</a>,
<a href="teigh.htm">téigh</a> do <b>not</b> use the preterite forms pf
the verbal particles <br>
These verbs (except abair) use in some tenses, following the verbal particles,
(except the dir. relative particle) special <b>dependent</b> verb forms (e.g.
<i>tá sé = er is </i>but: <i>nach bhfuil sé = that he is
not </i>)
<p>With the <a href="kopul1.htm"></a>copula, verbal particles create compound
forms, that often look the same as the verbal particles alone.
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<b class="blue">E</b> = eclipsis of the verbs
<br><b class="lightgreen">L</b> = lenition of the verbs
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="neg"><i class="red">The negativ particles (an mhír
dhiúltach)</i></h2>
<p>The negativ particles <b><i class="red">ní / níor,
cha / char</i></b> as well as in the <b>imperative <i class="red">ná</i></b>
serve to <a href="satz2.htm#verneinung">negate</a> and are translated with "not",
which is like an adverb, or as"no", which is like a pronoun.</p>
<p><b>the negative particle <i class="red">ní</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">ní</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Ní ólfaidh tú fuisce arís. = <i>You will not drink
whiskey again.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">níor</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Níor ól tú fuisce. = You didn't drink whiskey.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<br>
<i>In Ulster (Donegal) <b class="red">cha</b></i>
<br><br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense <br>
preceding b,c,f,g,m,p,s</td>
<td class="red bold">cha</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Cha chreideann sé é = He does not believe it. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense u.a.
<br>
preceding d,t</td>
<td class="red bold">cha</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Cha ndéanaim a leithéid = I don't do such things.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense <br>
preceding a vowel, f</td>
<td class="red bold">chan</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Chan ólann tú fuisce arís. = You will not drink
whiskey again. <br>
Chan fhuil sin ceart = That is not right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">char</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Char ól tú fuisce. = You didn't drink whiskey.</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<p>After <i>cha/chan,</i> the (habitual) present tense is used instead of the
future tense (see example <i>Chan ólann tú fuisce arís
= You will not drink whiskey again.</i>) <br>
In parts of Donegal both <b>ní</b> and <b>cha</b> are common, where <i>cha</i>
is then rather the emphatic form. <br>
The given lenition/eclipsis rules in parts of Donegal are applied very differently.
<br>
<i>Cha/chan</i> is the form also common in Scotch Gaelic. <br>
In Altirisch lautete the form <i>ní con</i>, später > <i>nocha</i> > <i>cha</i>
<br>
As a <a href="kopul3.htm#Übersicht">copular form</a>, the use of <i>chan</i>
instead of <i>cha</i> is regulated another way (<i>cha</i> preceding adjectives,
<i>chan</i> preceding nouns and pronouns, independent of the initial sound)
<br>
<p><b>the negative imperative particle (prohibitive particle) <i class="red">ná</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>imperative</td>
<td class="red bold">ná</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Ná hól fuisce! = Don't drink whiskey!</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<br><br>
<h2 id="frag"><i class="red">The interrogative particles (an mhír
cheisteach)</i></h2>
<p>The interrogative particles <b><i class="red"> an / ar, nach / nár</i></b>:
<br>
Because the Irish syntax is relatively strict (verb-subject-object), one must
indicate a <a href="satz2.htm#Die%20Entscheidugsfrage">simple question</a> with
a preceding particle (<i>an, ar, nach, nár</i>) . In German, one would
just shift to verb to the beginning. <br>
These interrogative particles are also not really translatable (the closes one
comes is the German word "<b>ob</b>"=if, and in this meaning it is used as a
conjunction in indirect queriest <i>Níl a fhios agam an ólann
sé fuisce = I don't know if he drinks whiskey</i>)
<p><b>the interrogative particle <i class="red">an</i></b>
<p>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>An ólfá fuisce? = Would you drink whiskey?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">ar</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Ar ól tú fuisce? = Have you drunk whiskey?</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<p><b>the negativ interrogative particle <i class="red">nach</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Nach n-ólann tú fuisce? = Don't you drink whiskey?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Nár ól tú fuisce? = Didn't you drink whiskey?</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<br><i>In Munster</i>: <b><i class="red">ná</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present tense </td>
<td rowspan="2"><b class="red">ná</b></td>
<td rowspan="2">-</td>
<td>Ná hólair fuisce? = Don't you drink whiskey?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ná fuil sé anso? = Isn't he here?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Nár ólais fuisce? = Didn't you drink whiskey?</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<br><br>
<h2 id="verg"><i class="red">The past particle (an mhír stariúil)</i></h2>
<p>The past particle <b><i class="red">do </i></b> is only still
used preceding a vowel as the <a href="thnd.htm#d">d'-prefix</a>, also not translatable
into German. <br>
Comparable is possbily the ancient Greek <b><i>Augment</i></b> ("e-") in a similar
meaning. <br>
(One could compare it to the German prefix <i>ge-</i>, which actually expresses
the perfective, but only in participles, e.g.: <i>gelaufen, getan, gemacht</i>)
<p><b>the past-particle <i class="red">do</i></b> <br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preceding a consonant</td>
<td><b>(<span class="red">do</span>)*</b></td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Do thuig sé an scéal. = He understood the story. (trad.
Munster) <br>
Thuig sé an scéal. = He understood the story. (Standard)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preceding a vowel or f</td>
<td class="red bold">d'</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b></td>
<td>D´ól tú fuisce. = You drank whiskey. <br>
D'fhan tú liom. = You waited for me.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<ul>
<li>used with the <b>preterite, imperfect</b> and <b>conditional</b> and only
with <i>autonomous</i> verb forms</li>
<li>*: <b>do</b> preceding a consonant is only still used in <i>Munster</i>
and also there in decline. Other than that, the lenition has remained, but
without a particle.</li>
<li>preceding a vowel or fh always <b>d'</b>!</li>
<li>Do/d' comes also after conjunctions, that require the <i>autonomous</i>
verb form. <br>
e.g.: <i>Má d'ól tú = if you drank, an bainne a d'ól
tú = the milk that you drank</i> <br>
Do/d' is omitted by <i>dependentn</i> verb forms <br>
e.g. <i>Níor ól mé = I didn't drink</i></li>
<li>do does not lenite the autonomous verb form in the preterite (<i>do briseadh
= one broke</i>), preceding a vowel an h-prefix is added: <i>do himríodh
= one played</i> of the complete omission of do: <i>imríodh = one played</i>,
in Connacht also, h-prefix without do: <i>himríodh = one played</i>,
but never d'</li>
<li>in Munster, do is often lenited: <i>dh'olas fuisce = I drank whiskey</i>,
preceding a vowel also double: <i>do dh'olas = I drank</i> </li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<h2 id="per"><i class="red">The perfect particle (an mhír fhoirfe)</i></h2>
<p>The <b>perfect-particle <i class="red">ro</i></b> is only
used after other particles and conjunctions,
<ul>
<li>that require the <i>dependent</i> verb form in the <b>preterite</b> and in the <b>negativen
subjunctive present tense</b>.</li>
<li>it fused with the other particles (e.g.: ní + ro = níor, an
+ ro = ar, go + ro = gur) and formed the <b>suffix <i class="red">-r</i></b>
of the other particle in the preterite (<i>nío<b>r</b>, gu<b>r</b>,
ná<b>r</b>, a<b>r</b>, sula<b>r</b>, mura<b>r</b>,</i> etc.) and in
the negative subjunctive present tense (<i>ná<b>r</b></i>)</li>
<li>The completely independent form <b><i>ro</i></b> no longer occurs.</li>
<li>some irregular verbs use no verbal particle with -r. The particle <i>ro</i>
is here instead become part of the verb (e.g.: ro + bhí = raibh, do
+ ro + gní = déarna).</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<h2 id="rel"><i class="red">The relative particle (an mhír choibhneasta)</i></h2>
<p><ul type="square">
<li>the direct <a href="sonstig.htm#relativpartikel">relative particle</a> <b><i class="red">a
/ a </i></b> (in <a href="satz4.htm#Direkter%20Relativsatz">direct relative
clauses</a>) would be like the English relative pronoun that</li>
<li>the indirect <a href="sonstig.htm#relativpartikel">relative particle</a>
<b><i class="red">a / ar </i></b> (in <a href="satz4.htm#Indirekter%20Relativsatz">indirect
relative clauses</a>) would be in English: who, whose, whom, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><b>the direct relative particle <i>(mír choibhneasta dhíreach)</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="12%">
<col width="8%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>an fear a ólanns fuisce = the man who drinks whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite </td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>an fear a d'ól fuisce = the man that drank whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>an fear nach ólann fuisce = the man who doesn't drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite </td>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>an fear nár ól fuisce = the man that didn't drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<ul>
<li>the affirmative direct relative particle requires the <i>autonomous</i>
verb form, depending on the dialect, in the present tense and future also,
the <i>relative</i> verb form (e.g. <i>a ólann/ólanns/ólas
= who drinks</i>)</li>
<li>with the verb tá, a fuses to form <b><i class="red">atá</i></b>
(etymologically, this explanation is acutally not right: the verb tá
has <i>always</i> had the form atá, also non-relative, but only the
relative form still exists)</li>
<li>negative forms: <b><span class="red">nach</span> / <span class="red">nár</span></b>
(in Munster <b><span class="red">ná</span> / <span class="red">nár</span></b>)
require the <i>dependent</i> verb form</li>
<li>in older literature, instead of <i>a</i> also <b class="red">do</b>
(an fear d'ólas = the man who drinks), so also partially still in Munster.</li>
</ul>
<b>the <u>indirect</u> relative particle <i>(mír choibhneasta indíreach)</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="12%">
<col width="8%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>present tense </td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">a</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td nowrap>an teach a n-ólann tú fuisce ann = the house in
which you drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite </td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">ar</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>an teach ar ól tú fuisce ann = the house in which you
drank whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>present tense </td>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td nowrap>an teach nach n-ólann tú fuisce ann = the house
in which you don't drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite </td>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>an teach nár ól tú fuisce ann = the house in which
you didn't drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<ul>
<li>the indir. relative particle requires the <i>dependent</i> verb form</li>
<li>with many prepositions <a href="satz4.htm#prä-indir">compounds</a>
are formed, if the preposition precedes the relative particle (then - pronoun)
is shifted (this is a rather uncommon): e.g. an teach <b><i class="red">inar</i></b>
ól tú fuisce = the house in which you drank whiskey.</li>
<li>In Munster, instead of a / ar <b><i class="red">go</i>
/ <i class="red">gur </i></b> is used.</li>
<li>negative forms: <b><span class="red">nach</span> / <span class="red">nár</span></b>
(in Munster <b><span class="red">ná</span> / <span class="red">nár</span></b>)</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<h2 id="konj"><i class="red">The subjunctive particle (an mhír ghuítheach)</i></h2>
<p><b>the subjunctive particle <i class="red">go</i></b> <br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">go</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Go n-éirí an bóthair leat = good luck! ("may the
road rise with you")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Nár fheicimid arís é. = Hopefully we won't see
him again!</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<ul>
<li>through this, wishes, hopes, curses, etc. are expressed (the optative)</li>
<li>basically, the subjunctive particle is identical to the conjunction <i>go</i>
, and also literally translated with "that" ("that the road with you rises!",
"that we never again see him!")</li>
<li>Nár gets its -r from the old perfect particle <i>ro</i>, that also
found use in the (neg.) subjunctive. </li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<h2 id="go"><i class="red">The conjunctions go, sula, mura, ach a</i></h2>
<p>The conjunctions <i><a href="conaisc.htm#daß">go</a>, <a href="conaisc.htm#bevor">sula</a>
and <a href="conaisc.htm#falls">mura</a></i> act like verbal particles
(pertaining to the change in the preterite: <b><i><span class="red">go /
gur</span>; <span class="red">sula / sular</span>; <span class="red">mura
/ murar</span></i></b>). <br>
sula/sular and ach a/ach ar are actually compounds of the conjunction sul or
ach and the indirect relative particle a/ar</p>
<p><b>the conjunction <i class="red">go</i> = that</b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="12%">
<col width="8%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">go</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>go n-ólann tú fuisce = that you drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">gur</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>gur ól tú fuisce = that that you drank whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>nach n-ólann tú fuisce = that you don't drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>nár ól tú fuisce = that you didn't drink whiskey</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<p>In <i>Munster,</i> <b class="red">ná</b> is used here
as well instead of "nach", and after the negative main clause <b class="red">ná
go</b> (<b class="red">ná gur</b> in the preterite.)
<p><b>the conjunction <i class="red">sula</i> = before,</b> <br>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">sula</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Béidh sé anseo sula dtiocfaidh mé ar ais.= He will
be here before I come back. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">sular</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Bhí sé anseo sular tháinig mé ar ais = He
was here before I came back.</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<p>Regional (in <i>Munster</i>) auch <b class="red">sara / sarar</b>
<p><b>the negative conjunction <i class="red">mura</i> = if not,</b>
<br>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">mura</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Mura bhfeiceann sé é = If he doesn't see him.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">murar</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Murar bhuail sé leis = If he hasn't hit him</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<p>Regional instead of <i>mura/murar</i> <b class="red">mara / marar</b>
(in Connemara) <b class="red">muna / munar </b>
<p><b>the conjunction <i class="red">ach a</i> = as soon as </b>
<br>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">ach a</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Béidh sé anseo ach a dtiocfaidh mé.= He will be
here as soon as I come. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">ach ar</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Bhí sé anseo ach a tháinig mé. = He was
here as soon as I came.</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<p><br>
<h2 id="ca"><i class="red">The local interrogative adverb cá</i></h2>
<p>The local interrogative <b><i class="red">cá / cár
</i></b> is an adverb (<a href="sonstig.htm#Fragewörter">where</a>).
It is actually a compound of the interrogative cá and the indirect relative
particle a/ar (cá + a = cá)</p>
<p><b>The local interrogative adverb <i class="red">cá</i></b>
<br>
<center>
<table border width="680" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="65%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>particle</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present tense </td>
<td class="red bold">cá</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>Cá gcuirfidh tú é? = Where will you put it? </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite </td>
<td class="red bold">cár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td>Cár chuir tú é? = Where did you put it? </td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<p>In other uses of <i>cá</i>, in which there is no indirect relative clause
directly following, <i>cár</i> appropriately does not appear in the preterite
(see <a href="sonstig.htm#ca">interrogative cá</a>) <br>
<br>
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="verben.htm">verbs</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<br><font size="-2">© Lars Bräsicke 1999 / 2003</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/part.htm">view original German</a></body>
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