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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>The Copula</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td nowrap>
<h1 id="oben"><span class="red">Caibidil a <b>Ceathair</b>: Die Copula (an Chopail)</span></h1>
<h1> <i class="red">Syntax of the Copula (Comhréir na Copaile)</i></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr valign="TOP">
<td nowrap>The copula in the<a href="#bestimmtes Prädikat">identification
clause</a> <br>
The copula in the<a href="#unbestimmtes Prädikat">classifactorial clause</a>
<br>
The copula and <a href="#adj">adjectives</a> <br>
The copula in <a href="#real">real conditional clauses</a> <br>
The copula in <a href="#irreal">irreal conditional clauses</a> <br>
The copula in <a href="#direkter Relativsatz">direct relative clauses</a>
<br>
The copula in <a href="#inditekter Relativsatz">indirect relative clauses</a>
</td>
<td nowrap>The copula in <a href="#konjunktivsatz">subjunctive clauses</a>
<br>
The copula in <a href="#besitz">matters of ownership</a> <br>
The copula in <a href="#herkunft">matters of origin</a> <br>
The copula in <a href="#familie">stating names</a> <br>
The copula in <a href="#Frage">interrogative clauses</a> <br>
<a href="#antwort">answers</a> to interrogative clauses <br>
<a href="#treisiu">emphasis</a> in the copular clause</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p><b>Comments:</b> <br>
Here, the abbreviations used are: subject (<b class="brightblue">S</b>)
und predicate (<b class="lilac">P</b>) <br>
in the case of a pronoun, the colour stands for if it's the subject (<b class="brightblue">é/í/iad</b>)
or the predicate (<b class="lilac">é/í/iad</b>).
Copular forms appear in red (e.g.: <b class="red">is</b>)
<p><hr>
<h2 id="bestimmtes Prädikat"><span class="red">The identification
clause (an abairt ionannais)</span></h2>
<p>An identification clause is a <b><font color="#CC0000">copular clause with
a <i>definite </i>predicate noun</font> "X is <i>das</i> Y"</b>. <br>
The subject of the clause is equated to another term, subject and predicate
are <i>identical</i>. (X = Y) <br>
(In less common cases, one can find an indefinite predicate noun , see below)
<h3> <span class="lightgreen">with a </span><font color="#009900"> definite noun
as the subject <i><u>after</u></i> the predicate</font></h3>
<b><i>"the</i> X is <i>the</i> Y"</b>
<p>Preceding definite predicative nouns(e.g. with an article) one must always
<b>additionally</b> include the appropriate pronoun <b class="lilac">é/í/iad</b>
as a so-called <b><i>subpredicate (fofhaisnéis)</i></b>, because a definite
noun is not allowed directly following the copula. <br>
e.g.: í an bhean = the woman, é mo theach = my house <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tenses</b></td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Is é an sagart an fear</td>
<td>The man is the priest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ní</span>
+ <span class="lilac">hé/hí/hiad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Ní hé an dochtúir an fear</td>
<td>The man is not the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite/conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Ba é an dochtúir an bhean</td>
<td>The woman was/would be the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Níorbh</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Níorbh é an dochtúir an bhean</td>
<td nowrap>The woman was/wouldn't be the doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3> <span class="lightgreen">with a </span><font color="#009900"> definite noun
as the subject <i><u>before</u></i> the predicate</font></h3>
<b>"<i>the</i> X is <i>the</i> Y"</b>
<p>In identification clauses, the subject comes sometimes <i>before</i> the actual
(main-) predicate. <br>
The principal syntax is maintained, while a <b><i>subpredicate</i></b> (<b class="lilac">é/í/iad</b>)
appears <b>before the subject</b>. <br>
It <b>doesn't</b> depend on the following subject, but on the predicate. <br>
(e.g. <i>Is <u>é</u> mo bharúil <u>go</u>... <b>not</b> *Is í
mo bharúil go..</i>.) sim:. <i>"<u>It</u> is my opinion, <u>that</u>..."</i>
<p>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tenses</b></td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td>Is é mo bharúil go...</td>
<td>It is my opinion, that...</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ní</span>
+ <span class="lilac">hé/hí/hiad</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td>Ní hé mo bharúil go ...</td>
<td>It is not my opinion, that...</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite/conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td>Ba é mo bharúil go ...</td>
<td>It was my opinion, that ...</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Níorbh</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Níorbh é mo bharúil go ...</td>
<td nowrap>It was not my opinion, that...</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b class="lilac">é/í/iad</b> (<i><b>subpredicates</b></i>)
are mostly <b class="lilac">é</b>, especially, if the
predicate is a <i>go-subordinating clause</i> or <i>infinitive with to</i>.
<br>
Equivalent to the "<i>it</i>" in: <i>"It is my opinion, that..."</i>
<p>This clause form is then chosen, when:
<ul>
<li>the predicate is comprised of a <b>subordinate clause</b> <br>
(e.g. <i>Is <u>é</u> mo bharúil <u>go bhfuil ceart agat.</u>
= It is my opinion, that you are right</i>)</li>
<li>the predicate is comprised of an <b>infinitive-construction</b> ("infinitive
with to") <br>
(e.g. <i>Is <u>é</u> mo aidhm <u>Gaeilge a thuiscint.</u> = It is my
goal to understand Irish)</i></li>
<li>the predicate is comprised of an <b>indefinite noun</b> <br>
(<i>Is <u>é</u> an rud a chonaic mé ná <u>capall.</u>
= The thing that I saw, was a horse</i>) <br>
Note here the common little word <b class="red">ná</b>
(= as) preceding the main predicate. Most commonly, this is in clauses for
emphasis (see also <a href="satz5.htm#Hervorheb.%20des%20O">pseudo-cleft clause</a>)
<br>
Not to be confused with a <a href="#unbestimmtes Prädikat">classifactorial
clause</a> (e.g. "It is <i>a</i> horse" = Is capall é)</li>
<li>the <b>subject is a proper name</b><br>
(e.g.: <i>Is é <u>Seán</u> an dochtúir. = Seán
is the doctor. </i><b>not:</b><i> *Is é an dochtúir Seán</i>)</li>
</ul>
<p>Also in clauses with go-subordinating clauses or verbal noun constructions
<b class="red">ná</b> can come before the main predicate:
<br>
<i>Is é an rud (ná) go bhfuil ceart agat = It is so, that you
are right. Is é mo aidhm (ná) Gaeilge a thuiscint = It is my goal
to understand Irish.</i>
<h3 class="lightgreen">with a personal pronoun in the 1st / 2nd person (mé,
tú, muid, sinn*, sibh) as the subject</h3>
<p>Here, a syntax change occurs, that contradicts the P-S-O-rule: <br>
If these personal pronouns are the subject of the clause, they come mostly <i>before</i>
the predicate. <br>
As to why this is so see <a href="kopul6.htm#spo">hier</a>
<p><b>"I am <u><i>the</i> Y</u>"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is mé an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I am the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative: </td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ní</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ní mé an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I am not the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite/conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba mé an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I was/would be the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Níor</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Níor mé an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I was/would not be the doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>These clauses stress the noun (compare. Are you <u>Seán</u>? - An tú
<u>Seán</u>?) and not the pronoun.
<p><font size="-1"> <i>*: muid</i> is actually used with the copula, although
it is as a derivative of compounds and doesn't really seem to fit in here. </font>
<h3 class="lightgreen">with the personal pronoun in the 1st / 2nd person (mé,
tú, muid, sinn, sibh) as the predicate</h3>
<b>"<u>I</u> am <i>the</i> Y"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is mise an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I am the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative: </td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ní</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ní mise an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I am not the doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite/conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba mise an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I was/would be the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Níor</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Níor mise an dochtúir</td>
<td nowrap>I was/would not be the doctor.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>As the predicate, <a href="person.htm#emphatisch"><i>emphatic</i> forms</a>
of the personal pronoun are used (e.g. <i>mise, tusa </i>statt <i>mé,
tú</i>) <br>
These clauses stress the pronoun (comp. Are <u>you</u> Seán? - An tusa
Seán?). <br>
Usually, this form is more common: (comp. I am the doctor vs. I am <u>the doctor</u>)
<p><font size="-1">Gramatically, in German/English the pronoun remains the subject,
no matter which clause term is stressed (comp. <i>Bist du <u>Paul</u> ? Are
you <u>Pau</u>l? / Bist <u>du</u> Paul? Are <u>you</u> Paul?</i>). clauses like
<i>Ist Paul du? Is Paul you? </i> are not possible. In Irish, it is indeed viable
as a predicate.</font> <br>
<h3 class="lightgreen">with the personal pronoun of the 3rd Person (é,
í, iad) as the subject</h3>
<p><b>"he is <u><i>the</i> Y</u>"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present: </td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">é/í/iad</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is é an dochtúir é</td>
<td nowrap>He is the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ní</span>
+ <span class="lilac">hé/hí/hiad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">é/í/iad</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ní hé an dochtúir é</td>
<td nowrap>He is nicht the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite/conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">é/í/iad</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba é an dochtúir é</td>
<td nowrap>He was/would be the doctor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative:</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Níorbh</b>
+ <b><span class="lilac">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">é/í/iad</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Níorbh é an dochtúir é</td>
<td nowrap>He was/would be nicht the doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In unstressed, neutral clauses (so mostly) one encounters this clause form.
<br>
Then, is it natural that the noun is stressed. <br>
It looks so as if the pronoun is <i>repeated</i> at the end, but the first <b class="lilac">é/í/iad</b>
is the obligatory <b><i>subpredicate</i></b> (while a definite noun is not allowed
to directly follow the copula), the latter <b class="brightblue">é/í/iad</b>
is the real subject. <br>
Níorbh is listed here instead of níor, while é/í/iad
begins with a vowel.
<p>In <i>Ulster,</i> the pronoun at the end is omitted. That means that whatever
é/í/iad is closest to the copula, goes as the subject: <br>
Ulster: <i>Is <b>é</b> an fear. = He is
the man.</i> instead of <br>
Standard: <i>Is <b>é</b> an fear <b>é</b>. = He is the man.</i>
<br>
In Ulster, the pronouns of the 3rd person act the same as those of the 1st and
2nd person.
<h3 class="lightgreen">with a personal pronoun of the 3rd person (é,
í, iad) as the predicate</h3>
<b>"<u>he</u> is <i>the</i> Y"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Is eisean an dochtúir</td>
<td>He is the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative: </td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ní</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Ní eisean an dochtúir</td>
<td>He is not the doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite/conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Ba eisean an dochtúir</td>
<td>He was/would be the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Níor</span>
+ <span class="lilac">pers.pron.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Níor eisean an dochtúir</td>
<td>He was/would not be the doctor.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>As the predicate, howver, <a href="person.htm#emphatisch"><i>emphatic</i> forms</a>
of the personal pronoun are used<br>
(e.g. <i>eisean, é sin</i> oder <i>é féin</i> statt <i>é, í, iad</i>)
<br>
In form, this is equivalent to the clauses with mise/tusa/sinne/sibhse as the
predicate. <br>
This is also used to to stress the pronoun.
<p>
<hr>
<h2 id="unbestimmtes Prädikat"><b class="red">The classifactorial
clause (an abairt aicme)</b></h2>
<p>A classifactorial clause is a <b><font color="#CC0000">copular clause with
<i>an indefinite</i> predicate noun</font> "X is <i>a</i> Y"</b>. <br>
Here a classification to a group/class is made ("It is a horse", d.h. "<i>it"</i>
belongs to a class of living things, that one calls "<i>horse"</i>) <br>
(An indefinite predicate noun can, less commonly, but also appear in identification
clauses, see below)
<h3 class="lightgreen">with a definite subject:</h3>
<p><b>"the X is a Y"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present: </td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is dochtúir é an fear </td>
<td nowrap>The man is (a) doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">é/í/iad</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba dhochtúir é an fear </td>
<td nowrap>The man was/would be a doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present: </td>
<td><b><span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">ea</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Dochtúir is ea an fear</td>
<td nowrap>The man is (a) doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td><b><span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="red">ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">ea</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Dochtúir ba ea an fear</td>
<td nowrap>The man was/would be a doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The pronoun <b class="brightblue">é/í/iad</b> (<b><i>subsubject,
fo-ainmní</i></b>) can be omitted (in Ulster): e.g.: <i>Is dochtúir
(é) an fear.</i>
<p>The 2nd variation of the is actually a form of <a href="#treisiu">emphasis</a>
with a trailing copular clause (like a left shift): <br>
<i>Dochtúir is ea an fear =</i> lit.: <i>"A doctor, is it the man"</i>
<br>
Although in Munster, this is the general common form of the classifactorial
clause <br>
But, it will only occur in the affirmativen clauses.
<p><font size="-1"> A common form of emphasis in Connacht and Donegal would be
a relative clause with <i>bí</i> and the preposition <i>i</i> (as an
inversion of the clause <i>Tá sí ina dochtúir</i>, see
<a href="bi_ina.htm">classifactorial clauses without the copula </a>): <br>
<i>Dochtúir <b>atá inti</b> = She is a doctor.</i> <br>
<i>Rud <b>a bhí ann</b> nárbh fhurasta a dhéanamh = That
is something, that is not easy to do.</i> </font>
<h3 class="lightgreen">with a personal pronoun as the subject:</h3>
<p><b>"I am <i>a</i> Y"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span></b></td>
<td>Is dochtúir mé </td>
<td nowrap>I am (a) doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span></b></td>
<td>Ba dhochtúir mé </td>
<td nowrap>I was/would be a doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>present</td>
<td><b><span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">ea</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span></b></td>
<td>Dochtúir is ea mé</td>
<td nowrap>I am (a) doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td><b><span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="red">ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">ea</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">pers.pron.</span></b></td>
<td>Dochtúir ba ea mé</td>
<td nowrap>I was/would be a doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The 2nd variation is also here actually a form of <a href="#treisiu">emphasis</a>
(left shift): <br>
<i>Dochtúir is ea é = "A doctor, is es er" </i>(only in affirmative
clauses)
<h3 class="lightgreen">with an indefinite subject:</h3>
<p><b>"<i>an</i> X is <i>a</i> Y"</b> <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Is dochtúir fear</td>
<td>a man is a doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td>Ba dhochtúir fear</td>
<td>a man was/would be a doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
A <i>indefinite</i> subject is only theoretically possible. A definite subject
is mostly given precedence: <br>
e.g.: <i>Is iasc é an bradán = The salmon is a fish</i> instead
of <i>Is iasc bradán = A salmon is a fish</i>
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="adj"><span class="red">The copula and adjectives</span></h2>
<h3 class="lightgreen">with an attributive adjective </h3>
<p>To be mentioned is only the classifactorial clause, in which the <i>indefinite</i>
predicate noun also carries an adjective attribute. <br>
The subject (as well as the predicate in the identification clause) can of course
also have an adjective, without that this causes any special cases.
<p><table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is duine deas é. </td>
<td nowrap>He is a nice <i>person</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba dhuine deas é. </td>
<td nowrap>He was/would be a nice <i>person</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>present</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ an + <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is deas an duine é</td>
<td nowrap>He is a<i>nice</i> person.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ an + <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba dheas an duine é.</td>
<td nowrap>He was/would be a <i>nice</i> person</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The first form in the table demonstrates a regular classifactorial clause (X
is a Y), only that the predicate noun here also poseesses an adjective -attribute.
<br>
<b>Especially</b> so is the form below: Note the article <b>an</b>, <i>despite
</i>an indefinite predicate! (although: X is <i>a</i> Y)
<p>The difference between the two constructs lies in the emphasis (in the first
case the noun, in the second, the adjective is stressed): <br>
comp.: Is duine deas é. = He is a nice <u>person</u>. <br>
and: Is deas an duine é. = He is a <u>nice</u> person.
<h3 class="lightgreen">with the predicative adjective </h3>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present: </td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Is deas é an duine!</td>
<td nowrap>The person is nice!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>preterite/conditional:</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba dheas é an duine!</td>
<td nowrap>The person was nice!</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>predicative adjectives with the copula are limited to certain uses today, with
all other uses they are rather uncommon. More commonly, a predicative adjective
will appear with the verb <a href="bi.htm">bí</a> : <i>Tá an duine
go deas = The person is nice</i>.
<p><font size="-1"> In older textbooks this (bí and adjective ), despite
its common use, is stylistically frowned upon. However, it was not the copula
with predicative adjective , but the use of <i>attributive</i> adjectives was
recommended instead. <br>
Also: <i>Is duine mór é sin = That is a big person</i> (instead
of <i>Tá an duine sin mór</i> or <i>Is mór é an
duine sin = That person is big</i>). </font>
<p>The copula with a predicative adjective is also common in the following cases:
<ul>
<li>with <b>adjectives with a subjective judgement</b> in exclamatory clauses:
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is deas é sin! = That is nice! Ní furasta í
an teanga seo! = This language is not easy! Nach dall é? = Isn't that
stupid?</i></li>
<li>with certain <b>adjectives of equation </b> and a few others (adjectives
about an indefinite amount like <i>iomaí = much</i> : <br>
e.g.: <i>Is ionann iad , is mar a chéile iad = they are the same</i>,
<i>Is iomaí fear a bhí ann = many men were there</i></li>
<li>in "<a href="#modal">copular-modal constructs</a>" incl. <b>expressions
with an adjective and a preposition</b>: <br>
e.g.: <i>Is maith liom é = I like it.</i> (lit.: "Is good with-me it")
<br>
Thorugh the omission of the preposition the impersonal statement takes on
a modal sense <br>
e.g.: <i>Is maith é = it will be liked</i> (lit.: <i>"is good it"</i>)
</li>
<li>with all <b>comparatives</b>: to use the <a href="adjekt2.htm#Komparativ">comparative</a>
a copular form is <b>always </b>necessary (see there) <br>
e.g.: <i>Is fearr mo charr ná do cheannsa = My car is better than yours.</i>
<br>
(also <i>níos</i> is a copular form: ní + is = "a thing, that
is": <br>
e.g.: <i>Tá an carr níos fearr = the car is better</i>)</li>
<li>to cause <a href="satz5.htm#Hervorheb.%20des%20s,%20o,%20vn">emphasis</a>, one can
also shift the adjectivial adverb of a clause clause with the copula to the
beginning (then it is again a predicative adjective ) <br>
e.g.: <i>Is cúramach a rinne sé an obair = Carefully, he did
the work</i> (lit.: "Is (it) carefully, that did he the work"), <i>Is minic
a bhí sé ann = Often, he was here.</i></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="modal"><span class="lightgreen">adjectives with the copula and prepositions</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit. </b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Is</b>
+ <b class="lilac">adj.</b>
+ <b class="lilac">prep.</b>
+ <b class="lilac">P</b>
+ <b class="brightblue">S</b></td>
<td nowrap>Is maith liom fuisce a ól</td>
<td nowrap>I like to drink Whiskey</td>
<td nowrap>"Is good with me, Whiskey to drink"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite/conditional</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Ba</span>
+ <span class="lilac">adj.</span>
+ <span class="lilac">prep.</span>
+ <span class="lilac">P</span>
+ <span class="brightblue">S</span></b></td>
<td nowrap>Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól</td>
<td nowrap>I would like to drink Whiskey </td>
<td nowrap>"Would be good with me, Whiskey to drink"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>adjective , preposition and the following. predicate noun or prepositional
pronoun</i> form together the predicate, a following noun, pronoun, subordinating
clause or infinitive construction form the (grammatical) subject. <br>
e.g. Is maith liom fuisce a ól: <i>maith liom</i> is the predicate,
<i>fuisce a ól </i>the subject.
<p>Some <i>nouns</i> are used here like adjectives. <br>
(e.g. fiú = worth, dóigh = expectation/opinion, eol = knowledge,
cuimhin = rememberance, oth = regret, fuath = hate, mithid = (high) time, etc.)
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is fiú duit é = it's worth it to you, is dóigh
liom = I think it's possible/I think, mar is eol duit = as you know, is cuimhin
liom = I remember, is oth liom é = I'm sorry, is fuath liom é
= I hate it, is mithid dom imeacht = it's time for me to leave</i>
<p>The non-existant <a href="modal.htm">modal verbs</a> <i><a href="modal.htm#müssen">must</a></i>,
<i><a href="modal.htm#sollen">should</a>, <a href="modal.htm#können">can</a>,
<a href="modal.htm#dürfen">could</a>, <a href="modal.htm#mögen">would
like</a>, <a href="modal.htm#wollen">want</a></i> are often substituted with
such phrases in Irish (I like = is maith liom, lit.: "is good with me", ba cheart
duit = you should, lit. "would be right to you") <br>
The <i>logical</i> subject of the statement (the one that would like, should,
can, etc.) is here part of the predicate (ba mhaith <i>liom</i> é = I
would like it). <br>
Because the preposition is used to lead in the logical subject in modal clauses,
the omission of it makes it an impersonal modal statement (e.g.: Ba mhaith é
= <i>one</i> would like it.)
<p>Actually, the modal usage only secondary. <br>
Primarily, there are <b>base meanings of the copula and preposition:</b></p>
<ul>
<li>The construction with the preposition <b class="red">le</b>
(<i><a href="le.htm">le</a></i> = with) means a <b>subjective</b> judgement
(liom = with-me, "I find") <br>
(e.g.: Ba mhaith <i>liom</i> é = I would like it, eigtl: "I <i>would
find </i> it good". Is fada<i> liom </i>an tsráid = I <i>find</i>,
the street is long)</li>
<li>Without <i>le,</i> it becomes rather an <b>objective</b> statement: <br>
(e.g.: Ba mhaith é = it was/would be good. Is fada an tsráid
= the street is long) <br>
(in the modal sense, this has rather an impersonal meaning, see above)</li>
<li>with the addition of <i>dar liom</i> (= I find) one could again give a subjective
opinion: <br>
(e.g.: Ba mhaith é, dar liom = It would be good, I find)</li>
<li>with the preposition <b class="red">do</b> (<i><a href="do.htm">do</a></i>
= for) the statement becomes <b>objective</b> like "good for...", "bad for..."
<br>
(e.g. Is maith bainne <i>duit</i> = Milch is good <i>for you</i>. Ba cheart
<i>dom</i> = I should, actually: "it would be right <i>for me</i>.")</li>
<li>similarly to <i>do</i> also the preposition <b class="red">ar</b>
(<i><a href="ar.htm">ar</a></i> = on) <br>
(e.g. an garáiste is giorra orainn = the garage, which is closest <i>for
us</i>.</li>
</ul>
<p> le and do may also appear together: <br>
Ní maith <i>leis</i> é ach is maith <i>dó</i> é
= He doesn't like it but it is good <i>for him</i>.
<p><hr width="100%">
<h2 id="real"><span class="red">The copula in real conditional clauses</span></h2>
<b>(clásal coinníollach oscailte)</b>
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">Más</td>
<td>Más é an dochtúir é</td>
<td>If he is the doctor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">Mura </td>
<td>Murab é an dochtúir é</td>
<td>If he is not the doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">preterite</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">Má ba</td>
<td>Má ba é an dochtúir é</td>
<td>If he was the doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">Murar</td>
<td>Murarbh é an dochtúir é</td>
<td>If he was not the doctor </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Differences between classifactorial- und identification clauses are as above.
<br>
preceding a vowel, def. forms (see examples)
<h2 id="irreal"><span class="red">The copula in irreal conditional
clauses</span></h2>
<b>(clásal coinníollach iata)</b>
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">conditional:</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td class="red bold">Dá mba</td>
<td>Dá mba é an dochtúir é</td>
<td>If he were the doctor </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td class="red bold">Murar</td>
<td>Murarbh é an dochtúir é</td>
<td>If he weren't the doctor</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> clauses with <span class="red">murar</span> do not differ, as one can
see, between real or irreal conditions.
<p>
<hr>
<h2 id="direkter Relativsatz"><span class="red">The copula in direct
relative clauses</span></h2>
<b>(clásal coibhneasta díreach)</b>
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">present</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td>antecedent + <b class="red">is</b></td>
<td>an rud is féidir a dhéanamh</td>
<td>the thing, that is possible to do</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>negative</td>
<td nowrap>antecedent + <b class="red">nach</b></td>
<td nowrap>an rud nach féidir a dhéanamh</td>
<td>the thing that is not possible to do</td>
</tr>