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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>bí</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Trí: The Verb (an Briathar)</span></h1>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">Irregular Verbs (na Briathra Neamhrialta)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2>
<i class="lightgreen">bí = be </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Irregular due to: various stems in the present (<b>tá</b>). Special habitual present (stem <b>bí</b>)
<br>
Stem
<b>bí</b> also in the preterite, imperfect, imperative.
<br>
Stem
<b>beidh/beadh</b> in the future, conditional and subjunctive preterite (here it is rather the same as the conditional instead of the imperfect!)
<br>
Special dependent forms in the present (<b>fuil</b>) and preterite (<b>raibh</b>).
<br>
Stem
<b>raibh</b> also in the subjunctive present
<br>
Preterite particles are not used.
<p><a href="bi1.htm">see here</a> for the (non-standard) forms used in Munster<br>
<table border width="750" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td>
<td colspan="4"><b>indicative</b></td>
<td rowspan="2"><b>imperative</b></td>
<td rowspan="2"><b>conditional</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>subjunctive</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td>
<td><b>present</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
<td><b>imperfect</b></td>
<td><b>future</b></td>
<td><b>present</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st person sg.</td>
<td>tá mé, táim</td>
<td>bhí mé</td>
<td>bhínn</td>
<td>beidh mé</td>
<td>bím</td>
<td>bheinn</td>
<td>go raibh mé</td>
<td>dá mbeinn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd person sg.</td>
<td>tá tú</td>
<td>bhí tú</td>
<td>bhíteá</td>
<td>beidh tú</td>
<td>bí</td>
<td>bheifeá</td>
<td>go raibh tú</td>
<td>dá mbeifeá</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd person sg.</td>
<td>tá sé</td>
<td>bhí sé</td>
<td>bhíodh sé</td>
<td>beidh sé</td>
<td nowrap>bíodh sé</td>
<td>bheadh sé</td>
<td>go raibh sé</td>
<td>dá mbeadh sé</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st person pl.</td>
<td>táimid</td>
<td>bhíomar</td>
<td>bhímis</td>
<td>beimid</td>
<td>bímis</td>
<td>bheimis</td>
<td>go rabhaimid</td>
<td>dá mbeimis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd person pl.</td>
<td nowrap>tá sibh</td>
<td nowrap>bhí sibh</td>
<td nowrap>bhíodh sibh</td>
<td nowrap>beidh sibh</td>
<td nowrap>bígí</td>
<td nowrap>bheadh dibh</td>
<td nowrap>go raibh sibh</td>
<td nowrap>dá mbeadh sibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd person pl.</td>
<td>tá siad</td>
<td>bhí siad</td>
<td>bhídís</td>
<td>beidh siad</td>
<td>bídís</td>
<td>bheidís</td>
<td>go raibh siad</td>
<td>dá mbeidís</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>autonom</td>
<td>táthar</td>
<td>bhíothas</td>
<td>bhítí</td>
<td>beifear</td>
<td>bítear</td>
<td>bheifí</td>
<td>go rabhthar</td>
<td>dá mbeifí</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Habitual present and dependent forms</b>
<br>
<table border width="600" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td>
<td colspan="5"><b>indicative</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td rowspan="2"> </td>
<td><b>habituell</b></td>
<td colspan="4"><b>dependent</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b> present</b></td>
<td nowrap><b>present</b>
<br><b><font size="-1">(an, go, nach, a)</font></b></td>
<td><b>present</b>
<br><b><font size="-1">(ní)</font></b></td>
<td><b>present</b>
<br><b><font size="-1">(cha)</font></b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b>
<br><b><font size="-1">(an, go, nach, ní, cha, a)</font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st person sg.</td>
<td>bím</td>
<td>an bhfuil mé</td>
<td>níl mé, nílim</td>
<td>chan fhuil mé</td>
<td>an raibh mé</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd person sg.</td>
<td>bíonn tú</td>
<td>an bhfuil tú</td>
<td>níl tú</td>
<td>chan fhuil tú</td>
<td>an raibh tú</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd person sg.</td>
<td>bíonn sé</td>
<td>an bhfuil sé</td>
<td>níl sé</td>
<td>chan fhuil sé</td>
<td>an raibh sé</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st person pl.</td>
<td>bímid</td>
<td>an bhfuilimid</td>
<td>nílimid</td>
<td nowrap>chan fhuilimid</td>
<td nowrap>an rabhamar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd person pl.</td>
<td>bíonn sibh</td>
<td>an bhfuil sibh</td>
<td>níl sibh</td>
<td>chan fhuil sibh</td>
<td>an raibh sibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd person pl.</td>
<td>bíonn siad</td>
<td>an bhfuil siad</td>
<td>níl siad</td>
<td>chan fhuil siad</td>
<td>an raibh siad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>autonomous</td>
<td>bítear</td>
<td>an bhfuiltear</td>
<td>níltear</td>
<td>chan fhuiltear</td>
<td>an rabhthas</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Relative form</b>
<p>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td><td><b>present</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>1st person sg.</td><td>atáim, atá mé</td></tr>
<tr><td>2nd person sg.</td><td>atá tú</td></tr>
<tr><td>3rd person sg.</td><td>atá sé</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1st person pl.</td>
<td>atáimid</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd person pl.</td>
<td>atá sibh</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd person pl.</td>
<td>atá siad</td></tr>
<tr><td>autonom</td><td>atáthar</td></tr>
</table>
<p><b>derivatives</b>
<br>
<table border width="21%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>verbal noun </b></td>
<td>bheith </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>genitive of the verbal noun </b></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>noun</b></td>
<td>- </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>infinitive</b></td>
<td>- </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCC99" nowrap><b>participle of necessity*</b></td>
<td>beite </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>As the relative form, <b class="red">atá</b> (= ... that is) is used. It counts as a <b>compound of <span class="red">a</span></b> (the direct relative particle) <b>and <span class="red">tá</span></b>.
<br>
The verb tá was once always atá, but today the prefix a- only remains in the relative form.
<p><b class="red">níl</b> (= is not) is a <b>compound of <span class="red">ní</span> and <span class="red">fuil</span></b>, so: <i>ní fhuil > níl</i> (<i>fuil</i> is the actual stem of all dependent forms in the present). In <i><b>Ulster</b></i> it is spoken bisyllabic, so that there the spelling <i>ní fhuil</i> is more fitting.
<br>
In <b><i>Ulster</i></b>, the negative particle <b class="red">cha(n)</b> is used instead of <i>ní</i>. Then one writes rather <b class="red">chan fhuil</b> (instead of <i>níl</i>).
<br>
(comp. <i>chan eil</i> in Scotland)
<br>
Although cha mostly lenites, forms of the verb bí, beginning in b-, are readily eclipsed: <i>cha mbionn</i>, etc.
<p>In the subjunctive present, also <b class="red">go mbí, go mbé</b> is used.
<p>*<i>beite</i> is not used as the <i>verbal adjective</i> ("was"), only as the participle of necessity (lit.: "it is necessars to be "): <i>is beite a + verbal noun</i> = one should, <i>is beite do...a + verbal noun</i> = someone should
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="zeitform.htm">tenses</a>
<br>
<a href="verben.htm">verbs</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<br><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/bi.htm">view original German</a></body>
</html>