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| <?xml version="1.0"?> | ||
| <WPEditSet> | ||
| <WPEdit> | ||
| <EditType>change</EditType> | ||
| <EditID>326777166</EditID> | ||
| <comment>/* Anatomy generally */</comment> | ||
| <user>206.41.88.154</user> | ||
| <user_edit_count>13</user_edit_count> | ||
| <user_distinct_pages>11</user_distinct_pages> | ||
| <user_warns>3</user_warns> | ||
| <prev_user>Icarus3</prev_user> | ||
| <user_reg_time>1254320258</user_reg_time> | ||
| <common> | ||
| <page_made_time>1101411080</page_made_time> | ||
| <title>Head</title> | ||
| <namespace>Main</namespace> | ||
| <creator>SimonP</creator> | ||
| <num_recent_edits>170</num_recent_edits> | ||
| <num_recent_reversions>38</num_recent_reversions> | ||
| </common> | ||
| <current> | ||
| <minor>false</minor> | ||
| <timestamp>1258657036</timestamp> | ||
| <text> | ||
| {{otheruses}} | ||
| [[Image:Proportions of the Head.jpg|thumb|250px|The human head.]] | ||
| [[Image:Cheetah4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A cheetah's head.]] | ||
|
|
||
| In [[anatomy]], the '''head''' of an [[animal]] is the [[rostral]] part (from [[anatomical]] position) | ||
| that usually comprises the [[brain]], [[eye]]s, [[ear]]s, [[nose]], and [[mouth]] (all of which aid in | ||
| various sensory functions, such as [[sight]], [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]], [[olfaction|smell]], and | ||
| [[taste]]). Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many [[bilateria|bilaterally symmetric | ||
| forms]] do. | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| == [['''''GABE ALON HAS A HUGE HEAD!''''']] == | ||
|
|
||
| ==Cultural importance== | ||
| For humans, the head and particularly the face are the main distinguishing feature between different | ||
| people, due to their easily discernible features such as hair and eye color, nose, eye and mouth shapes, | ||
| wrinkles, etc. However, human faces may seem easily differentiable to us only because we are so familiar | ||
| with them; when observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem to be nearly identical. | ||
| Additionally, human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in human faces. | ||
|
|
||
| People who are more [[intelligent]] than normal are sometimes depicted in [[cartoon]]s as having bigger | ||
| heads, as a way of indicating that they have a larger brain; in [[science fiction]], an | ||
| [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|extraterrestrial]] having a big head is often symbolic of | ||
| high intelligence. Outside of this symbolic depiction, however, advances in neurobiology have shown that | ||
| the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is not a reliable | ||
| indicator of how much, if any, difference in overall intelligence exists between two humans.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.box.1833 | ||
| Brain Size and Intelligence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | ||
|
|
||
| The head is a source for many metaphors and metonymies in human language, including referring to things | ||
| which are often located near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things which are physically | ||
| similar to the way an animal's (or human's) head is arranged spatially vis-a-vis its body ("the head of | ||
| the table"), even if this is so metaphorically ("the head of the class/FBI"), and things which represent | ||
| some characteristic we associate with the head, such as intelligence ("there are a lot of good heads in | ||
| this company"). These examples are all from English, but only some are possible expressions in other | ||
| languages (depending on the language). (See Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999) | ||
|
|
||
| ==Clothing== | ||
| In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be | ||
| covered and veiled when entering holy places, or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, | ||
| the Middle East, and South Asia have covered their hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed | ||
| drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In | ||
| addition, a number of religious paths require men to wear specific head clothingsuch as the Jewish | ||
| [[yarmulke]], or the Sikh turban; or Muslim women, who cover their hair, ears, and neck with a scarf. | ||
|
|
||
| Different headpieces can also signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, | ||
| occupation, and fashion choices. | ||
|
|
||
| ==Anthropometry== | ||
| [[Image:HeadAnthropometry.JPG|thumb|center|797x275px|<big><center>Static adult human | ||
| [[Anthropometry|physical characteristics]] of the head.</center></big>]] | ||
|
|
||
| ==See also== | ||
| * [[Head and neck anatomy]] | ||
|
|
||
| == Notes == | ||
| {{reflist}} | ||
|
|
||
| ==References== | ||
| * Campbell, Bernard Grant. ''Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations'' (4th edition), ISBN | ||
| 0-202-02042-8 | ||
|
|
||
| == External links == | ||
| {{wiktionary}} | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| {{Head and neck general}} | ||
|
|
||
| [[Category:Head and neck|*]] | ||
|
|
||
| [[ar: ()]] | ||
| [[gn:Ak]] | ||
| [[ay:P'iqi]] | ||
| [[br:Penn]] | ||
| [[bg:]] | ||
| [[ca:Cap (anatomia)]] | ||
| [[cv:]] | ||
| [[cs:Hlava (lovk)]] | ||
| [[cy:Pen]] | ||
| [[da:Hoved]] | ||
| [[pdc:Kopp]] | ||
| [[de:Kopf]] | ||
| [[dv:]] | ||
| [[myv:]] | ||
| [[es:Cabeza]] | ||
| [[eo:Kapo]] | ||
| [[eu:Buru]] | ||
| [[fa:]] | ||
| [[fr:Tte (anatomie)]] | ||
| [[fy:Holle]] | ||
| [[gd:Ceann]] | ||
| [[gl:Cabeza]] | ||
| [[ko:]] | ||
| [[hi:]] | ||
| [[id:Kepala]] | ||
| [[ia:Capite]] | ||
| [[is:Hfu]] | ||
| [[it:Testa]] | ||
| [[he:]] | ||
| [[jv:Sirah]] | ||
| [[pam:Buntuk (anatomy)]] | ||
| [[kg:Ntu]] | ||
| [[ht:Tt]] | ||
| [[la:Caput]] | ||
| [[lv:Galva]] | ||
| [[lt:Galva]] | ||
| [[ln:Mot]] | ||
| [[jbo:stedu]] | ||
| [[hu:Fej]] | ||
| [[ml:]] | ||
| [[mr:]] | ||
| [[ms:Kepala]] | ||
| [[nl:Hoofd (anatomie)]] | ||
| [[ja:]] | ||
| [[no:Hode]] | ||
| [[oc:Cap (anatomia)]] | ||
| [[pag:Olo]] | ||
| [[pl:Gowa]] | ||
| [[pt:Cabea]] | ||
| [[ro:Cap (anatomie)]] | ||
| [[qu:Uma]] | ||
| [[ru:]] | ||
| [[sco:Heid]] | ||
| [[sq:Koka e njeriut]] | ||
| [[scn:Testa]] | ||
| [[simple:Head]] | ||
| [[sk:Hlava]] | ||
| [[sl:Glava]] | ||
| [[szl:Gowa]] | ||
| [[sr:]] | ||
| [[su:Sirah]] | ||
| [[fi:P]] | ||
| [[sv:Huvud]] | ||
| [[tl:Ulo]] | ||
| [[te:]] | ||
| [[th:]] | ||
| [[tr:Kafa]] | ||
| [[uk:]] | ||
| [[ur:]] | ||
| [[fiu-vro:P]] | ||
| [[yi:]] | ||
| [[diq:Sere]] | ||
| [[bat-smg:Makaul]] | ||
| [[zh:]] | ||
| </text> | ||
| </current> | ||
| <previous> | ||
| <timestamp>1257575971</timestamp> | ||
| <text> | ||
| {{otheruses}} | ||
| [[Image:Proportions of the Head.jpg|thumb|250px|The human head.]] | ||
| [[Image:Cheetah4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A cheetah's head.]] | ||
|
|
||
| In [[anatomy]], the '''head''' of an [[animal]] is the [[rostral]] part (from [[anatomical]] position) | ||
| that usually comprises the [[brain]], [[eye]]s, [[ear]]s, [[nose]], and [[mouth]] (all of which aid in | ||
| various sensory functions, such as [[sight]], [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]], [[olfaction|smell]], and | ||
| [[taste]]). Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many [[bilateria|bilaterally symmetric | ||
| forms]] do. | ||
|
|
||
| ==Anatomy generally== | ||
| ===Bilateral symmetry=== | ||
| The very simplest animals do not have a head, but many [[bilateria|bilaterally symmetric forms]] do. | ||
| [[Vertebrates]] in particular have distinctive heads, which is associated with the development of the | ||
| [[neural crest]] in the developing vertebrate embryo.<ref>[[Henry Gee]]. | ||
| "[http://www.nature.com/news/2000/000810/full/news000810-1.html Getting a head]", ''[[Nature | ||
| (journal)|Nature]]'', [[2000-08-04]]</ref> The contents of the vertebrate head are protected by an | ||
| enclosure of [[bone]] called the [[skull]], which is attached to the [[spine (anatomy)|spine]]. The head | ||
| is the most complex anatomical construct in the anatomy of vertebrates.<ref>[http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/history/vet_anat/ | ||
| University of Cambridge's Veterinary Anatomy webpage]</ref> | ||
|
|
||
| The head is of singular importance as it contains the [[brain]], the nerve center in animals. | ||
|
|
||
| ==Cultural importance== | ||
| For humans, the head and particularly the face are the main distinguishing feature between different | ||
| people, due to their easily discernible features such as hair and eye color, nose, eye and mouth shapes, | ||
| wrinkles, etc. However, human faces may seem easily differentiable to us only because we are so familiar | ||
| with them; when observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem to be nearly identical. | ||
| Additionally, human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in human faces. | ||
|
|
||
| People who are more [[intelligent]] than normal are sometimes depicted in [[cartoon]]s as having bigger | ||
| heads, as a way of indicating that they have a larger brain; in [[science fiction]], an | ||
| [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|extraterrestrial]] having a big head is often symbolic of | ||
| high intelligence. Outside of this symbolic depiction, however, advances in neurobiology have shown that | ||
| the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is not a reliable | ||
| indicator of how much, if any, difference in overall intelligence exists between two humans.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.box.1833 | ||
| Brain Size and Intelligence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | ||
|
|
||
| The head is a source for many metaphors and metonymies in human language, including referring to things | ||
| which are often located near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things which are physically | ||
| similar to the way an animal's (or human's) head is arranged spatially vis-a-vis its body ("the head of | ||
| the table"), even if this is so metaphorically ("the head of the class/FBI"), and things which represent | ||
| some characteristic we associate with the head, such as intelligence ("there are a lot of good heads in | ||
| this company"). These examples are all from English, but only some are possible expressions in other | ||
| languages (depending on the language). (See Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999) | ||
|
|
||
| ==Clothing== | ||
| In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be | ||
| covered and veiled when entering holy places, or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, | ||
| the Middle East, and South Asia have covered their hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed | ||
| drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In | ||
| addition, a number of religious paths require men to wear specific head clothingsuch as the Jewish | ||
| [[yarmulke]], or the Sikh turban; or Muslim women, who cover their hair, ears, and neck with a scarf. | ||
|
|
||
| Different headpieces can also signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, | ||
| occupation, and fashion choices. | ||
|
|
||
| ==Anthropometry== | ||
| [[Image:HeadAnthropometry.JPG|thumb|center|797x275px|<big><center>Static adult human | ||
| [[Anthropometry|physical characteristics]] of the head.</center></big>]] | ||
|
|
||
| ==See also== | ||
| * [[Head and neck anatomy]] | ||
|
|
||
| == Notes == | ||
| {{reflist}} | ||
|
|
||
| ==References== | ||
| * Campbell, Bernard Grant. ''Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations'' (4th edition), ISBN | ||
| 0-202-02042-8 | ||
|
|
||
| == External links == | ||
| {{wiktionary}} | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| {{Head and neck general}} | ||
|
|
||
| [[Category:Head and neck|*]] | ||
|
|
||
| [[ar: ()]] | ||
| [[gn:Ak]] | ||
| [[ay:P'iqi]] | ||
| [[br:Penn]] | ||
| [[bg:]] | ||
| [[ca:Cap (anatomia)]] | ||
| [[cv:]] | ||
| [[cs:Hlava (lovk)]] | ||
| [[cy:Pen]] | ||
| [[da:Hoved]] | ||
| [[pdc:Kopp]] | ||
| [[de:Kopf]] | ||
| [[dv:]] | ||
| [[myv:]] | ||
| [[es:Cabeza]] | ||
| [[eo:Kapo]] | ||
| [[eu:Buru]] | ||
| [[fa:]] | ||
| [[fr:Tte (anatomie)]] | ||
| [[fy:Holle]] | ||
| [[gd:Ceann]] | ||
| [[gl:Cabeza]] | ||
| [[ko:]] | ||
| [[hi:]] | ||
| [[id:Kepala]] | ||
| [[ia:Capite]] | ||
| [[is:Hfu]] | ||
| [[it:Testa]] | ||
| [[he:]] | ||
| [[jv:Sirah]] | ||
| [[pam:Buntuk (anatomy)]] | ||
| [[kg:Ntu]] | ||
| [[ht:Tt]] | ||
| [[la:Caput]] | ||
| [[lv:Galva]] | ||
| [[lt:Galva]] | ||
| [[ln:Mot]] | ||
| [[jbo:stedu]] | ||
| [[hu:Fej]] | ||
| [[ml:]] | ||
| [[mr:]] | ||
| [[ms:Kepala]] | ||
| [[nl:Hoofd (anatomie)]] | ||
| [[ja:]] | ||
| [[no:Hode]] | ||
| [[oc:Cap (anatomia)]] | ||
| [[pag:Olo]] | ||
| [[pl:Gowa]] | ||
| [[pt:Cabea]] | ||
| [[ro:Cap (anatomie)]] | ||
| [[qu:Uma]] | ||
| [[ru:]] | ||
| [[sco:Heid]] | ||
| [[sq:Koka e njeriut]] | ||
| [[scn:Testa]] | ||
| [[simple:Head]] | ||
| [[sk:Hlava]] | ||
| [[sl:Glava]] | ||
| [[szl:Gowa]] | ||
| [[sr:]] | ||
| [[su:Sirah]] | ||
| [[fi:P]] | ||
| [[sv:Huvud]] | ||
| [[tl:Ulo]] | ||
| [[te:]] | ||
| [[th:]] | ||
| [[tr:Kafa]] | ||
| [[uk:]] | ||
| [[ur:]] | ||
| [[fiu-vro:P]] | ||
| [[yi:]] | ||
| [[diq:Sere]] | ||
| [[bat-smg:Makaul]] | ||
| [[zh:]] | ||
| </text> | ||
| </previous> | ||
| </WPEdit> | ||
| </WPEditSet> |
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