GH-45451: [C#] Integration with Grpc.Net.ClientFactory (#45458)

### Rationale for this change

See #45451. This adds out of the box compatibility with the [Grpc.Net.ClientFactory](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/clientfactory?view=aspnetcore-9.0), library, which is fairly standardized for users making gRPC requests in .NET web applications.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Added a new constructor to `FlightClient` that accepts a `CallInvoker` instance.

`public FlightClient(CallInvoker callInvoker)`

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, added a unit test to resolve an instance of the `FlightClient` using the `Grpc.Net.ClientFactory` integration and made a request with it.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, a new overload constructor of `FlightClient` was added.

* GitHub Issue: #45451

Authored-by: Robert Cao <robert.cao@relativity.com>
Signed-off-by: Curt Hagenlocher <curt@hagenlocher.org>

csharp/src/Apache.Arrow.Flight/Client/FlightClient.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ public FlightClient(ChannelBase grpcChannel)
             _client = new FlightService.FlightServiceClient(grpcChannel);
         }
 
+        public FlightClient(CallInvoker callInvoker)
+        {
+            _client = new FlightService.FlightServiceClient(callInvoker);
+        }
+
         public AsyncServerStreamingCall<FlightInfo> ListFlights(FlightCriteria criteria = null, Metadata headers = null)
         {
             return ListFlights(criteria, headers, null, CancellationToken.None);

csharp/test/Apache.Arrow.Flight.Tests/Apache.Arrow.Flight.Tests.csproj

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Grpc.Net.ClientFactory" Version="2.67.0" />
     <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.12.0" />
     <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
     <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="3.0.1" />

csharp/test/Apache.Arrow.Flight.Tests/FlightTests.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 using Google.Protobuf;
 using Grpc.Core;
 using Grpc.Core.Utils;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Apache.Arrow.Flight.Tests
@@ -546,7 +547,30 @@ public async Task EnsureCallRaisesRequestCancelled()
             var handshakeStreamingCall = _flightClient.Handshake(null, null, cts.Token);
             exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<RpcException>(async () => await handshakeStreamingCall.RequestStream.WriteAsync(new FlightHandshakeRequest(ByteString.Empty)));
             Assert.Equal(StatusCode.Cancelled, exception.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task TestIntegrationWithGrpcNetClientFactory()
+        {
+            IServiceCollection services = new ServiceCollection();
 
+            services.AddGrpcClient<FlightClient>(grpc => grpc.Address = new Uri(_testWebFactory.GetAddress()));
+
+            IServiceProvider provider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            // Test that an instance of the FlightClient can be resolved whilst using the Grpc.Net.ClientFactory library.
+            FlightClient flightClient = provider.GetRequiredService<FlightClient>();
+
+            // Test that the resolved client is functional.
+            var flightDescriptor = FlightDescriptor.CreatePathDescriptor("test");
+            var expectedBatch = CreateTestBatch(0, 100);
+            var expectedSchema = expectedBatch.Schema;
+
+            GivenStoreBatches(flightDescriptor, new RecordBatchWithMetadata(expectedBatch));
+
+            var actualSchema = await flightClient.GetSchema(flightDescriptor);
+
+            SchemaComparer.Compare(expectedSchema, actualSchema);
         }
     }
 }