GH-41816: [C++] Add Minimal Meson Build of libarrow (#45441)

### Rationale for this change

The Meson build system may be more user friendly to some developers, and may make it easier to perform tasks like valgrind, coverage, or ASAN/UBSAN coverage. There is also a prior art for using meson in the nanoarrow and arrow-adbc projects.

### What changes are included in this PR?

This PR implements a Meson configuration that can build a minimal libarrow.

### Are these changes tested?

A nightly CI job is also added to detect regressions.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: #41816

Lead-authored-by: Will Ayd <william.ayd@icloud.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

ci/conda_env_cpp.txt

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ libprotobuf
 libutf8proc
 lz4-c
 make
+meson
 ninja
 nodejs
 orc

ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh

@@ -109,7 +109,13 @@ if [ "${ARROW_OFFLINE}" = "ON" ]; then
   echo > /etc/resolv.conf
 fi
 
-if [ "${ARROW_EMSCRIPTEN:-OFF}" = "ON" ]; then
+if [ "${ARROW_USE_MESON:-OFF}" = "ON" ]; then
+  meson setup \
+    --prefix=${MESON_PREFIX:-${ARROW_HOME}} \
+    --buildtype=${ARROW_BUILD_TYPE:-debug} \
+    . \
+    ${source_dir}
+elif [ "${ARROW_EMSCRIPTEN:-OFF}" = "ON" ]; then
   if [ "${UBUNTU}" = "20.04" ]; then
     echo "arrow emscripten build is not supported on Ubuntu 20.04, run with UBUNTU=22.04"
     exit -1
@@ -244,8 +250,12 @@ else
     ${source_dir}
 fi
 
-export CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=${CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL:-$[${n_jobs} + 1]}
-time cmake --build . --target install
+if [ "${ARROW_USE_MESON:-OFF}" = "ON" ]; then
+  time meson install
+else
+  export CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=${CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL:-$[${n_jobs} + 1]}
+  time cmake --build . --target install
+fi
 
 # Save disk space by removing large temporary build products
 find . -name "*.o" -delete

ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh

@@ -89,14 +89,21 @@ pushd ${build_dir}
 if [ -z "${PYTHON}" ] && ! which python > /dev/null 2>&1; then
   export PYTHON="${PYTHON:-python3}"
 fi
-ctest \
+if [ "${ARROW_USE_MESON:-OFF}" = "ON" ]; then
+  ARROW_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF # TODO: Remove this
+  meson test \
+    --print-errorlogs \
+    "$@"
+else
+  ctest \
     --label-regex unittest \
     --output-on-failure \
     --parallel ${n_jobs} \
     --repeat until-pass:3 \
     --timeout ${ARROW_CTEST_TIMEOUT:-300} \
     "${ctest_options[@]}" \
     "$@"
+fi
 
 if [ "${ARROW_BUILD_EXAMPLES}" == "ON" ]; then
     examples=$(find ${binary_output_dir} -executable -name "*example")

cpp/meson.build

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+project(
+    'arrow',
+    'cpp',
+    'c',
+    version: '20.0.0-SNAPSHOT',
+    license: 'Apache-2.0',
+    meson_version: '>=1.3.0',
+    default_options: [
+        'buildtype=release',
+        'c_std=c99',
+        'warning_level=2',
+        'cpp_std=c++17',
+    ],
+)
+
+project_args = [
+    '-Wno-unused-parameter',
+    '-Wno-array-bounds',
+    '-Wno-stringop-overflow',
+    '-Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations',
+    '-Wno-nonnull',
+]
+
+c_compiler = meson.get_compiler('c')
+c_args = c_compiler.get_supported_arguments(project_args)
+add_project_arguments(c_args, language: 'c')
+
+cpp_compiler = meson.get_compiler('cpp')
+cpp_args = cpp_compiler.get_supported_arguments(project_args)
+add_project_arguments(cpp_args, language: 'cpp')
+
+git_id = get_option('git_id')
+if git_id == ''
+    git_id = run_command('git', 'log', '-n1', '--format=%H', check: false).stdout().strip()
+endif
+
+git_description = get_option('git_description')
+if git_description == ''
+    git_description = run_command('git', 'describe', '--tags', check: false).stdout().strip()
+endif
+
+subdir('src/arrow')

cpp/meson.options

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+option(
+    'git_id',
+    type: 'string',
+)
+
+option(
+    'git_description',
+    type: 'string',
+)
+
+option(
+    'package_kind',
+    type: 'string',
+    description: 'Arbitrary string that identifies the kind of package (for informational purposes)',
+)