diff --git a/leftist-quotes b/leftist-quotes index 22f6c28..eb10c4b 100755 --- a/leftist-quotes +++ b/leftist-quotes @@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ The Greeks were not yet advanced enough to dissect, analyse nature — nature is -- Engels, On Dialectics (1878) % For nearly 40 years we have raised to prominence the idea of the class struggle as the immediate driving force of history, and particularly the class struggle between bourgeois and the proletariat as the great lever of the modern social revolution; ... At the founding of the International, we expressly formulated the battle cry: The emancipation of the working class must be the work of the working class itself. - -- Marx and Engels, Strategy and Tactics of the Class Struggle (1879) + -- Marx and Engels, Strategy and Tactics of the Class Struggle (1879) % Nature is the proof of dialectics, and it must be said for modern science that it has furnished this proof with very rich materials increasingly daily, and thus has shown that, in the last resort, Nature works dialectically and not metaphysically; that she does not move in the eternal oneness of a perpetually recurring circle, but goes through a real historical evolution. -- Engels, Socialism: Utopian & Scientific (1880) @@ -1535,7 +1535,7 @@ The strategic task of the Fourth International lies not in reforming capitalism -- The Fourth International does not discard the program of the old “minimal” demands to the degree to which these have preserved at least part of their vital forcefulness. Indefatigably, it defends the democratic rights and social conquests of the workers. But it carries on this day-to-day work within the framework of the correct actual, that is, revolutionary perspective. Insofar as the old, partial, “minimal” demands of the masses clash with the destructive and degrading tendencies of decadent capitalism - and this occurs at each step-the Fourth International advances a system of transitional demands, the essence of which is contained in the fact that ever more openly and decisively they will be directed against the very bases of the bourgeois regime. The old “minimal program” is superseded by the transitional program, the task of which lies in systematic mobilization of the masses for the proletarian revolution.Trotsky, Transitional Program (1938) % We can’t oppose compulsory military training by the bourgeois state just as we can’t oppose compulsory education by the bourgeois state. Military training in our eyes is a part of education. - -- Trotsky, On Conscription (1940) + -- Trotsky, On Conscription (1940) % The British monarchy, hypocritical British conservatism, religiosity, servility, sanctimoniousness all this is old rags, rubbish, the refuse of centuries which we have no need for whatsoever. -- Trotsky, Through What Stage Are We Passing? (1921) @@ -1555,6 +1555,9 @@ The principle, the end justifies the means, naturally raise the question “and Despite all the indisputable greatness of Anglo-Saxon genius one cannot help observing that it is precisely in the Anglo-Saxon countries that the laws of revolution are least understood. This can be explained on the one hand by the fact that the phenomenon of revolution itself in these countries relates to a far distant past and evokes from the official “sociologists” the condescending smile intended for a naughty child. On the other hand the pragmatism so characteristic of Anglo-Saxon thinking is of least avail for the understanding of revolutionary crises. -- Trotsky, The Philosophy of British Capitalism (1938) % +We see that dog shit can fertilize the fields and man’s can feed the dog, but Dogmas ?? they can't fertilize the fields. + -- “The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung” (Feb 1942), Mao Zedong +% A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another. -- “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” (March 1927), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 28. % @@ -1574,7 +1577,7 @@ In approaching a problem a Marxist should see the whole as well as the parts. A -- “On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism” (December 27, 1935), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 159. % We the Chinese nation have the spirit to fight the enemy to the last drop of our blood, the determination to recover our lost territory by our own efforts, and the ability to stand on our own feet in the family of nations. - -- “On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism” (December 27, 1935), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 170. + -- “On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism” (December 27, 1935), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 170. % It is well known that when you do anything, unless you understand its actual circumstances, its nature and its relations to other things, you will not know the laws governing it, or know how to do it, or be able to do it well. -- “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War” (December 1936), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 179. @@ -1625,13 +1628,13 @@ Opposition and struggle between ideas of different kinds constantly occur within -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 317. % If in any process there are a number of contradictions, one of them must be the principal contradiction playing the leading and decisive role, while the rest occupy a secondary and subordinate position. Therefore, in studying any complex process in which there are two or more contradictions, we must devote every effort to finding its principal contradiction. Once this principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. - -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 332. + -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 332. % Of the two contradictory aspects, one must be principal and the other secondary. The principal aspect is the one playing the leading role in the contradiction. The nature of a thing is determined mainly by the principal aspect of a contradiction, the aspect that has gained the dominant position. But this situation is not static; the principal and the non-principal aspects of a contradiction transform themselves into each other and the nature of the thing changes accordingly. -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 333. % While we recognize that in the general development of history the material determines the mental and social being determines social consciousness, we also - and indeed must - recognize the reaction of mental on material things, of social consciousness on social being and of the superstructure on the economic base. This does not go against materialism; on the contrary, it avoids mechanical materialism and firmly upholds dialectical materialism. - -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 336. + -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 336. % Contradiction and struggle are universal and absolute, but the methods of resolving contradictions, that is, the forms of struggle, differ according to the differences in the nature of the contradictions. Some contradictions are characterized by open antagonism and others are not. In accordance with the concrete development of things, some contradictions, which were originally non-antagonistic, develop into antagonistic ones, while others which were originally antagonistic develop into non-antagonistic ones. -- “Mao Zedong On Contradiction,” (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p 344. @@ -1670,7 +1673,7 @@ Communists should set an example in study; at all times they should be pupils of -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 198. % Every Communist working in the mass movements should be a friend of the masses and not a boss over them, an indefatigable teacher and not a bureaucratic politician. - -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II. + -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II. % The attitude of Communists towards any person who has made mistakes in his work should be one of persuasion in order to help him change and start afresh and not one of exclusion, unless he is incorrigible. -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 198. @@ -1685,7 +1688,7 @@ Cadres are a decisive factor, once the political line is determined. Therefore, -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 202. % Education in democracy must be carried on within the Party so that members can understand the meaning of democratic life, the meaning of the relationship between democracy and centralism, and the way in which democratic centralism should be put into practice. Only in this way can we really extend democracy within the Party and at the same time avoid ultra-democracy and the laissez-faire that destroys discipline. - -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 205. + -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 205. % No political party can possibly lead a great revolutionary movement to victory unless it possesses revolutionary theory and knowledge of history and has a profound grasp of the practical movement. -- “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War” (October 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 208. @@ -1706,7 +1709,7 @@ Our principle is that the Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allo -- “Problems of War and Strategy” (November 6, 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 224. % We are advocates of the abolition of war, we do not want war; but war can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun. - -- “Problems of War and Strategy” (November 6, 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II. + -- “Problems of War and Strategy” (November 6, 1938), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II. % We should support whatever the enemy opposes and oppose whatever the enemy supports. -- “Interview with Three Correspondents from the Central News Agency, the Sao Tang Pao and the Hsin Min Pao” (September 16, 1939), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 272. @@ -1721,16 +1724,16 @@ The intellectuals often tend to be subjective and individualistic, impractical i -- “The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party” (December 1939), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 322. % Taken as a whole, the Chinese revolutionary movement led by the Communist Party embraces the two stages, i.e., the democratic and the socialist revolutions, which are two essentially different revolutionary processes, and the second process can be carried through only after the first has been completed. The democratic revolution is the necessary preparation for the socialist revolution, and the socialist revolution is the inevitable sequel to the democratic revolution. The ultimate aim for which all communists strive is to bring about a socialist and communist society. - -- “The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party” (December 1939), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 330-31. + -- “The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party” (December 1939), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, pp. 330-31. % What kind of spirit is this that makes a foreigner selflessly adopt the cause of the Chinese people’s liberation as his own? It is the spirit of internationalism, the spirit of communism, from which every Chinese Communist must learn.... We must unite with the proletariat of all the capitalist countries, with the proletariat of Japan, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and all other capitalist countries, before it is possible to overthrow imperialism, to liberate our nation and people, and to liberate the other nations and peoples of the world. This is our internationalism, the internationalism with which we oppose both narrow nationalism and narrow patriotism. - -- “In Memory of Norman Bethune” (December 21, 1939), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 337. + -- “In Memory of Norman Bethune” (December 21, 1939), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 337. % Revolutionary culture is a powerful revolutionary weapon for the broad masses of the people. It prepares the ground ideologically before the revolution comes and is an important, indeed essential, fighting front in the general revolutionary front during the revolution. -- “On New Democracy” (January 1940), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 382. % The masses are the real heroes, while we ourselves are often childish and ignorant, and without this understanding, it is impossible to acquire even the most rudimentary knowledge. - -- “Preface and Postscript to Rural Surveys” (March and April 1941), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 12. + -- “Preface and Postscript to Rural Surveys” (March and April 1941), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 12. % Communists must listen attentively to the views of people outside the Party and let them have their say. If what they say is right, we ought to welcome it, and we should learn from their strong points; if it is wrong, we should let them finish what they are saying and then patiently explain things to them. -- “Speech at the Assembly of Representatives of the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region” (November 21, 1941), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III. @@ -1790,7 +1793,7 @@ We Communists must be able to integrate ourselves with the masses in all things. -- “Get Organized!” (November 29, 1943), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 158. % We should always use our brains and think everything over carefully. A common saying goes, “Knit your brows and you will hit upon a stratagem.” In other words much thinking yields wisdom. In order to get rid of the blindness that exists to a serious extent in our Party, we must encourage our comrades to think, to learn the method of analysis and to cultivate the habit of analysis. - -- “Our Study and the Current Situation” (April 12, 1944), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 174-75. + -- “Our Study and the Current Situation” (April 12, 1944), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 174-75. % If we have shortcomings, we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized, because we serve the people. Anyone, no matter who, may point out our shortcomings. If he is right, we will correct them. If what he proposes will benefit the people, we will act upon it. -- “Serve the People” (September 8, 1941), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 227. @@ -1820,10 +1823,10 @@ This army has an indomitable spirit and is determined to vanquish all enemies an -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 264. % This army has built up a system of political work which is essential for the people’s war and is aimed at promoting unity in its own ranks, unity with the friendly armies and unity with the people, and at disintegrating the enemy forces and ensuring victory in battle. - -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 265. + -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 265. % We Communists never conceal our political views. Definitely and beyond all doubt, our future or maximum program is to carry China forward to socialism and communism. Both the name of our Party and our Marxist world outlook unequivocally point to this supreme ideal of the future, a future of incomparable brightness and splendor. - -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 282. + -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 282. % Without a People’s army, the people have nothing. -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 296-97. @@ -1835,13 +1838,13 @@ Communists must be ready at all times to stand up for the truth, because truth i -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 315. % Every comrade must be helped to understand that as long as we rely on the people, believe firmly in the inexhaustible creative power of the masses and hence trust and identify ourselves with them, we can surmount any difficulty, and no enemy can crush us while we can crush any enemy. - -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 316. + -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 316. % Thousands upon thousands of martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people; let us hold their banner high and march ahead along the path crimson with their blood! -- “On Coalition Government” (April 24, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 318. % Be resolute, fear no sacrifice and surmount every difficulty to win victory. - -- “The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains” (June 11, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 321. + -- “The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains” (June 11, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 321. % Our duty is to hold ourselves responsible to the people. Every word, every act and every policy must conform to the people’s interests, and if mistakes occur, they must be corrected – that is what being responsible to the people means. -- “The Situation and Our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan” (August 13, 1945), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 16. @@ -1883,7 +1886,7 @@ Policy and tactics are the life of the Party; leading comrades at all levels mus -- “A Circular on the Situation” (March 20, 1948), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 220. % The most fundamental method of work, which all Communists must firmly bear in mind, is to determine our working policies according to actual conditions. When we study the causes of the mistakes we have made, we find that they all arose because we departed from the actual situation at a given time and place and were subjective in determining our working policies. - -- “Speech at a Conference of Cadres in the Shansi-Suiyuan Liberated Area” (April 1, 1948), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 229-30. + -- “Speech at a Conference of Cadres in the Shansi-Suiyuan Liberated Area” (April 1, 1948), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 229-30. % There are people in our leading organs in some places that think that it is enough for the leaders alone to know the Party’s policies and that there is no need to let the masses know them. This is one of the basic reasons why some of our work cannot be done well. -- “A Talk to the Editorial Staff of the Shansi-Suiyuan Daily” (April 2, 1948), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 241. @@ -1937,7 +1940,7 @@ The People’s democratic dictatorship needs the leadership of the working class -- “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship” (June 30, 1949), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 421. % The People’s democratic dictatorship is based on the alliance of the working class, the peasantry and the urban petty bourgeoisie, and mainly on the alliance of the workers and the peasants, because these two classes comprise 80 to go per cent of China’s population. These two classes are the main force in overthrowing imperialism and the Kuomintang reactionaries. The transition from New Democracy to socialism also depends mainly upon their alliance. - -- “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship” (June 30, 1949), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 421. + -- “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship” (June 30, 1949), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 421. % Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better. It is hard for any political party or person to avoid mistakes, but we should make as few as possible. Once a mistake is made, we should correct it, and the more quickly and thoroughly the better. -- “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship” (June 30, 1949), Mao Zedong Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 422. @@ -1985,7 +1988,7 @@ Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is th -- Mao Zedong On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 49-50. % We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side of things. In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to good results and a good thing to bad results. - -- Mao Zedong On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 66-67. + -- Mao Zedong On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 66-67. % Now, there are two different attitudes towards learning from others. One is the dogmatic attitude of transplanting everything, whether or not it is suited to our conditions. This is no good. The other attitude is to use our heads and learn those things that suit our conditions, that is, to absorb whatever experience is useful to us. That is the attitude we should adopt. -- Mao Zedong On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 75. @@ -2279,7 +2282,7 @@ The revolutionary power which will socialise the instruments of labour taken fro -- Paul Lafargue, Socialism and Nationalisation (1882) % All science would be superfluous if the outward appearance and the essence of things directly coincided. - -- Karl Marx, Capital Vol. III Chapter 48 (1883) + -- Karl Marx, Capital Vol. III Chapter 48 (1883) % We must not be like some Christians who sin for six days and go to church on the seventh, but we must speak for the cause daily, and make the men, and especially the women that we meet, come into the ranks to help us. -- Eleanor Marx, Speech on the First May Day (1890) @@ -2288,7 +2291,7 @@ The division of society into a small, excessively rich class and a large, proper -- Frederick Engels, Introduction to Marx’s Wage Labor and Capital (1891) % Only when the great mass of workers take the keen and dependable weapons of scientific socialism in their own hands, will all the petty-bourgeois inclinations, all the opportunistic currents, come to naught. The movement will then find itself on sure and firm ground. “Quantity will do it.” - -- Rosa Luxemburg, Reform or Revolution (1900) + -- Rosa Luxemburg, Reform or Revolution (1900) % We are marching in a compact group along a precipitous and difficult path, firmly holding each other by the hand. We are surrounded on all sides by enemies, and we have to advance almost constantly under their fire. We have combined, by a freely adopted decision, for the purpose of fighting the enemy, and not of retreating into the neighbouring marsh, the inhabitants of which, from the very outset, have reproached us with having separated ourselves into an exclusive group and with having chosen the path of struggle instead of the path of conciliation. And now some among us begin to cry out: Let us go into the marsh! And when we begin to shame them, they retort: What backward people you are! Are you not ashamed to deny us the liberty to invite you to take a better road! Oh, yes, gentlemen! You are free not only to invite us, but to go yourselves wherever you will, even into the marsh. In fact, we think that the marsh is your proper place, and we are prepared to render you every assistance to get there. Only let go of our hands, don’t clutch at us and don’t besmirch the grand word freedom, for we too are ‘freeÓ to go where we please, free to fight not only against the marsh, but also against those who are turning towards the marsh! -- VI Lenin, What Is To Be Done? (1901) @@ -2333,7 +2336,7 @@ The revolution will move forward until its consolidation is total. The time is s -- Antonio Gramsci, The Russian Maximalists (1916) % And so in capitalist society we have a democracy that is curtailed, wretched, false, a democracy only for the rich, for the minority. The dictatorship of the proletariat, the period of transition to communism, will for the first time create democracy for the people, for the majority, along with the necessary suppression of the exploiters, of the minority. Communism alone is capable of providing really complete democracy, and the more complete it is, the sooner it will become unnecessary and wither away of its own accord. - -- V.I Lenin, The State and Revolution (1917) + -- V.I Lenin, The State and Revolution (1917) % The Communist Manifesto gives a general summary of history, which compels us to regard the state as the organ of class rule and leads us to the inevitable conclusion that the proletariat cannot overthrow the bourgeoisie without first winning political power, without attaining political supremacy, without transforming the state into the “proletariat organized as the ruling class”; and that this proletarian state will begin to wither away immediately after its victory because the state is unnecessary and cannot exist in a society in which there are no class antagonisms. -- VI Lenin, The State and Revolution (1917) @@ -2435,7 +2438,7 @@ Classes struggle, some classes triumph, others are eliminated. Such is history; -- in opposition to this viewpoint is historical idealism.Mao Zedong, Cast Away Illusions, Prepare for Struggle (1949) % It is common knowledge that the class interests of the bourgeoisie are built on the foundation of capitalist exploitation. It seeks profits and still more profits.The bourgeois class itself is divided into several strata, and each of those into several groups. In their pursuit of profits, the capitalists not only unscrupulously exploit the proletariat; even within their own class the capitalists do not scruple to swallow up their rivals in competition – the big fish swallows the little fish, the big bourgeoisie swallows the petty and middle bourgeoisie, one group squeezes out and swallows another group.The bourgeoisie strives to possess the means of production and the market of its own country. And since its greed for profits knows no limits, the bourgeoisie strives to expand beyond its own country, to seize foreign markets, sources of raw materials and areas for capital investment, thus subjugating other nations and exploiting them. At the same time it squeezes out the bourgeoisie or rival capitalists of other countries.The exploitation of wage labour, competition, the squeezing out, suppressing and swallowing of rivals among the capitalists themselves, the resorting to war and even world war, the utilization of all means to secure a monopoly position in its own country and throughout the world – such is the inherent character of the profit-seeking bourgeoisie. This is the class basis of bourgeois nationalism and of all bourgeois ideologies. - -- The bourgeois class itself is divided into several strata, and each of those into several groups. In their pursuit of profits, the capitalists not only unscrupulously exploit the proletariat; even within their own class the capitalists do not scruple to swallow up their rivals in competition – the big fish swallows the little fish, the big bourgeoisie swallows the petty and middle bourgeoisie, one group squeezes out and swallows another group.The bourgeoisie strives to possess the means of production and the market of its own country. And since its greed for profits knows no limits, the bourgeoisie strives to expand beyond its own country, to seize foreign markets, sources of raw materials and areas for capital investment, thus subjugating other nations and exploiting them. At the same time it squeezes out the bourgeoisie or rival capitalists of other countries.The exploitation of wage labour, competition, the squeezing out, suppressing and swallowing of rivals among the capitalists themselves, the resorting to war and even world war, the utilization of all means to secure a monopoly position in its own country and throughout the world – such is the inherent character of the profit-seeking bourgeoisie. This is the class basis of bourgeois nationalism and of all bourgeois ideologies.Liu Shaoqi, Internationalism and Nationalism (1952) + -- The bourgeois class itself is divided into several strata, and each of those into several groups. In their pursuit of profits, the capitalists not only unscrupulously exploit the proletariat; even within their own class the capitalists do not scruple to swallow up their rivals in competition – the big fish swallows the little fish, the big bourgeoisie swallows the petty and middle bourgeoisie, one group squeezes out and swallows another group.The bourgeoisie strives to possess the means of production and the market of its own country. And since its greed for profits knows no limits, the bourgeoisie strives to expand beyond its own country, to seize foreign markets, sources of raw materials and areas for capital investment, thus subjugating other nations and exploiting them. At the same time it squeezes out the bourgeoisie or rival capitalists of other countries.The exploitation of wage labour, competition, the squeezing out, suppressing and swallowing of rivals among the capitalists themselves, the resorting to war and even world war, the utilization of all means to secure a monopoly position in its own country and throughout the world – such is the inherent character of the profit-seeking bourgeoisie. This is the class basis of bourgeois nationalism and of all bourgeois ideologies.Liu Shaoqi, Internationalism and Nationalism (1952) % We stand firmly for peace and against war. However, if the imperialists insist on unleashing another war, we should not be afraid of it. Our attitude on this question is the same as our attitude towards any disturbance: first, we are against it; second, we are not afraid of it. -- Mao Zedong, On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (1957)