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<title>2. Model Design — Community Water Model</title>
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Community Water Model
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1.0.6
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">2. Model Design</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#background">Background</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#water-futures-and-solutions-initiatives-wfas">Water Futures and Solutions Initiatives (WFAS)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#nexus-integration-water-energy-food-environment">Nexus Integration - Water Energy Food Environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cwat-and-the-iiasa-global-hydro-economic-model">CWAT and the IIASA global hydro-economic model</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#model-design-and-processes">Model design and processes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#design">Design</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#processes">Processes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#calculation-of-potential-evaporation">Calculation of potential Evaporation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#calculation-of-rain-snow-snowmelt">Calculation of rain, snow, snowmelt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#land-cover">Land cover</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#water-demand">Water demand</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#soil">Soil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#groundwater">Groundwater</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#lakes-reservoirs">Lakes & Reservoirs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#routing">Routing</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#community-model">Community Model</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#water-model">Water Model</a></li>
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<section id="model-design">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1" role="doc-backlink"><span class="section-number">2. </span>Model Design</a><a class="headerlink" href="#model-design" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h1>
<nav class="contents" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#model-design" id="id1">Model Design</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#background" id="id2">Background</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#water-futures-and-solutions-initiatives-wfas" id="id3">Water Futures and Solutions Initiatives (WFAS)</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#nexus-integration-water-energy-food-environment" id="id4">Nexus Integration - Water Energy Food Environment</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#cwat-and-the-iiasa-global-hydro-economic-model" id="id5">CWAT and the IIASA global hydro-economic model</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#model-design-and-processes" id="id6">Model design and processes</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#design" id="id7">Design</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#processes" id="id8">Processes</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#features-of-the-model" id="id9">Features of the Model</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#community-model" id="id10">Community Model</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#water-model" id="id11">Water Model</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#demo-of-first-results" id="id12">Demo of first results</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<section id="background">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2" role="doc-backlink">Background</a><a class="headerlink" href="#background" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="water-futures-and-solutions-initiatives-wfas">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3" role="doc-backlink">Water Futures and Solutions Initiatives (WFAS)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#water-futures-and-solutions-initiatives-wfas" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/water-futures.html">Water Futures and Solutions Initiatives</a> is using a multi-model approach for global climatic, hydro-socioeconomic modeling in order to assess possible futures.
We use three leading global hydrological models H08, WaterGAP and PCR-GLOBWB for estimating water demand and supply.
This approach is used for a better understanding of the uncertainty and limitations of modeling.
It provides a degree of confidence in the results an is in-line with the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.isimip.org/">ISI-MIPS</a> approach of multi-modeling</p>
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/Figure_1_WAT_2.png"><img alt="_images/Figure_1_WAT_2.png" src="_images/Figure_1_WAT_2.png" style="width: 600px;" /></a>
<p>Figure 1: Potential population under severe water scarcity in 2050 - Middle of the Road Scenario - <a class="reference external" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/scientificUpdate/2015/program/wat/WFaS-fast-track-analysis.html">WFAS fast-track analysis</a></p>
</section>
<section id="nexus-integration-water-energy-food-environment">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4" role="doc-backlink">Nexus Integration - Water Energy Food Environment</a><a class="headerlink" href="#nexus-integration-water-energy-food-environment" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">In the framework of the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchProjects/Nexus_Solutions.html">Integrated Solution project</a></div>
<div class="line">the Community Water Model (CWatM) will be coupled with the existing IIASA models <a class="reference external" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/modelsData/MESSAGE/MESSAGE.en.html">MESSAGE</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.globiom.org/">GLOBIOM</a></div>
<div class="line">in order to do enhanced water assessments and an improved analysis feedback on water, energy, food and environmental aspects</div>
</div>
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/nexus.jpg"><img alt="_images/nexus.jpg" src="_images/nexus.jpg" style="width: 600px;" /></a>
<p>Figure 2: IIASA model interactions</p>
</section>
<section id="cwat-and-the-iiasa-global-hydro-economic-model">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5" role="doc-backlink">CWAT and the IIASA global hydro-economic model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#cwat-and-the-iiasa-global-hydro-economic-model" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>The Community Water Model will help to develop a next-generation hydro-economic modeling tool that represents the economic trade-offs among water supply technologies and demands. The tool will track water use from all sectors and will identify the least-cost solutions for meeting future water demands under policy constraints. In addition, the tool will track the energy requirements associated with the water supply system (e.g., desalination and water conveyance) to facilitate the linkage with the energy-economic tool. The tool will also incorporate environmental flow requirements to ensure sufficient water for environmental needs. The new hydro-economic model will be linked to CWatM by GAMS output and input files (gdx-files).</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="model-design-and-processes">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6" role="doc-backlink">Model design and processes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#model-design-and-processes" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="design">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7" role="doc-backlink">Design</a><a class="headerlink" href="#design" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>The Community Water Model (CWatM) will be designed for the purpose to assess water availability, water demand and environmental needs. It includes an accounting of how future water demands will evolve in response to socioeconomic change and how water availability will change in response to climate.</p>
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/Hydrological-model2.jpg"><img alt="_images/Hydrological-model2.jpg" src="_images/Hydrological-model2.jpg" style="width: 800px;" /></a>
<p>Figure 3: CWatM - Water related processes included in the model design</p>
</section>
<section id="processes">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8" role="doc-backlink">Processes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processes" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<section id="calculation-of-potential-evaporation">
<h4>Calculation of potential Evaporation<a class="headerlink" href="#calculation-of-potential-evaporation" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>Using Penman-Montheith equations based on FAO 56</p>
</section>
<section id="calculation-of-rain-snow-snowmelt">
<h4>Calculation of rain, snow, snowmelt<a class="headerlink" href="#calculation-of-rain-snow-snowmelt" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>Using day-degree approach with up to 10 vertical layers
Including snow- and glacier melt.</p>
</section>
<section id="land-cover">
<h4>Land cover<a class="headerlink" href="#land-cover" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>using fraction of 6 different land cover types</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Forest</p></li>
<li><p>Grassland</p></li>
<li><p>Irrigated land</p></li>
<li><p>Paddy irrigated land</p></li>
<li><p>Sealed areas (urban)</p></li>
<li><p>Water</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="water-demand">
<h4>Water demand<a class="headerlink" href="#water-demand" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>including water demand from industry and domestic land use via precalculated monhly spatial maps</p></li>
<li><p>including agricultural water use from calculation of plant water demand and livestock water demand</p></li>
<li><p>Return flows ((water withdrawn but not consumed and returned to the water circle)</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vegetation">
<h4>Vegetation<a class="headerlink" href="#vegetation" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>Vegetation taken into account for calculating</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Albedo</p></li>
<li><p>Transpiration (including rooting depth, crop phenology, and potential evapotranspiration)</p></li>
<li><p>Interception</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="soil">
<h4>Soil<a class="headerlink" href="#soil" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>Three soil layers for each land cover type including processes:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Frost interupting soil processes</p></li>
<li><p>Infiltration</p></li>
<li><p>Preferential flow</p></li>
<li><p>Capillary rise</p></li>
<li><p>Surface runoff</p></li>
<li><p>Interflow</p></li>
<li><p>Percolation into groundwater</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="groundwater">
<h4>Groundwater<a class="headerlink" href="#groundwater" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>Groundwater storage is simulated as linear groundwater reservoir</p>
</section>
<section id="lakes-reservoirs">
<h4>Lakes & Reservoirs<a class="headerlink" href="#lakes-reservoirs" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Lakes are simulated with weir function from Poleni for rectangular weir.</p></li>
<li><p>Reservoirs are simulated as outflow function between three storage limits (conservative, normal,flood) and three outflow functions (minimum, normal, non-damaging)</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="routing">
<h4>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<p>Routing is calculated using the kinematic wave approach</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="features-of-the-model">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9" role="doc-backlink">Features of the Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#features-of-the-model" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="community-model">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10" role="doc-backlink">Community Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#community-model" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 44%" />
<col style="width: 56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Feature</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Programming Language</p></td>
<td><p>Python 3.x with some C++ for computational demanding processes e.g. river routing</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Community driven</p></td>
<td><p>Open-source but lead by IIASA <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/iiasa/CWatM">GitHub repository</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Well documented</p></td>
<td><p>Documentation, automatic source code documentation <a class="reference external" href="https://cwatm.github.io">GitHub Docu</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Easy handling</p></td>
<td><p>Use of a setting file with all necessary information for the user <a class="reference internal" href="setup.html#rst-setting"><span class="std std-ref">Complete settings file</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="setup.html#rst-metadata"><span class="std std-ref">Output Meta NetCDF information</span></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Multi-platform</p></td>
<td><p>Python 3.x on Windows, Mac, Linux, Unix - to be used on different platforms (PC, clusters, super-computers)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Modular</p></td>
<td><p>Processes in subprograms, easy to adapt to the requirements of options/ solutions <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/CWatM/CWatM">Modular structure</a></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="water-model">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11" role="doc-backlink">Water Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#water-model" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 44%" />
<col style="width: 56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Feature</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Flexible</p></td>
<td><p>different resolution, different processes for different needs, links to other models, across sectors and across scales</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Adjustable</p></td>
<td><p>to be tailored to the needs at IIASA i.e. collaboration with other programs/models, including solutions and option as part of the model</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Multi-disciplinary</p></td>
<td><p>including economics, environmental needs, social science perspectives</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Sensitive</p></td>
<td><p>Sensitive to option / solution</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Fast</p></td>
<td><p>Global to regional modeling – a mixture between conceptional and physical modeling – as complex as necessary but not more</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Comparable</p></td>
<td><p>Part of the ISI-MIP community</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="demo-of-first-results">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12" role="doc-backlink">Demo of first results</a><a class="headerlink" href="#demo-of-first-results" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Here are some first demonstration of the model run:</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="results.html#rst-demo"><span class="std std-ref">Demo of the model</span></a></p>
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