From ba74435ae32207e3a56d01d234f70e19f64af8c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ernest Guevarra Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2024 11:06:15 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] add vignettes on intro to ICD and cod reporting; fix #72 --- pkgdown/_pkgdown.yml | 2 + vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd | 84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+) create mode 100644 vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd diff --git a/pkgdown/_pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown/_pkgdown.yml index 93fd3ea..ae6ccdf 100644 --- a/pkgdown/_pkgdown.yml +++ b/pkgdown/_pkgdown.yml @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ navbar: articles: text: Articles menu: + - text: "Introduction to ICD and cause-of-death reporting" + href: articles/introduction_to_icd.html - text: "Cause-of-Death Code Checks" href: articles/cause_of_death_code_checks.html # twitter: diff --git a/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd b/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29f36f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +title: "Introduction to ICD and cause-of-death reporting" +author: Ernest Guevarra +output: rmarkdown::html_vignette +vignette: > + %\VignetteIndexEntry{Introduction to ICD and cause-of-death reporting} + %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown} + %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8} +--- + +```{r, include = FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set( + collapse = TRUE, + comment = "#>" +) +``` + +```{r setup, echo = FALSE} +library(codeditr) +``` + +The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized system for coding and classifying diseases and a wide range of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. Developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD provides a standardized language that allows healthcare providers to compare and share health information across various countries and settings. + +## Key Features of the ICD + +**Standardized System:** It offers a universal system for classifying and coding health conditions and diseases, facilitating international comparability in the collection, processing, and analysis of health data. + +**Comprehensive Coverage:** The ICD includes a wide range of health conditions and diseases, including rare and common diseases, injuries, and external causes of injury or disease. + +**Multiple Versions:** The ICD has gone through several revisions to reflect advances in health and medical knowledge. The current version is ICD-11, which was officially adopted by WHO member states in May 2019 and came into effect on January 1, 2022. + +**Usage:** It is used for various purposes, including clinical documentation, epidemiology, health management, and allocation of healthcare resources. + +**Classification:** The ICD is organized into chapters that group diseases and conditions by system, etiology, and other relevant criteria. Each disease or condition is assigned a unique alphanumeric code. + +## ICD and Cause-of-Death reporting + +The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is instrumental in cause-of-death reporting for several key reasons: + +### Standardisation + +**Consistent Terminology:** ICD provides a standardized language for coding and reporting causes of death. This ensures that terms and definitions are consistent across different regions and time periods. + +**Uniform Codes:** Each cause of death is assigned a unique alphanumeric code, which eliminates ambiguities and improves the precision of data. + +### Comparability + +**International Comparability:** Because the ICD is used worldwide, it allows for the comparison of mortality data between countries and regions. This helps in identifying global health trends and disparities. + +**Temporal Comparability:** Consistent use of ICD codes over time enables the tracking of changes in mortality patterns, helping to identify trends and emerging health threats. + +### Data Aggregation and Analysis + +**Epidemiological Research:** Researchers can aggregate and analyze data on causes of death to identify risk factors, develop public health strategies, and prioritize health interventions. + +**Public Health Surveillance:** Public health authorities use ICD-coded cause-of-death data to monitor and respond to epidemics, pandemics, and other public health emergencies. + +**Policy and Planning:** Health Policy Development: Governments and health organizations use mortality data to develop and implement health policies and programs aimed at reducing preventable deaths. + +**Resource Allocation:** Accurate cause-of-death reporting helps in the allocation of resources for healthcare services, research funding, and preventive measures. + +### Quality of Healthcare + +**Healthcare Improvement:** By analyzing causes of death, healthcare providers can identify areas where medical care can be improved, leading to better patient outcomes. + +**Performance Measurement:** Hospitals and healthcare systems can use mortality data to measure the effectiveness of interventions and improve the quality of care. + +### Legal and Administrative Use + +**Vital Statistics:** Accurate cause-of-death information is essential for maintaining vital statistics, which are used for various administrative and legal purposes. + +**Insurance and Benefits:** Insurance companies and social security systems use cause-of-death data to process claims and determine benefits. + +### Example of ICD in Cause-of-Death Reporting + +**Documentation:** When a person dies, the cause of death is recorded on a death certificate using ICD codes. For instance, if the primary cause of death is a myocardial infarction (heart attack), it would be coded as I21 in ICD-10. + +**Data Collection:** National health departments collect these coded data to compile mortality statistics. + +**Analysis:** Public health officials analyze these statistics to understand the prevalence of heart disease and plan appropriate public health interventions. + + +In summary, the ICD is a vital tool in cause-of-death reporting, providing a standardized and systematic approach to recording, analyzing, and utilizing mortality data. This facilitates better understanding, prevention, and management of diseases globally. + From 8c3f0c8ff75172d4e7d88b0cf179065eb114f800 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ernest Guevarra Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2024 11:09:56 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] correct spelling from US to UK --- vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd b/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd index 29f36f1..8a41556 100644 --- a/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd +++ b/vignettes/introduction_to_icd.Rmd @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized syst **Usage:** It is used for various purposes, including clinical documentation, epidemiology, health management, and allocation of healthcare resources. -**Classification:** The ICD is organized into chapters that group diseases and conditions by system, etiology, and other relevant criteria. Each disease or condition is assigned a unique alphanumeric code. +**Classification:** The ICD is organized into chapters that group diseases and conditions by system, aetiology, and other relevant criteria. Each disease or condition is assigned a unique alphanumeric code. ## ICD and Cause-of-Death reporting @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is instrumental in cause-of-d ### Data Aggregation and Analysis -**Epidemiological Research:** Researchers can aggregate and analyze data on causes of death to identify risk factors, develop public health strategies, and prioritize health interventions. +**Epidemiological Research:** Researchers can aggregate and analyse data on causes of death to identify risk factors, develop public health strategies, and prioritize health interventions. **Public Health Surveillance:** Public health authorities use ICD-coded cause-of-death data to monitor and respond to epidemics, pandemics, and other public health emergencies. @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is instrumental in cause-of-d ### Quality of Healthcare -**Healthcare Improvement:** By analyzing causes of death, healthcare providers can identify areas where medical care can be improved, leading to better patient outcomes. +**Healthcare Improvement:** By analysing causes of death, healthcare providers can identify areas where medical care can be improved, leading to better patient outcomes. **Performance Measurement:** Hospitals and healthcare systems can use mortality data to measure the effectiveness of interventions and improve the quality of care. @@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is instrumental in cause-of-d **Data Collection:** National health departments collect these coded data to compile mortality statistics. -**Analysis:** Public health officials analyze these statistics to understand the prevalence of heart disease and plan appropriate public health interventions. +**Analysis:** Public health officials analyse these statistics to understand the prevalence of heart disease and plan appropriate public health interventions. -In summary, the ICD is a vital tool in cause-of-death reporting, providing a standardized and systematic approach to recording, analyzing, and utilizing mortality data. This facilitates better understanding, prevention, and management of diseases globally. +In summary, the ICD is a vital tool in cause-of-death reporting, providing a standardized and systematic approach to recording, analysing, and utilizing mortality data. This facilitates better understanding, prevention, and management of diseases globally.