feat: add extensions to graphql span events on errors

[quinna-h]

An extension to: #12087

Add user-provided extensions according to RFC

Checklist

• PR author has checked that all the criteria below are met
• The PR description includes an overview of the change
• The PR description articulates the motivation for the change
• The change includes tests OR the PR description describes a testing strategy
• The PR description notes risks associated with the change, if any
• Newly-added code is easy to change
• The change follows the library release note guidelines
• The change includes or references documentation updates if necessary
• Backport labels are set (if applicable)

Reviewer Checklist

• Reviewer has checked that all the criteria below are met
• Title is accurate
• All changes are related to the pull request's stated goal
• Avoids breaking API changes
• Testing strategy adequately addresses listed risks
• Newly-added code is easy to change
• Release note makes sense to a user of the library
• If necessary, author has acknowledged and discussed the performance implications of this PR as reported in the benchmarks PR comment
• Backport labels are set in a manner that is consistent with the release branch maintenance policy

[pr-commenter]

Benchmarks

Benchmark execution time: 2025-01-30 23:35:09

Comparing candidate commit 7340bce in PR branch quinna.halim/add-error-extensions-graphql with baseline commit 81208cd in branch main.

Found 0 performance improvements and 1 performance regressions! Performance is the same for 361 metrics, 2 unstable metrics.

scenario:iast_aspects-ospathdirname_aspect

• 🟥 execution_time [+401.444ns; +462.086ns] or [+10.993%; +12.654%]

[github-actions]

CODEOWNERS have been resolved as:

tests/snapshots/tests.contrib.graphql.test_graphql.test_graphql_fail.json  @DataDog/apm-python
ddtrace/contrib/internal/graphql/patch.py                               @DataDog/apm-core-python @DataDog/apm-idm-python
tests/contrib/graphene/test_graphene.py                                 @DataDog/apm-core-python @DataDog/apm-idm-python
tests/contrib/graphql/test_graphql.py                                   @DataDog/apm-core-python @DataDog/apm-idm-python
tests/snapshots/tests.contrib.graphql.test_graphql.test_graphql_error.json  @DataDog/apm-python