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<title >Appendix to Chapter VIII - </title>
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<div>
<head>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VIII</head>
<div>
<p><num>1</num></p>
<p><title>KERENSKY’S ADVANCE</title></p>
<p>On November 9th Kerensky and his Cossacks arrived at Gatchina, where the
garrison, hopelessly split into two factions, immediately surrendered. The
members of the Gatchina Soviet were arrested, and at first threatened with
death; later they were released on good behaviour.</p>
<p> The Cossack advance-guards, practically unopposed, occupied Pavlovsk,
Alexandrovsk and other stations, and reached the outskirts of Tsarskoye Selo
next morning—November 10th. At once the garrison divided into three
groups—the officers, loyal to Kerenskly; part of the soldiers and
non-commissioned officers, who declared themselves “neutral”; and most of
the rank and file, who were for the Bolsheviki. The Bolshevik soldiers, who
were without leaders or organisation, fell back toward the capital. The
local Soviet also withdrew to the village of Pulkovo.</p>
<p>From Pulkovo six members of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet went with an
automobile-load of proclamations to Gatchina, to propagandise the Cossacks.
They spent most of the day going around Gatchina from one Cossack barracks
to another, pleading, arguing and explaining. Toward evening some officers
discovered their presence and they were arrested and brought before General
Krasnov, who said, “You fought against Kornilov; now you are opposing
Kerensky. I’ll have you all shot!”</p>
<p>After reading aloud to them the order appointing him
commander-in-chief of the Petrograd District, Krasnov asked if they
were Bolsheviki. They replied in the affirmative—upon which Krasnov
went away; a short time later an officer came and set them free,
saying that it was by order of General Krasnov….</p>
<p>In the meanwhile delegations continued to arrive from Petrograd; from
the Duma, the Committee for Salvation, and, last of all, from <hi
rend="italic">the Vikzhel</hi>. The Union of Railway Workers insisted
that some agreement be reached to halt the civil war, and demanded that
Kerensky treat with the Bolsheviki, and that he stop the advance on
Petrograd. In case of refusal,the <hi rend="italic">Vikzhel</hi> threatened
a general strike at midnight of November 11th.</p>
<p>Kerensky asked to be allowed to discuss the matter with the Socialist
Ministers and with the Committee for Salvation. He was plainly
undecided.</p>
<p>On the 11th Cossack outposts reached Krasnoye Selo, from which the local
Soviet and the heterogeneous forces of the Military Revolutionary Committee
precipitately retired, some of them surrendering…. That night they also
touched Pulkovo, where the first real resistance was encountered….</p>
<p>Cossacks deserters began to dribble into Petrograd, declaring that Kerensky
had lied to them, that he had spread broadcast over the front proclamations
which said that Petrograd was burning, that the Bolsheviki had invited the
Germans to come in, and that they were murdering women and children and
looting indiscriminately…. The Military Revolutionary Committee immediately
sent out some dozens of “agitators,” with thousands of printed appeals, to
inform the Cossacks of the real situation….</p>
</div>
<!-- DIV 2 -->
<div>
<p><num>2</num></p>
<p><title>PROCLAMATIONS OF THE MILITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE</title></p>
<p>“To All Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies.</p>
<p>“The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’
Deputies charges the local Soviets immediately to take the most energetic
measures to oppose all counter-revolutionary anti-Semitic disturbances, and
all pogroms of whatever nature. The honour of the workers’, peasants’ and
soldiers’ Revolution cannot tolerate any disorders….</p>
<p>“The Red Guard of Petrograd, the revolutionary garrison and the sailors have
maintained complete order in the capital.</p>
<p>“Workers, soldiers, and peasants, everywhere you should follow the example of
the workers and soldiers of Petrograd.</p>
<p>“Comrades soldiers and Cossacks, on us falls the duty of keeping real
revolutionary order. </p>
<p>“All revolutionary Russia and the whole world have their eyes on you….”</p>
<p>“The All-Russian Congress of Soviets decrees:</p>
<p>“To abolish capital punishment at the Front, which was reintroduced by
Kerensky.</p>
<p>“Complete freedom of propaganda is to be re-established in the country. All
soldiers and revolutionary officers now under arrest for so-called political
‘crimes’ are at once to be set free.”</p>
<p> “The ex-Premier Kerensky, overthrown by the people, refuses to submit to the
Congress of Soviets and attempts to struggle against the legal Government
elected by the All-Russian Congress—the Council of People’s Commissars. The
Front has refused to aid Kerensky. Moscow has rallied to the new Government.
In many cities (Minsk, Moghilev, Kharkov) the power is in the hands of the
Soviets. No infantry detachment consents to march against the Workers’ and
Peasants’ Government, which, in accord with the firm will of the Army and
the people, has begun peace negotiations and has given the land to the
peasants….</p>
<p>“We give public warning that if the Cossacks do not halt Kerensky, who has
deceived them and is leading them against Petrograd, the revolutionary
forces will rise with all their might for the defence of the precious
conquests of the Revolution—Peace and Land.</p>
<p>“Citizens of Petrograd! Kerensky fled from the city, abandoning the authority
to Kishkin, who wanted to surrender the capital to the Germans; Rutenburg,
of the Black Band, who sabotaged the Municipal Food Supply; and Paltchinsky,
hated by the whole democracy. Kerensky has fled, abandoning you to the
Germans, to famine, to bloody massacres. The revolting people have arrested
Kerensky’s Ministers, and you have seen how the order and supplying of
Petrograd at once improved. Kerensky, at the demand of the aristocrat
proprietors, the capitalists, speculators, marches against you for the
purpose of giving back the land to the land-owners, and continuing the hated
and ruinous war. </p>
<p>“Citizens of Petrograd! We know that the great majority of you are in favour
of the people’s revolutionary authority, against the Kornilovtsi led by
Kerensky. Do not be deceived by the lying declarations of the impotent
bourgeois conspirators, who will be pitilessly crushed. </p>
<p>“Workers, soldiers, peasants! We call upon you for revolutionary devotion and
discipline. “Millions of peasants and soldiers are with us. “The victory of
the people’s Revolution is assured!” </p>
</div>
<!-- DIV 3 -->
<div>
<p><num>3</num></p>
<p><title>ACTS OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’s COMMISSARS</title></p>
<p>In this book I am giving only such decrees as are in my opinion pertinent to
the Bolshevik conquest of power. The rest belong to a detailed account of
the Structure of the Soviet State, for which I have no place in this work.
This will be dealt with very fully in the second volume, now in preparation,
“Kornilov to Brest-Litovsk.”</p>
<p>
<hi rend="italic"> Concerning Dwelling-Places</hi>
</p>
<p><num>1.</num> The independent Municipal Self-Governments have the right
to sequestrate all unoccupied or uninhabited dwelling-places.</p>
<p><ref>2.</ref> The Municipalities may, according to laws and
arrangements established by them, install in all available lodgings citizens
who have no place to live, or who live in congested or unhealthy
lodgings.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> The Municipalities may establish a service of inspection
of dwelling-places, organise it and define its powers.</p>
<p><ref>4.</ref> The Municipalities may issue orders on the institution of
House Committees, define their organisation, their powers and give them
juridical authority.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> The Municipalities may create Housing Tribunals, define
their powers and their authority.</p>
<p><ref>6.</ref> This decree is promulgated by telegraph. <hi
rend="italic">People’s Commissar of the Interior,</hi></p>
<p>
<name>A. I. RYKOV. * * * *</name>
</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><title rend="italic">On Social Insurance</title></p>
<p>The Russian proletariat has inscribed on its banners the promise of complete
Social Insurance of wage-workers, as well as of the town and village poor.
The Government of the Tsar, the proprietors and the capitalists, as well as
the Government of coalition and conciliation, failed to realise the desires
of the workers with regard to Social Insurance. The Workers’ and Peasants’
Government, relying upon the support of the Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’
and Peasants’ Deputies, announces to the working-class of Russia and to the
town and village poor, that it will immediately prepare laws on Social
Insurance based on the formulas proposed by the Labour organisations:</p>
<p><num>1.</num> Insurance for all wage-workers without exception, as well
as for all urban and rural poor. </p>
<p><ref>2.</ref> Insurance to cover all categories of loss of working
capacity, such as illness, infirmities, old age, childbirth, widowhood,
orphanage, and unemployment.</p>
<p><num>3</num> All the costs of insurance to be charged to employers.</p>
<p><ref>4.</ref>Compensation of at least full wages in all loss of
working capacity and unemployment.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> Complete workers’ self-government of all Insurance
institutions. In the name of the Government of the Russian Republic, <hi
rend="italic">The People’s Commissar of Labour</hi>, <name>ALEXANDER
SHLIAPNIKOV</name>.</p>
<p>* * * *</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><title rend="italic">On Popular Education</title></p>
<p>Citizens of Russia!</p>
<p>With the insurrection of November 7th the working masses have won for the
first time the real power.</p>
<p>The All-Russian Congress of Soviets has temporarily transferred this power
both to its Executive Committee and to the Council of People’s
Commissars.</p>
<p> By the will of the revolutionary people, I have been appointed People’s
Commissar of Education.</p>
<p>The work of guiding in general the people’s education, inasmuch as it remains
with the central government, is, until the Constituent Assembly meets,
entrusted to a Commission on the People’s Education, whose chairman and
executive is the People’s Commissar. Upon what fundamental propositions will
rest this State Commission? How is its sphere of competence determined? </p>
<div/>
<div>
<p><hi rend="italic">The General Line of Educational Activity</hi>: Every
genuinely democratic power must, in the domain of education, in a
country where illiteracy and ignorance reign supreme, make its first aim
the struggle against this darkness. It must acquire in the shortest time
universal literacy, by organising a network of schools answering to the
demands of modern pedagogics; it must introduce universal, obligatory
and free tuition for all, and establish at the same time a series of
such teachers’ institutes and seminaries as will in the shortest time
furnish a powerful army of people’s teachers so necessary for the
universal instruction of the population of our boundless Russia.</p>
<p><hi rend="italic">Decentralisation:</hi> The State Commission on People’s
Education is by no means a central power governing the institutions of
instruction and education. On the contrary, the entire school work ought
to be transferred to the organs of local self-government. The
independent work of the workers, soldiers and peasants, establishing on
their own initiative cultural educational organisations, must be given
full autonomy, both by the State centre and the Municipal centres.</p>
<p>The work of the State Commission serves as a link and helpmate to
organise resources of material and moral support to the Municipal and
private institutions, particularly to those with a class-character
established by the workers. </p>
<p><hi rend="italic">The State Committee on People’s Education:</hi> A whole
series of invaluable law projects was elaborated from the beginning of
the Revolution by the State Committee for People’s Education, a
tolerably democratic body as to its composition, and rich in experts.
The State Commission sincerely desires the collaboration of this
Committee.</p>
<p>It has addressed itself to the bureau of the Committee, with the request
at once to convoke an extraordinary session of the Committee for the
fulfilment of the following programme: </p>
<p><num>1.</num> The revision of rules of representation in the
Committee, in the sense of greater democratisation.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> The revision of the Committee’s rights in the sense
of widening them, and of converting the Committee into a fundamental
State institute for the elaboration of law projects calculated to
reorganise public instruction and education in Russia upon democratic
principles.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> The revision, jointly with the new State Commission,
of the laws already created by the Committee, a revision required by the
fact that in editing them the Committee had to take into account the
bourgeois spirit of previous Ministries, which obstructed it even in
this its narrowed form.</p>
<p>After this revision these laws will be put into effect without any
bureau-cratic red tape, in the revolutionary order.</p>
<p><hi rend="italic">The Pedagogues and the Societists</hi>: The State
Commission welcomes the pedagogues to the bright and honourable work of
educating the people—the masters of the country.</p>
<p>No one measure in the domain of the people’s education ought to be
adopted by any power without the attentive deliberation of those who
represent the pedagogues.</p>
<p>On the other hand, a decision cannot by any means be reached exclusively
through the cooperation of specialists. This refers as well to reforms
of the institutes of general education.</p>
<p>The cooperation of the pedagogues with the social forces—this is how the
Commission will work both in its own constitution, in the State
Committee, and in all its activities.</p>
<p>As its first task the Commission considers the improvement of the
teachers’ status, and first of all of those very poor though almost most
important contributors to the work of culture—the elementary school
teachers. Their just demands ought to be satisfied at once and at any
cost. The proletariat of the schools has in vain demanded an increase of
salary to one hundred rubles per month. It would be a disgrace any
longer to keep in poverty the teachers of the overwhelming majority of
the Russian people. </p>
<p>But a real democracy cannot stop at mere literacy, at universal
elementary instruction. It must endeavour to organise a uniform secular
school of several grades. The ideal is, equal and if possible higher
education for all the citizens. So long as this idea has not been
realised for all, the natural transition through all the schooling
grades up to the university—a transition to a higher stage—must depend
entirely upon the pupil’s aptitude, and not upon the resources of his
family.</p>
<p>The problem of a genuinely democratic organisation of instruction is
particularly difficult in a country impoverished by a long, criminal,
imperialistic war; but the workers who have taken the power must
remember that education will serve them as the greatest instrument in
their struggle for a better lot and for a spiritual growth. However
needful it may be to curtail other articles of the people’s budget, the
expenses on education must stand high. A large educational budget is the
pride and glory of a nation. The free and enfranchised peoples of Russia
will not forget this.</p>
<p>The fight against illiteracy and ignorance cannot be confined to a
thorough establishment of school education for children and youths.
Adults, too, will be anxious to save themselves from the debasing
position of a man who cannot read and write. The school for adults must
occupy a conspicuous place in the general plan of popular instruction. </p>
<p><hi rend="italic">Instruction and Education</hi>: One must emphasise the
difference between instruction and education. </p>
<p>>Instruction is the transmission of ready knowledge by the teacher to his
pupil. Education is a creative process. The personality of the
individual is being “educated” throughout life, is being formed, grows
richer in content, stronger and more perfect.</p>
<p>The toiling masses of the people—the workmen, the peasants, the
soldiers—are thirsting for elementary and advanced instruction. But they
are also thirsting for education. Neither the government nor the
intellectuals nor any other power outside of themselves can give it to
them. The school, the book, the theatre, the museum, etc., may here by
only aids. They have their own ideas, formed by their social position,
so different from the position of those ruling classes and intellectuals
who have hitherto created culture. They have their own ideas, their own
emotions, their own ways of approaching the problems of personality and
society. The city labourer, according to his own fashion, the rural
toiler according to his, will each build his clear world-conception
permeated with the class-idea of the workers. There is no more superb or
beautiful phenomenon than the one of which our nearest descendants will
be both witnesses and participants: The building by collective Labour of
its own general, rich and free soul.</p>
<p>Instruction will surely be an important but not a decisive element. What
is more important here is the criticism, the creativeness of the masses
themselves; for science and art have only in some of their parts a
general human importance. They suffer radical changes with every
far-reaching class upheaval. </p>
<p>Throughout Russia, particularly among the city labourers, but also among
the peasants, a powerful wave of cultural educational movement has
arisen; workers’ and soldiers’ organisations of this kind are
multiplying rapidly. To meet them, to lend them support, to clear the
road before them is the first task of a revolutionary and popular
government in the domain of democratic education.</p>
<p><hi rend="italic">The Constituent Assembly</hi> will doubtless soon begin
its work. It alone can permanently establish the order of national and
social life in our country, and at the same time the general character
of the organisation of popular education.</p>
<p>Now, however, with the passage of power to the Soviets, the really
democratic character of the Constituent Assembly is assured. The line
which the State Commission, relying upon the State Committee, will
follow, will hardly suffer any modification under the influence of the
Constituent Assembly. Without pre-determining it, the new People’s
Government considers itself within its rights in enacting in this domain
a series of measures which aim at enriching and enlightening as soon as
possible the spiritual life of the country.</p>
<p><hi rend="italic">The Ministry</hi>: The present work must in the interim
proceed through the Ministry of the People’s Education. Of all the
necessary alterations in its composition and construction the State
Commission will have charge, elected by the Executive Committee of the
Soviets and the State Committee. Of course the order of State authority
in the domain of the people’s education will be established by the
Constituent Assembly. Until then, the Ministry must play the part of the
executive apparatus for both the State Committee and the State
Commission for People’s Education. </p>
<p>The pledge of the country’s safety lies in the cooperation of all its
vital and genuinely democratic forces.</p>
<p>We believe that the energetic effort of the working people and of the
honest enlightened intellectuals will lead the country out of its
painful crisis, and through complete democracy to the reign of Socialism
and the brotherhood of nations.</p>
<p><hi rend="italic">People’s Commissar on Education</hi>,</p>
<p>
<name>A. V. LUNACHARSKY</name>
</p>
<p>. * * * * </p>
<p>
<hi rend="italic">On the Order in Which the Laws Are to be Ratified and
Published.</hi>
</p>
<p><num>1.</num> Until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly,
the enacting and publishing of laws shall be carried out in the order
decreed by the present Provisional Workmen’s and Peasants’ Government,
elected by the All-Russian Congress of Workers’, Peasants’ and Soldiers’
Deputies.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> Every bill is presented for consideration of the
Government by the respective Ministry, signed by the duly authorised
People’s Commissar; or it is presented by the legislative section
attached to the Government, signed by the chief of the section.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> After its ratification by the Government, the decree
in its final edition, in the name of the Russian Republic, is signed by
the president of the Council of People’s Commissars, or for him by the
People’s Commissar who presented it for the consideration of the
Government, and is then published.</p>
<p><num>4.</num> The date of publishing it in the official “Gazette of
the Provisional Workmen’s and Peasants’ Government,” is the date of its
becoming law.</p>
<p><num>5.</num> In the decree there may be appointed a date, other
than the date of publication, on which it shall become law, or it may be
promulgated by telegraph; in which case it is to be regarded in every
locality as becoming law upon the publication of the telegram.</p>
<p><num>6.</num> The promulgation of legislative acts of the
government by the State Senate is abolished. The Legislative Section
attached to the Council of People’s Commissars issues periodically a
collection of regulations and orders of the government which possess the
force of law.</p>
<p><num>7.</num>The Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of
Workers’, Peasants’, and Soldiers’ Deputies (Tsay-ee-kah) has at all
times the right to cancel, alter or annul any of the Government
decrees.</p>
<p>
<hi rend="italic">In the name of the Russian Republic, the President of
the Council of People’s Commissars,</hi>
</p>
<p>
<name>V. ULIANOV-LENIN.</name>
</p>
</div>
<!-- DIV 4 -->
<div>
<p><num>4</num></p>
<p><title>THE LIQUOR PROBLEM</title></p>
<p>
<hi rend="italic">Order Issued by the Military Revolutonary
Committee</hi>
</p>
<p><num>1.</num> Until further order the production of alcohol and
alcoholic drinks is prohibited.</p>
<p><num>2.</num> It is ordered to all producers of alcohol and
alcoholic drinks to inform not later than on the 27th inst. of the exact
site of their stores.</p>
<p><num>3.</num> All culprits against this order will be tried by a
Military Revolutionary Court.</p>
<p>THE MILITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE.</p>
</div>
<!-- DIV 5 -->
<div>
<p><num>5</num></p>
<p><title>ORDER NO 2</title></p>
<p>
<hi rend="italic">From the Committee of the Finland Guard Reserve
Regiment to all House Committees and to the citizens of Vasili
Ostrov.</hi>
</p>
<p>The bourgeoisie has chosen a very sinister method of fighting against the
proletariat; it has established in various parts of the city huge wine
depots, and distributes liquor among the soldiers, in this manner
attempting to sow dissatisfaction in the ranks of the Revolutionary
army.</p>
<p>It is herewith ordered to all house committees, that at 3 o’clock, the
time set for posting this order, they shall in person and secretly
notify the President of the Committee of the Finland Guard Regiment,
concerning the amount of wine in their premises.</p>
<p>Those who violate this order will be arrested and given trial before a
merciless court, and their property will be confiscated, and the stock
of wine discovered will be BLOWN UP WITH DYNAMITE</p>
<p>2 hours after this warning, </p>
<p>because more lenient measures, as experience has shown, do not bring the
desired results. </p>
<p>REMEMBER, THERE WILL BE NO OTHER WARNING BEFORE THE EXPLOSIONS.</p>
<p>
<hi rend="italic">Regimental Committee of the Finland Guard
Regiment</hi>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>